地基GPS用于阿勒泰积雪深度反演研究

积雪作为主要的淡水资源,准确地监测积雪覆盖与雪深具有十分重要的意义。随着全球卫星导航系统的不断建设和新技术新应用的不断发展,地基GPS遥感积雪参数技术越来越受国内外学者的重视。本文基于阿勒泰市气象局的GPS地表环境监测站观测数据,采用GPS-MR技术开展了积雪深度反演研究。首先给出了GPS-MR技术用于积雪深度反演的基本原理,其次利用阿勒泰GPS监测站2017年1—3月的数据进行了积雪深度反演分析,最后针对不同GPS卫星高度角区间影响进行精度分析。研究结果表明地基GPS可用于阿勒泰气象站积雪深度反演,与实测雪深较差优于3 cm,且较优卫星高度角区间为5°～20°。地基GPS用于积雪深度反演具有全天候、高精度、高时间分辨率、高自动化、低成本等优点,可充分发挥现有地基GNSS气象监测站在积雪探测领域潜在的应用价值,以期地基GNSS监测站成为积雪遥感探测手段的有效补充。     

基于相位法激光测距原理的雪深传感器研究与应用

从传感器测量原理、观测方法、数据处理算法等方面介绍了一种利用相位法激光测距原理测量积雪深度的雪深传感器,并参加了中国气象局于2010/2011年在黑龙江通河、新疆阿勒泰等台站开展的积雪深度对比观测试验,与超声波传感器和人工测量积雪深度进行了对比,比较了三者之间测量结果的差异。试验结果表明:这种激光雪深传感器能够适应冬季严寒和暴雪天气条件,可以连续、自动、准确的监测雪面变化过程;与超声波雪深传感器相比,激光雪深传感器测量结果更加稳定,更加接近人工观测结果;激光雪深传感器与人工测量雪深结果之间的平均误差约为,测量精度达到《地面气象观测规范》要求。     

阿尔山地区积雪深度微波遥感反演算法的改进与验证

利用阿尔山地区多年实测雪深数据评估3种微波遥感雪深数据,即星载微波成像仪AMSR-E（Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for EOS）和AMSR-2（Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2）的积雪产品、国内学者建立的中国雪深数据集,在该地区的适用状况,并建立新的雪深反演算法。1981～2014年的中国雪深数据集和阿尔山站点实测雪深统计的积雪日数和最大积雪深度具有较好的一致性,尤其是在2000年以后。AMSR-E和AMSR2雪深数据年变化与实测雪深变化趋势一致,与实测雪深数据相关系数超过0.60,不过具体雪深数据变化幅度远高于实测数据,致使两者之间的均方根误差高达13.0 cm。中国雪深数据集在阿尔山地区与实测雪深相关系数超过0.65,两者之间均方根误差为6.3 cm。结合星载微波观测亮温与实测雪深建立适合阿尔山地区的雪深反演算法,验证分析显示反演结果与实测雪深相关系数为0.77,两者的均方根误差减小为4.7 cm,优于本文评估的3种微波遥感雪深数据。     

青藏高原冬春多源积雪资料年际变化尺度上的适用性分析

青藏高原冬春积雪变化具有显著的年际变化特征,其对中国东部夏季降水预测具有一定指示意义。由于特殊的复杂地形,青藏高原气象站点分布稀疏且不均匀,再分析数据和卫星数据提供的高原积雪资料的不确定性是影响和制约积雪变化及其天气气候效应研究中的一个关键问题。本文基于青藏高原台站观测、再分析（ERA5和NOAA-V3）和卫星反演（MODIS雪盖以及IMS雪盖）的多源积雪资料,采用偏差分析、均方根误差以及相关分析等多元统计方法重点检验了多源高原积雪数据在描述积雪年际变化特征方面的不确定性。通过比较不同积雪资料的时空分布和变化特征,以期提升多源高原积雪资料适用性的认知,并为相关研究提供有意义的参考。分析结果表明：（1）就再分析数据给出的积雪资料而言,ERA5雪深资料相较NOAA-V3雪深,对高原站点观测雪深的描述效果更好。除了高原中东部分站点外,ERA5雪深数据的平均偏差和平均均方根误差均较小,而NOAA-V3雪深数据的平均偏差和均方根误差在整个高原范围内均存在一定程度的高估;（2）再分析（ERA5和NOAA-V3）和卫星反演（MODIS雪盖以及IMS雪盖）积雪数据和高原站点雪深均在年际变化特征上具有较...     

