青藏高原地区地表热力异常与夏季东亚环流和江淮降水的关系

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析月平均资料和中国160个站降水资料,以及由国家气候中心提供的西太平洋副高脊线指数资料,分析了青藏高原地区多年平均地表温度季节转换(3-6月)的空间特征,结合均方差分析,确定高原主体(28°-38°N,75°-100°E)、高原东部以北区域(38°-48°N,90°-105°E)和高原西部以北区域(38°-45°N,75°-90°E)为关键区,分析了1951-2002年5月不同关键Ⅸ地表温度的空间变化与夏季东亚季风环流和江淮降水的关系.结果发现,这3个区域地表温度异常均对夏季东哑850 hPa环流有显著的影响.5月高原和其以北区域地表温度异常存在较大尺度的热力对比,由此,将高原主体和其以北区域的温度异常之差定义为一个指数,反映这种热力差异.相关分析发现:当5月这一热力差异增大(减小)时,夏季东亚中高纬的中高层(500-200 hPa平均)西风加强(减弱),且两风中心轴线位簧南移(北抬);造成西太平洋副热带高压脊线位置偏南(偏北),致使夏季东亚季风环流偏弱(偏强),江淮流域降水增多(减少).     

高原夏季风指数的定义及其特征分析

基于1958~2002年ECMWF再分析资料,我国160个台站降水和气温资料,从夏季高原季风环流系统特点出发,定义了能较好表征高原夏季风环流变化的特征指数,分析了高原夏季风年际、年代际变化特征,并揭示了高原夏季风强弱异常时的环流特征及其与中国夏季降水和气温的关系,主要结论为:(1)用6~8月600hPa(27.5~30°N,80~100°E)范围内平均的西风分量距平与(35~37.5°N,80~100°E)范围内平均的东风分量距平差定义了高原夏季风指数(PM I)。该指数计算简单,意义清楚,代表性好。(2)1958~2002年高原夏季风整体呈增强趋势,在20世纪60年代中期之前是高原夏季风的强盛期,之后是高原夏季风弱期,在80年代以后又转为季风强期。(3)高原夏季风与中国夏季降水和气温相关很好。将该指数与之前汤懋苍定义的指数进行性能综合比较后,发现该指数对川渝地区的夏季降水及气温有更好的指示意义。     

高原夏季风指数的定义及其特征分析

基于1958~2002年ECMWF再分析资料,我国160个台站降水和气温资料,从夏季高原季风环流系统特点出发,定义了能较好表征高原夏季风环流变化的特征指数,分析了高原夏季风年际、年代际变化特征,并揭示了高原夏季风强弱异常时的环流特征及其与中国夏季降水和气温的关系,主要结论为:(1)用6~8月600hPa (27.5~30°N,80~100°E)范围内平均的西风分量距平与(35~37.5°N,80~100°E)范围内平均的东风分量距平差定义了高原夏季风指数(PM I)。该指数计算简单,意义清楚,代表性好。(2)1958~2002年高原夏季风整体呈增强趋势,在20世纪60年代中期之前是高原夏季风的强盛期,之后是高原夏季风弱期,在80年代以后又转为季风强期。(3)高原夏季风与中国夏季降水和气温相关很好。将该指数与之前汤懋苍定义的指数进行性能综合比较后,发现该指数对川渝地区的夏季降水及气温有更好的指示意义。      

我国西北和华北夏季降水的偶极子关系及其环流特征

用全国35年以上资料的672个站,讨论了华北和西北夏季降水关系及其环流特征,结果表明:(1)华北和西北夏季降水存在跷跷板式的偶极子关系,当华北夏季降水偏多时,西北降水偏少,反之亦然。华北夏季降水指数与西北夏季降水指数之间的相关系数为-0.28,超过了0.05显著性水平检验。这两条曲线的10年滑动平均的相关系数达到-0.61;而滤去年代际振荡后,它们的相关系数为-0.23,显著性水平接近0.05。这表明华北与西北夏季降水的偶极子关系主要是由年代际振荡引起的,但年际变化也是一个不可忽略的因素。(2)环流分析表明:华北与西北地区夏季降水的偶极子关系与贝加尔湖南部地区(45°~55°N,80°~110°E之间的8个格点)和西部巴尔喀什湖地区(35°~40°N,70°~90°E之间的5个格点)500 hPa高度距平符号相反有关,由它们之差(G-D)组成的华北和西北夏季降水的偶极子关系的环流指数,能很好地解释华北和西北夏季降水的偶极子关系。     

