三种数值模式气温预报产品的检验及误差订正方法研究

基于德国天气在线T7online(简称T7)、ECMWF细网格(简称EC)及T639三种数值模式的气温预报产品,结合本溪站气象观测资料,对三种数值模式2014年1月至2015年12月本溪市气温预报的准确率及预报误差进行了检验和分析,根据误差分析结果利用BP神经网络模型建立了本溪市数值模式气温预报误差客观化订正模型。结果表明:对于气温预报的年检验,T7、EC和T639三种数值模式的最低气温预报准确率均高于最高气温的预报准确率;对于气温预报的月检验,三种数值模式对夏季、秋季最低气温的预报效果明显优于冬季和春季,而对于最高气温的预报,T7的气温预报准确率明显优于EC和T639模式;当气温波动较大时,三种数值模式气温的预报准确率均明显下降。三种数值模式对最低气温预报的平均误差均为2.00℃以内,对最高气温的预报准确率存较大差别,T7模式最高气温的预报误差最小,T639模式气温预报的系统偏差最明显,最低气温系统偏差为-1.34℃,最高气温系统偏差为-2.87℃。根据三种数值模式气温预报误差的特征,结合BP神经网络建立本溪市气温误差预报模型对数值模式气温预报结果进行订正,订正后气温平均绝对误差由2.40℃左右降至1.40℃左右,系统偏差和均方根误差均明显缩小,气温预报准确率由50%左右提高至80%以上,数值模式气温预报准确率明显提高,具有较好的应用价值。     

基于多模式的新疆最高(低)气温预报误差订正及集成方法研究

干旱区由于气温日较差大,气温预报难度偏大,尤其是最高、最低气温预报。利用2013—2015年ECMWF、T639、DOGRAFS、GRAPES 4种模式24 h内气温预报产品,采用递减平均订正法以及集合平均和加权集合平均法,设计2种订正集成方案,即方案1是对多模式气温预报先集成后订正,方案2是先订正后集成,对新疆地区日最高气温和最低气温预报的误差订正及集成效果进行对比检验。结果表明:(1)4种模式对新疆气温预报的准确率表现为ECMWF模式整体最好,DOGRAFS模式最差,且最低气温的预报准确率提高程度高于最高气温;(2)对于新疆不同区域,最高(低)气温预报准确率北疆高于南疆,西部高于东部,平原高于山区,且冬季的订正能力大于其他季节;(3)加权集合平均法优于集合平均法,先订正后集合方案优于先集合后订正方案;(4)方案2对2015年7月13—30日和2014年4月22—24日两次极端高、低温天气过程的最高(低)气温订正效果明显。     

三维插值方法在湖南省气温精细化预报中的应用与检验

利用三维插值方法对ECMWF、Japan及T639三种数值模式细网格气温预报产品进行客观订正,并检验评估三维插值方法对湖南省不同海拔高度和不同地理位置上2 159个气象站点的气温预报订正能力。个例结果显示,三维插值方法具有明显的订正效果,不同程度地缩小了二维平面插值预报的偏差,能较客观地反映复杂地形区域要素的实际情况;三维插值方法较二维插值对ECMWF、Japan、T639三种模式气温预报的订正能力均有不同程度的提高,改进后的ECMWF模式气温预报准确率达94%;对于海拔较高的站点,三维插值方法相对于二维插值订正的幅度更大,对模式预报有向气温降低的趋势调整,对于海拔较低的站点,对模式预报有向气温升高的趋势调整。     

三种气温预报产品黑龙江省预报效果检验

利用T639模式预报产品和黑龙江省83个国家气象站气温实况观测资料,采用最优预报因子方法选取预报因子,应用多元回归方法建立逐站日最高气温和日最低气温的MOS预报方程; 对MOS、中央气象台指导预报（SCMOC）和T639三种气温预报产品的日最高气温和日最低气温预报效果进行对比检验分析,并用EOF方法检验预报与实况的时空变化特征一致性。结果表明: 与实况的时空变化一致性方面,MOS和SCMOC较好,T639略差; 预报效果方面,MOS和SCMOC对日最高气温和日最低气温的2 ℃预报准确率普遍高于T639,MOS的预报准确率在日最高气温方面高于SCMOC,在日最低气温方面低于SCMOC; MOS对T639气温预报产品改善效果明显,尤其对冬季日最低气温的预报改善效果十分显著; MOS较T639气温预报改善效果与T639模式预报效果呈负相关关系,主要表现为,MOS预报改善效果在T639预报准确率低的山区明显优于平原,在春、夏季,预报准确率较低的日最高气温明显优于日最低气温,在冬季,预报准确率较低的日最低气温优于日最高气温; MOS气温预报方法的预报性能较理想,SCMOC对黑龙江省预报难度较大的日最低气温预报效果较好。     

东北区域数值模式产品在天气预报业务中的检验

利用2015年大连地区7个主要气象站的地面气温、降水、风向风速和相对湿度观测资料,针对东北区域中尺度数值模式(Weather Research and Forecast,WRF)产品中常规天气要素进行检验分析,了解掌握WRF模式对不同天气要素的预报能力,以期为天气预报业务中WRF模式产品的订正提供参考。结果表明:WRF模式产品的气温预报准确率整体上08时起报的比20时起报的稍好,最低气温预报效果比最高气温稍好,且WRF模式对升温和降温的趋势预报较好,具有一定参考性。WRF模式产品的降水预报准确率相对较高; WRF模式对风向的预报准确率可以达到50%左右,而风速的预报准确率可以达到60%—70%;大雾天气的预报,可以相应参考WRF模式的相对湿度。     

