西藏昌都强降水的环流分型及其水汽轨迹分析

利用西藏自治区昌都市及周边18个气象观测站1989~2018年降水资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,首先进行强降水个例筛选,在大气环流分型的基础上,应用后向轨迹模型分析了暴雨和大雨在不同环流形势下的水汽输送轨迹。结果表明:昌都产生强降水的大气环流形势分为高原低涡、高原槽及高原切变线3种类型,其中以高原切变线型为主,而降水强度最大的是高原槽型。不同环流形势下暴雨发生时三个等压面的水汽轨迹方向基本一致,均以偏南气流为主,水汽来源相对集中,容易在短时间内造成强降水;而大雨发生时三个等压面的水汽轨迹多以偏南气流为主,与暴雨相比,水汽来源较为分散且水汽条件较差。夏季昌都的水汽来源主要以印度洋、孟加拉湾、阿拉伯海、南海为主,最远可以追溯到大西洋。      

1998年长江流域特大洪涝期水汽输送过程的诊断分析

利用基于拉格朗日方法的气流轨迹模式（HYSPLIT_V4.9）,结合轨迹聚类法和气块追踪法,探讨1998年6月12日—8月27日期间长江流域强降雨的水汽输送轨迹、主要水汽源地及其水汽贡献,发现此次强降水过程的水汽源地主要为印度洋、孟加拉湾—南海和太平洋;不同降水阶段水汽输送轨迹、水汽源地存在差异。降水第一阶段水汽主要来自孟加拉湾—南海,水汽输送贡献为35%。降水第二阶段水汽主要由印度洋、孟加拉湾—南海和太平洋三个区域共同提供,水汽输送贡献分别为32%、28%和31%。降水第三阶段则是来自印度洋和孟加拉湾—南海的水汽输送占主导地位,它们对降水的水汽输送贡献分别为33%和41%。降水第四阶段水汽主要来源于孟加拉湾—南海,贡献为40%。强降水过程中大气环流的调整,导致了不同阶段水汽源地的变化及各源地水汽贡献的差异。     

应用拉格朗日方法研究四川盆地暴雨的水汽来源

基于拉格朗日方法的轨迹追踪模式HYSPLIT v4.9可用来追踪水汽的来源以及运行轨迹。结合应用拉格朗日方法与欧拉方法,通过分析四川盆地2013年6月29日—7月2日、7月7—11日和7月15—19日三次暴雨过程来研究孟加拉湾地区的水汽通道对四川盆地暴雨的影响。分析结果表明：影响这三次暴雨过程的水汽通道均有多条,但其中最为主要的均为来自孟加拉湾的水汽通道。孟加拉湾水汽输送在低空环流系统的作用下,一部分是直接越过云贵高原输送向四川盆地,另一部分是绕过云贵高原在南海地区与南海水汽以及越赤道水汽在西太副高外围东南气流的作用下一并输送到四川盆地;其中在南亚季风强大的西南气流作用下,孟加拉湾大气河中的水汽主要越过云贵高原输送向四川盆地。同时分析对比了孟加拉湾水汽输送通道与大气河(Atmospheric River)之间的异同点,发现孟加拉湾水汽输送通道与大气河之间存在着一定的相似性。     

伊犁河谷一次极端强降水事件水汽特征分析

2016年7月31日至8月1日,新疆伊犁河谷发生了一次极端强降水事件,多站突破降水极值。利用NCEP/NCAR 1°×1°和2.5°×2.5°再分析资料、中国地面卫星雷达三源融合逐小时降水产品、新疆地区常规观测资料、基于地基GPS观测的大气可降水量资料及基于拉格朗日方法的HYSPLIT轨迹模式结果,通过对水汽输送流函数、势函数、水汽输送轨迹和暴雨区水汽收支计算,结合伊犁河谷GPS观测分析,揭示了此次强降水期间的大尺度水汽输送、辐合特征及伊犁河谷局地水汽变化特点。结果表明:（1）强降水期间大西洋及红海均对伊犁河谷的水汽供应具有贡献,河谷处于水汽通量辐合区,向西开口的地形辐合和抬升为局地暴雨的发生提供有利的动力辐合条件。低纬度印度夏季风环流和中纬度大西洋向东输送的气流共同构成伊犁河谷极端降水天气的水汽输送通道,其中印度夏季风西南水汽输送主要集中在对流层低层,对流层中层水汽的输送以大西洋向东气流和低槽自身水汽输送为主。（2）HYSPLIT模拟结果表明暴雨区3000 m中纬度偏西路径的水汽输送最为强盛,偏南路径水汽源于阿拉伯海,对流层底层偏西、偏东路径和中层偏北路径水汽通过垂直运动补充对流层低层的水汽;5000 m水汽输送轨迹以偏西路径和低槽自身携带的水汽为主。（3）降水期间水汽集中在对流层低层,通过垂直输送项向高层输送;强降水时段暴雨区对流层低层南边界水汽流入量迅速增强,中高层水汽流入主要集中在西边界。（4）降水前槽前西南气流造成伊犁河谷测站GPS-PWV明显跃升,强降水时段受印度西南季风影响,测站PWV快速增高并维持,局地GPS-PWV的增加与大尺度水汽输送辐合增强有关。     