青藏高原南侧经圈环流变化特征及其对降水影响分析

基于1979-2015年青藏高原(下称高原)地区气象观测站的逐日降水资料和ERA-Interim逐日再分析资料,分析高原南侧经圈环流的季节演变及年际变化特征,并讨论其对高原降水及水汽输送的影响。结果表明,高原南侧80°E-90°E范围存在前季风环流、季风环流、Hadley环流的季节演变,前季风环流有-0. 377 s~(-1)·(10a)~(-1)减弱的趋势,季风环流有0. 524 m·s~(-1)·(10a)~(-1)显著增强趋势。在90°E-105°E范围存在季风环流和Hadley环流季节转换,季风环流存在0. 413 m·s~(-1)·(10a)~(-1)的增强趋势。基于各经圈环流开始、结束时间的定义,发现在80°E-90°E,前季风环流建立的时间有推迟而结束时间有提前的现象,其维持时间出现每10年-1. 47候的缩短趋势。在90°E-105°E,季风环流维持时间增长,Hadley环流维持时间缩短。前季风环流增强使得高原水汽辐散区辐散增强,水汽辐合区辐合增强,高原西南侧有东北向水汽输送增强,而高原西北侧有西南向水汽输送增强。夏季季风环流增强,高原南部至孟加拉湾地区自南向北的经向水汽输送显著增强,印度洋向高原输送的西南向水汽通量明显增加。前季风环流增强,春季高原中部及西南部降水减少,而东南部和北部降水增加。夏季季风环流增强时,高原南侧上升支增强,高原南部降水增加,而高原北部降水出现减少。     

1—3月北极涛动对北半球热带太平洋和大西洋对流活动的可能影响

利用1979—2008年日分辨率的向外长波辐射资料以及NCEP再分析资料,去除ENSO影响后,分析了1—3月北极涛动对热带太平洋和热带大西洋对流活动及降水的可能影响。结果表明北极涛动偏强(弱)时,热带太平洋和大西洋对流活动显著偏强(弱)。北半球热带大洋冬季平均向外长波辐射与北极涛动指数的相关系数存在两个显著负相关区:一个位于中太平洋区,大致包括13°—20°N、160°E—170°W;另外一个位于热带大西洋,显著区覆盖的范围大体包括5°—20°N、15°—70°W。这些区域的降水量也表现出显著的正相关。向外长波辐射、强对流面积指数、强对流强度指数、平均降水量等指标与北极涛动指数的相关均以冬季同期最高,随时间滞后相关迅速减弱。与此对应的对流层低层大气环流也有显著变化,850hPa风场的变化表现为热带太平洋有异常的气旋性环流,气旋中心区与显著强对流和降水异常区一致。而热带大西洋有显著的经向环流辐合和风切变,与异常对流和降水区吻合。海洋模式的模拟结果表明,与北极涛动有关联的海温分布,很大程度上与大气强迫有关,说明热带1—3月降水和对流活动与海温的关联较弱。北极涛动与热带太平洋、大西洋对流和降水活动之间主要是通过大气环流的变动产生联系的。     

陕西省春季异常多(少)雨的环流信号研究

利用1961—2012年陕西省春季(3—5月)月降水量,选取14个代表站,将各月降水量排序,按百分位选取测站异常多(少)雨的月份;选取至少3站及以上能反映区域性降水异常的样本,作为陕西省春季月降水异常的样本,分析表明这些异常降水样本能够代表陕西春季各月多(少)雨月份。利用NCEP再分析资料,分析异常多(少)雨月份的同期环流信号,发现陕西春季异常多(少)雨月份的系统配置相反。在异常多雨年,25°N~50°N、70°E~135°E的广泛区域距平场出现东高西低的环流特征;在异常少雨年,该区域距平场呈现西高东低的环流特征。根据上述特征,建立陕西省春季异常多(少)雨月的环流预报模型,分析了该模型的物理意义。由于模型为同期环流模型,分析了气候预测业务中异常多(少)雨月份的预报着眼点。并以2013年3月、5月为例,说明该研究可以用于预测业务。     