GPS在高空气象探测中的应用

1 GPS概述全球定位卫星系统简称GPS,由GPS卫星星座、地面站和用户接收机组成.共有21颗工作星和3颗备用星,卫星轨道倾角55度,卫星离地面约2万米.地面站包括主控站、监测站和注入站.用户接收机分大地测量型,导航型和授时型.无论是大地测量,还是导航或授时都涉及时间基准.GPS有精度很高的时基系统,这是GPS的核心.每个GPS卫星上都带有精度很高的原子钟,30万年误差不超过1秒.GPS采用了扩频通信技术,利用直接序列扩频可测无线电信号传播的时间延迟的特性,测量GPS卫星到用户接收机的伪距,建立GPS卫星到用户接收机的球面三角方程式.由于空中至少有四颗GPS卫     

基于智能手机GNSS双频原始观测值的电离层延迟提取与分析

基于智能手机GNSS（全球导航卫星系统）观测值的研究主要集中于观测值质量分析和定位算法,在大气应用方面关注度则较为有限.本文基于全球首款支持GNSS双频信号的小米8智能手机和超短基线的Trimble Alloy测地型接收机,利用原始GNSS双频载波相位观测值,考虑连续历元间电离层变化较小从而进行观测值质量控制策略,评估了小米8智能手机电离层提取精度.研究结果表明：卫星高度角或载噪比较高的条件下,智能手机观测值可能依然是无效的,设置卫星高度角或载噪比阈值的方法进行质量控制不再适用.小米8提取的电离层延迟与测地型接收机呈现了很好的一致性,但其波动幅度略高于测地型接收机,提取精度优于0.2 TECU,表明智能手机GNSS观测值用于大气应用是可行的.     

北斗反射信号海风探测数据分析与检定

利用导航卫星反射信号(GNSS-R)进行海风海浪探测为海洋气象提供了一种新的观测手段,数据分析及有效性检定是确定系统探测能力的重要过程.在描述北斗GEO卫星进行海风探测机理的基础上,利用北斗反射信号的相关时间进行了海风的反演.同时针对国家北斗应用项目"基于北斗导航卫星的大气海洋和空间监测预警应用示范工程"在山东进行试验和试运行期间产生的风速观测数据进行分析,并通过与标准数据的对比,确定了该方法的有效性.     

卫星高光谱大气CO2探测精度验证研究进展

卫星高光谱大气CO₂遥感探测对全球气候变化研究意义重大,卫星CO₂反演产品的地基观测验证是获得产品精度评价、发现算法可适用范围和局限性的重要环节,因此地基高光谱CO₂的观测验证研究对提高卫星产品定量精度至关重要。本文综述了当前国际上大气CO₂探测卫星的研制进展,短波红外大气CO₂的反演方法进展,重点阐述了地基高光谱CO₂探测技术进展及其对卫星大气CO₂的定量探测精度验证方法和技术研究进展,并对该研究领域未来的发展提出展望。     

普适型GPS用于黄河盐锅峡水位监测分析

黄河水文变化复杂,现有水位监测方法费时费力且不能很好满足时间分辨率和空间分辨率两个方面的需求.地基GPS-IR技术的出现为水位监测提供了新的手段,但目前大多数地基GPS-IR技术采用的接收机为高精度大地测量型接收机,成本高、时效性差,不适合大范围推广.首先介绍了普适型GPS接收机的组成,并对GPS数据观测质量进行了分析;其次给出了地基GPS-IR技术用于水位监测的基本原理;最后利用黄河盐锅峡GPS实测数据进行GPS-IR水位提取,以兰州水文站水位监测数据为参考分析了普适型GPS接收机反演水位的精度,得到了最佳RMSE为0.21 m的精度.实验结果表明,普适型GPS接收机可用于长时间水位监测.     

利用地基GPS数据分析北京“7〖DK〗·21”暴雨水汽特征

基于北京“7〖DK〗·21”暴雨期间北京地基GPS网全天时全天候观测数据,利用水汽反演软件得到大气可降水量（PWV：Precipitable Water Vapor）时空变化序列,通过与探空对比,显示出地基GPS技术探测对流层大气水汽具明显的高时空分辨率优势;与FY2D卫星探测的云图变化序列对比,充分反映了利用GPS观测数据反演的PWV的可靠性与一致性;与实际降雨量对比,两者高度相关性显示了地基GPS技术对暴雨监测和预警的积极意义。数据分析结果表明：在暴雨来临之前的24~36 h的PWV值持续在较高（>40 mm）的位置,已有出现暴雨征兆。在暴雨之前的几个小时PWV持续性爆发性发展（每小时PWV增加10~20 mm）,已充分具备了产生暴雨的必要条件。因此,有效地利用GPSMET技术对天气预报的准度和精度将有很大改善。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

正Aims Scope Advances in Atmospheric Sciences(AAS)is an international journal on the dynamics,physics,and chemistry of the atmosphere and ocean with papers across the full range of the atmospheric sciences,co-published bimonthly by Science Press and Springer.The journal includes Articles,Note and Correspondence,and Letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Editorial

As we will soon celebrate the 90th anniversary of the founding of the Chinese Meteorological Society （CMS）,Acta Meteorologica Sinica （AMS）,which was originally named as Bulletin of the Chinese Meteorological Society,has gone through 89 years of development and excitement since her first issue in July 1925.According to archived documents （CMS Editorial Committee,1925）,AMS was founded to report the research findings of Chinese meteorologists,record their recommendations for improving meteorological services,and share their common meteorological interests in order to promote the growth of AMS such that more members could be inspired to conduct atmospheric research and meteorological knowledge would be better disseminated to and benefit the general public.By upholding and carrying forward this purpose,AMS has published many highly valuable scientific papers.Some could be treated as classical articles,which have produced important influences on both domestic and international meteorological communities and the related fields.