2008年5—6月华南地区强降水过程的大尺度环流背景

利用华南地区逐日降水量资料以及美国NCEP/NCAR逐日再分析资料,对2008年5—6月华南连续强降水过程的大尺度环流、水汽输送及其与南半球相联系的环流背景进行分析。结果表明:(1)强降水期间西太平洋副高偏强,位置偏西偏南;鄂霍次克海地区多有阻高出现,形成一脊两槽的经向环流形势,有利于冷空气分裂南下与西南暖湿气流交汇。(2)4次强降水期间索马里急流的水汽输送均异常偏强,孟加拉湾及南海的水汽输送亦偏强;4次降水过程的水汽输送特征又有所差异。(3)4次强降水过程的发生与越赤道气流及南半球马斯克林高压、澳大利亚高压的加强密切相关,索马里越赤道气流的特别强劲是华南发生暴雨的主要原因之一。前期马斯克林高压、澳大利亚高压以及索马里、西太平洋越赤道气流的异常活动,对于华南强降水过程具有预报指示意义。     

影响海南岛的台风降水及水汽输送源地分析

利用1986—2016年中国气象局台风最佳路径资料、海南岛区域站降水数据以及基于拉格朗日方法的轨迹模式对近30 a影响海南岛的台风降水和大气环流特征进行分析,并探讨了台风影响降水期间水汽输送通道和源地。结果表明：6—10月是台风影响海南岛的主要时段,也是台风降水主要时段。在台风降水偏多(少)年,长江以南地区冷空气影响偏弱(强),副热带高压偏弱(强),南支槽偏强(弱),低层水汽通量场呈现异常气旋性(反气旋性)环流。降水偏多年,海南岛受到来自西北太平洋异常东北气流与印度洋、孟加拉湾的异常偏强西南气流影响;降水偏少年,水汽主要来自西太平洋的偏东气流和南海较弱的西南气流。海南岛台风降水的四个主要水汽源地分别为西太平洋、孟加拉湾、南海和印度洋,在台风降水偏多年,水汽输送贡献最大的是西太平洋和孟加拉湾,分别为33%和30%,来自东西两路的水汽供应充足,而在偏少年西太平洋水汽输送贡献最大,为38%,其余水汽源地贡献均在30%以下,以110°E以东的水汽输送为主。     

青藏高原那曲地区夏季水汽来源及输送特征分析

青藏高原作为"亚洲水塔",研究其降水来源对我国水安全和水资源利用有重要意义。本文使用中国地面气候资料日值数据集,并用GDAS资料驱动HYSPLIT(Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory)拉格朗日模式,分析了那曲地区2014年夏季的水汽输送轨迹和不同等级降水的轨迹。结果表明:(1)夏季水汽输送轨迹有明显的月、旬变化,主要是由于夏季风的向北推进造成的。印度洋、阿拉伯海、孟加拉湾、大西洋和中亚为5条主要的水汽输送路径。(2)小雨和中雨存在南方路径和西方路径,而大雨只存在南方路径;海洋的水汽输送对降水等级具有决定性作用。(3)1天前水汽来源大值区为雅鲁藏布江流域;3天前水汽来源大值区为印度与不丹的交界;大雨的水汽来源较小雨和中雨更加集中;水汽贡献分布集中的区域与水汽轨迹追踪的终点有较好的对应关系。(4)水汽源地:小雨主要来自阿拉伯海、孟加拉湾、印度、新疆以及中亚地区;中雨主要来自印度洋、阿拉伯海、孟加拉湾、印度、新疆以及中亚地区;大雨主要来自阿拉伯海和孟加拉湾。     