华北5月降水年际变化特征及其成因

本文采用华北5月降水资料,NCEP资料以及COADS海温资料,借助相关分析、合成分析等方法研究了华北5月降水的总体分布特征,并从总体上探讨了其与海温、大气环流年际变化的关系及其影响机制。结果表明:华北5月降水存在年际变化特征,降水量偏少年份多于偏多的年份,降水偏少年降水量与平均值相差较小,而降水偏多年降水量与平均值相差较大;华北5月降水与(25~50°N,110~145°E)一带大气环流(200 hPa)的年际变化及前期低纬大气环流的年际变化均有显著的正相关关系;中纬度西传Rossby波列与低纬赤道印度洋海温的变化是引起华北5月降水年际变化的重要原因。     

南海和西北太平洋台风复杂路径的气候分析

应用1949—1981年资料,对5—25°N,105—135°E范围内5—11月出现的台风复杂路径进行了气候统计。并结合天气学做了分析. 复杂路径台风约占区内台风总数的1/3.各类复杂路径的月分布有相对集中期,这与大尺度热带环流的季节变化有关. 台风复杂路径转折点的地理位置与大尺度环流系统的月平均位置有一定的对应关系.     

秋季南海北部持续性强降水和环流异常的准双周振荡特征

基于1998—2011年的TRMM卫星逐日降水资料、NCEP/NCAR大气再分析资料以及向外长波辐射(OLR)资料,利用小波分析、Butterworth带通滤波、EOF分析以及合成分析的方法,对秋季(9—10月)南海北部地区(10°—24°N,100°—120°E)持续性强降水的低频特征进行分析。结果表明,秋季南海北部降水存在显著的准双周振荡特征,主要表现为南海北部地区一致变化型和南海东北部地区和中南半岛沿海地区反相变化型两个模态。其中,第一模态的低频降水主要集中在中南半岛沿岸附近的南海中西部,第二模态则主要集中在南海东北部。进一步对与这两种模态相关联的大气环流和OLR的低频场进行合成分析。结果表明,第一模态的对流层低层准双周低频信号主要来源于南半球近赤道上空,该地区异常强对流活动产生的波列和气旋性环流越赤道进入南海并加强传播至南海北部。而第二模态则来源于南海中南部和吕宋岛东侧西太平洋上空,异常强对流和气旋性环流的合并加强并传播至南海东北部。     

南海低空越赤道气流流型的初步研究

本文通过1979—1981年6—8月850百帕的90—150°E、35°S—35°N逐日流场进行分型,得出南、北半球有利和不利于越赤道气流的各种流型,并对其转换作了统计分析。      

1979年7、8月东亚地区赤道缓冲带的结构及其活动

本文利用美国华盛顿气象中心发布的1979年7、8月逐日格点风资料(范围35°S—35°N、85°—145°E),分析了东亚赤道缓冲带结构及其活动特征。结果表明东亚赤道缓冲带为对流层中低层不对称暖性系统,其内为负涡度、辐散下沉区;并发现7、8月它的活动是不相同的,7月缓冲带活动在1°N—1°S赤道附近,8月稳定在2°N以北地区。文中指出7、8月赤道缓冲带活动不相同是由于在这个期间西太平洋副热带高压第二次季节性北跳,经向大尺度环流产生一次明显的调整造成的。      

Observation research of the turbulent fluxes of momentum,sensible heat and latent heat over the West Pacific Tropical Ocean Area

This paper describes results of the fluxes of momentum , sensible heat and latent heat for the West Pacific Tropical Ocean Area ( 127 ° E - 150 ° E , 5 ° N -3 ° S ). The data were collected by the small tethered balloon sounding system over this ocean area including 6 continuous stations (140 ° E. 0 ° ; 145 ° E, 0 ° ; 150 ° E, 0 ° ; 140° E, 5 ° N; 145 ° E, 5° N and 150 ° E, 5 ° N) from 11 October to 15 December, 1986 . These fluxes were calculated by the semiempirical flux-profile relationships of Monin-Obukhov similarity theory using these observed data. The results show that for this tropical ocean area the drag coefficient CD is equal to (1.53 ± 0.25) × 10 3 and the daily mean latent flux Hl is greater than its daily mean sensible flux HV by a factor of about 9.     