多模式温度集成预报的检验分析

该文利用C#程序语言逐日读取欧洲数值预报模式(Ec)、中国数值预报模式(T639)、德国天气在线(ZX)、美国天气(MG)、中国天气(ZG)、中央气象台指导预报(ZY)6家模式预报的日最高气温(Tg)和日最低气温(Td)预报值,建立预报数据库。使用LINEST函数对Tg和Td做多元回归分析,得出6家模式的集成预报结果,结果表明:集成预报(JC)比6家模式预报准确率都高;同时,建立本地化订正方法,将原6家模式Tg和Td进行订正后再集成,结果表明:订正后的集成比直接集成准确率提高了0%～4%,说明订正方法的使用对提高气温预报准确率有一定的效果。另外,通过对各家模式预报结果和集成预报结果的检验分析,不仅为预报员择优使用数值预报产品提供参考依据,也为数值预报产品释用提供一定的参考方法。     

BP神经网络方法对T639模式集宁站风速预报的订正

文章利用2011年2月至2012年4月T639模式的10m风速预报及集宁气象站实测风速资料,采用双隐含层的人工神经网络模型建立了模式预报订正模型,对该站2012年5—7月的模式风速进行了订正并对其效果进行检验。结果表明,经人工神经网络订正后,风速预报比T639模式预报有了明显改善,3个月的平均Vs评分由77.8增加到87.4。     

陕西ECMWF、GRAPES_Meso和SCMOC气温预报的对比检验及订正

利用陕西99个国家气象站2017—2019年日最高(低)气温观测资料,采用一元线性回归和递减平均方法,对GRAPES_Meso、ECMWF和SCMOC的日最高(低)气温预报进行订正,并作对比检验。结果表明,SCMOC、GRAPES_Meso和ECMWF的日最低气温预报准确率较日最高气温偏高,其中SCMOC的日最高和最低气温预报准确率最高,ECMWF次之,GRAPES_Meso最低。一元线性回归和递减平均方法对SCMOC的气温预报订正多为负效果,但对GRAPES_Meso和ECMWF的气温预报订正有明显正效果。订正后ECMWF与订正前SCMOC的预报相比,前者日最高和最低气温的预报准确率偏高。订正后GRAPES_Meso与订正前SCMOC的预报相比,前者日最低气温预报准确率偏低、2018年24 h和2019年24、48 h日最高气温预报准确率偏高。一元线性回归法对模式气温预报的订正能力和稳定性优于递减平均法。     

递减平均法与一元线性回归法对ECMWF温度预报订正能力对比

基于ECMWF细网格模式的定时最高(低)气温预报产品,针对2017年陕西99个国家级气象站的日最高(低)气温预报,检验和比较了递减平均法和一元线性回归法两种方法对气温预报误差的订正效果。结果表明,两种方法都显著地提高了日最高(低)气温的预报准确率,随着预报时效的延长,订正能力逐渐减弱。技巧评分与模式对气温的预报能力有显著的负相关关系,秦岭及其以南地区的日最高气温预报和秦岭以北地区的日最低气温预报的准确率偏低,其技巧评分一般超过40%,极大值超过70%。两种方法都有效降低了系统误差,较小误差范围的站次增多,较大误差范围的站次减少,对日最高气温在预报绝对误差≤2℃误差范围的订正能力较为突出,对日最低气温在预报绝对误差≥3℃误差范围的订正更有优势。一元线性回归法对日最高气温预报的订正能力略优于递减平均法,对日最低气温预报的订正能力不及递减平均法,利用这两种方法对气温预报进行混合订正的效果更佳。     

辽宁地区ECMWF模式气温预报检验及误差订正研究

利用2016—2018年ECMWF细网格模式12—36 h内2 m温度预报产品,选取辽宁地区65个城镇站点观测资料,评估预报产品在不同季节的预报准确率,并按季节分析固定误差订正方法和最优滑动周期订正方法对提高准确率的作用。结果表明：ECMWF模式预报产品对辽宁地区气温预报的准确率表现为,ECMWF模式最高气温冬季预报最优(城镇站点预报准确率为81.5%),最低气温夏季预报最好(城镇站点预报准确率为84.3%);采用最优滑动周期订正后,2016—2018年辽宁地区的最高气温和最低气温准确率较ECMWF模式自身分别提高了19.7%和20.5%,最低气温的预报准确率提高程度优于最高气温;在整个空间分布中,ECMWF模式对辽宁中部平原地区最高(低)气温预报准确率高于东、西部地区,辽宁东北部和西南部以及东南部的长白山余脉影响区域准确率明显低于其他区域。同时,在各季中,最高气温和夏季最低气温的订正预报能力优于其他季节;在地面晴、雨两种特征下,对辽宁地区24 h气温预报进行订正检验表明,该检验结果对辽宁地区最高(低)气温订正有一定补充作用,尤其是冬季降水出现时,最高气温预报补充订正效果最为显著。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Information for Authors

正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.