武汉异常强降水水汽来源、输送路径分析

采用百分位法挑选出武汉站63次强降水事件,使用Hysplit模型模拟强降水事件不同高度上后向168 h的运动轨迹并进行空间聚类分析,结果发现:武汉强降水发生时底层暖湿气流主要来自南海,自南方路径输送;中层水汽主要来源于孟加拉湾,以西南路径输送,其中青藏高原东南侧和南海充当水汽输送通道;较高层水汽输送路径以偏西路径为主,源地位于青藏高原。此外,稳定、持续的大尺度环流配置有利于强降水的发生,如副高南侧的暖湿气流沿着南支槽前向北影响长江中游。850 hPa上,马斯克林高压西侧的西南气流,汇入亚洲地区低涡南侧的偏西气流中,越过印度半岛、孟加拉湾和中南半岛,与来自澳大利亚越赤道后转向的偏南气流自我国南端北上抵达长江中游。     

热带风暴“Bilis”(0604)暴雨增幅前后的水汽输送轨迹路径模拟

采用水平分辨率1°×1°的NCEP 再分析资料、1°×1°的NCEP GDAS资料和2.5°×2.5°的NOAA大气环流资料, 结合NOAA HYSPLIT v4.8轨迹模式对0604号热带风暴“Bilis”整个生命史的水汽输送特征进行模拟分析, 并分析了“Bilis”暴雨增幅前和增幅后的水汽输送轨迹及不同来源的水汽贡献。结果表明, “Bilis”整个活动过程中主要有四支水汽输送通道, 分别是源自索马里、孟加拉湾、120°E 越赤道气流和东太平洋的水汽, 其中源自索马里和孟加拉湾的西南水汽输送(偏南水汽通道)占主导地位, 120°E 越赤道气流和东太平洋的水汽是西南水汽随着“Bilis”环流逆时针旋转, 自环流中心东北侧进入雨区(东北水汽通道), 是低压环流与偏南风相互作用的结果。其中, 偏南通道水汽大部分输送到850 hPa以下的低层, 自环流北侧输入的水汽则主要输送到暴雨区上空850 hPa以上。对比暴雨增幅前后各通道的水汽贡献率发现, 孟加拉湾西南气流输送的低纬水汽对此次暴雨增幅的形成、发展起重要作用。     

2017年湖南一次特大致洪暴雨过程的水汽特征

利用湖南省区域自动站和常规观测站降水资料、NCEP/NCAR和JRA-55再分析资料及湖南省气象台大气河预报业务产品,分析了2017年6月22日至7月2日湖南一次特大致洪暴雨过程的雨洪和水汽输送异常特征,以及大气河水汽输送对强降雨的影响,在此基础上定量分析了强降雨区各边界的水汽收支状况及各水汽轨迹的贡献。结果表明:此次强降水过程分为三个阶段,第一、第三阶段降雨的范围、强度均明显大于第二阶段。欧亚中高纬稳定的"1槽1脊"环流形势、低纬较稳定的西太副高及其外围强劲的水汽输送是此次暴雨发生的环流背景。水汽通量、水汽通量散度、比湿等物理量的水平及垂直分布对降水的阶段性特征和位置、强度变化有很好的指示作用。三个强降雨时段,来自孟加拉湾、南海和西太副高西南侧的水汽输送表现出不同的强度和位置,造成到达湖南境内的偏南水汽输送空间异常程度不同。大气河的强弱及其水汽输送通道、辐合区位置以及强降雨区各边界水汽净收入对强降水发生、发展起关键作用。水汽后向轨迹分析表明,低层偏南的水汽输送是此次极端强降雨较长时间维持的重要因素,而来自北方的干冷空气侵入利于大气斜压性增强和对流不稳定维持,是第二阶段降水强度弱于第一、第三阶段的另一原因。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

Information for Authors

正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted     

A Brief Introduction to Marine Meteorological Science Experiment Base at Bohe Town,Maoming City,Guangdong Province

<正>With the support of specialized funds for national science institutions,the Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology,China Meteorological Administration set up in October 2008 an experiment base for marine meteorology and a number of observation systems for the coastal boundary layer,air-sea flux,marine environmental elements,and basic meteorological elements at Bohe town,Maoming city,Guangdong province,in the northern part of the South China Sea.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.