IMPACT OF CONVECTION OVER THE SOUTH CHINA SEA ON TROPICAL CYCLONE MOTION OVER THE WESTERN NORTH PACIFIC DURING SUMMER MONSOON

The intraseasonal oscillation(ISO) of the South China Sea(SCS, 105-120°E, 5-20°N) convection and its influences on the genesis and track of the western North Pacific(WNP) tropical cyclones(TCs) were explored, based on the daily average of NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data, the OLR data and the western North Pacific tropical cyclone best-track data from 1979 to 2008. The mechanism of the influences of ISO on TC movement and the corresponding large-scale circulation were discussed by a trajectory model. It was found as follows.(1) During the SCS summer monsoon, the SCS convection exhibits the ISO features with active phases alternating with inactive phases. The monsoon circulation patterns are significantly different during these two phases. When the SCS convection is active(inactive), the SCS-WNP monsoon trough stretches eastward(retreats westward) due to the activity(inactivity) of SCS monsoon, and the WNP subtropical high retreats eastward(stretches westward), which enhances(suppresses) the monsoon circulation.(2) The amount of TC genesis in the active phase is much more than that in the inactive phase. A majority of TCs form west of 135 °E during the active phases but east of 135 °E in the inactive phases.(3) The TCs entering the area west of 135 °E and south of 25 °N would move straight into the SCS in the active phase, or recurve northward in the inactive phase.(4) Simulation results show that the steering flow associated with the active(inactive)phases is in favor of straight-moving(recurving) TCs. Meanwhile, the impacts of the locations of TC genesis on the characteristics of TC track cannot be ignored. TCs that occurred father westward are more likely to move straight into the SCS region.     

An assessment of the current and future thermal regimes of three streams located in the Wenatchee River basin, Washington State: some implications for regional river basin systems

We examine summer temperature patterns in the Wenatchee River and two of its major tributaries Icicle and Nason Creeks, located in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. Through model simulations we evaluate the cooling effects of mature riparian vegetation corridors along the streams and potential increases due to global warming for the 2020s–2080s time horizons. Site potential shade influences are smaller in the mainstream due to its relatively large size and reduced canopy density in the lower reaches, proving a modest reduction of about 0.3°C of the stream length average daily maximum temperature, compared with 1.5°C and 2.8°C in Icicle and Nason Creeks. Assuming no changes in riparian vegetation shade, stream length-average daily maximum temperature could increase in the Wenatchee River from 1–1.2°C by the 2020s to 2°C in the 2040s and 2.5–3.6°C in the 2080s, reaching 27–30°C in the warmest reaches. The cooling effects from the site potential riparian vegetation are likely to be offset by the climate change effects in the Wenatchee River by the 2020s. Buffers of mature riparian vegetation along the banks of the tributaries could prevent additional water temperature increases associated with climate change. By the end of the century, assuming site potential shade, the tributaries could have a thermal condition similar to today’s condition which has less shade. In the absence of riparian vegetation restoration, at typical summer low flows, stream length average daily mean temperatures could reach about 16.4–17°C by the 2040s with stream length average daily maxima around 19.5–20.6°C, values that can impair or eliminate salmonid rearing and spawning. Modeled increases in stream temperature due to global warming are determined primarily by the projected reductions in summer streamflows, and to a lesser extent by the increases in air temperature. The findings emphasize the importance of riparian vegetation restoration along the smaller tributaries, to prevent future temperature increases and preserve aquatic habitat.     

北半球副热带—中纬度太平洋大气季节内扰动的纬向传播与东亚夏季旱涝

用时空滤波和Morlet小波方法,分析了1958—2000年夏季东亚(20°—45°N,110°—135°E)不同纬带(由南到北分为4个区域)的降水分别与太平洋同一纬带上大气30—60 d振荡(ISO)沿纬圈传播的关系及其成因机制。发现太平洋上经向风ISO向西传播的强或弱,是东亚夏季风区降水偏多或偏少的必要条件。对逐年夏季的分析表明,无论当年东亚夏季风强与否,在所划分的几个东亚季风区所有涝的年份里,太平洋同一纬带上大气ISO向西传播都明显较强,而在这些区域绝大多数旱的年份里,相应的ISO向西传播明显较弱。进一步分析发现,经向风ISO的纬向传播对应着大气经向型环流系统的移动,向西传影响东亚夏季风区降水的ISO有来自低纬中东太平洋东风流中的低频气旋(如副热带东风带中ISO的演变);也有来自中高纬度阿拉斯加湾及鄂霍次克海一带低频低压(如洋中槽)和高压(如阻塞高压和东北太平洋高压)的向南向西频散。因此东亚夏季旱涝不但与热带季风有关,而且与中东太平洋副热带东风系统中ISO的向西传播、中高纬度长波调整时低频扰动向西南经北太平洋副热带的传播密切相关。     

副热带高压季节性北跳的诊断研究

用ＣＥＯＦ、功率谱，带通滤波等方法的１９８８年，１９９１年５￣７月逐日２．５°×２．５°５００ｈＰａ位势高度场资料对北半球副絷带高压季节性北跳进行了诊断研究，得出：副热带高压季节性北跳及西传是全球现象；副高发生季节性跳动的源主要位于阿拉海地区和中太平洋地区，汇主要位于东太平洋地区；副高的季节性跳动主要是扰动场的作用，低频振荡在副高的季节性跳动及西传中起举足轻重的作用，各年副高季节性跳动的差异是扰源     

A diagnosis of twentieth century temperature records at West Lafayette,Indiana

A diagnostic study of 80 yrs(1901–80) of surface temperatures collected at West Lafayette, Indiana, has been found to be in tune with the global trend and that for the eastern two-thirds of the United States, namely, cold at the turn of the century, warming up to about 1940, and then cooling to present. The study was divided into two cold periods (1901–18, 1947–80) and a warm period (1919–46), based on the distribution of annual mean temperature. Decadal mean annual temperatures ranged from 10 °C in period I to 12.2 °C in period II, to 9.4 °C during the present cold period. Themean annual temperature for the 80 yr ranged from the coldest of 8.7 °C in 1979 to the warmest of 13.6 °C in 1939. Thedaily mean temperature for the entire 80-yr ranged from -4.7 °C on 31 January to 25.1 °C on 27 July. Thecoldest daily mean was -26.7 °C on 17 January, 1977, and thewarmest daily mean was 35 °C on 14 July, 1936. The range of values for thedaily mean maximum temperatures was -.2 °C on 31 January to 31.4 °C on 27 July. Corresponding values for thedaily mean minimum are -9.2 °C on 31 January and 18.7 °C on 27 July. The all-time extreme temperatures are -30.6 °C on 26 February, 1963 and 43.9 °C on 14 July, 1936. Climatic variability has been considered by computing the standard deviations of a) the daily mean maximum and minimum temperature per year, and b) the daily mean maximum and minimum temperatures for each day of the year for the 80-yr period. These results have shown that there is more variability in the daily mean maximum per year than in the daily mean minimum, for each year of the 80-yr period. Also the variability for both extremes has been greater in each of the two cold periods than in the warm period. Particularly noticeable has been theincrease in the variability of the daily mean minima per year during the current cooling trend. Further, it has been determined that the variability in the daily mean maxima and minima for each day of the year (based on the entire 80 yrs is a) two times greater in the winter than in the summer for both extremes, and b) about the same for each in the summer, greater for daily maximum in the spring and fall, but greater for the daily minimum during the winter. The latter result is undoubtedly related to the effect of snow cover on daily minimum temperatures. An examination of daily record maximum and minimum temperatures has been made to help establish climatic trends this century. For the warm period, 175 record maxima and 68 record minima were set, compared to 213 record minima and 105 record maxima during the recent cold period. For West Lafayette, the present climatic trend is definitely one of extreme record-breaking cold. Evidence has also been presented to show the substantial increases in snowfall amounts in the lee regions of the Great Lakes during the present cold period, due to the lake-induced snow squalls associated with cold air mass intrusions. The possible impact of the cooling trend on agricultural activities has also been noted, due to a reduced growing season.     

夏季西太平洋副热带高压北抬过程动能变化分析

本文利用ECMWF/WMO2.5°×2.5°网格点资料,对1982年7月西太平洋副热带高压一次明显北抬过程的动能及其收支进行了诊断分析。结果表明西太平洋副高北抬过程中动能和动能收支具有明显的特征,并指出了副高北抬的可能机制及预报副高北抬的着眼点。      

西太平洋热带海域动量、感热和潜热等湍流通量的观测研究

本文根据中国科学院“实验3号”科学考察船1986年10月至12月在菲律宾以东60多万平方公里辽阔的西太平洋热带海域6个连续测站上(146°E,0°;145°E,0°;150°E,0°;140°E,5°N;145°E,5°N;150°E,5°N),使用我国自行研制的小型系留气艇探测系统观测到的大气温度、湿度、气压和风等廓线资料,利用相似理论的通量-廓线关系,给出这一海域的动量通量(特别是曳力系数C_D)、感热通量和潜热通量。结果表明,这一海域上的曳力系数值C_D=(1.53±0.25)×10~(-3);该海域总是将其贮存的热量以感热形式特别是以潜热形式输送到大气中(其中感热输送仅占10％,其余主要为水汽潜热输送),使该海域成为地球上不可多见的热源。