FY-2E云导风的算法改进及其在GRAPES中的同化应用研究

2014年国家卫星气象中心全面改进了风云二号卫星云导风产品算法,为评估算法改进后FY-2E云导风资料对我国GRAPES数值模式同化和预报的影响,根据国家卫星气象中心提供的2013年8月算法改进前后的FY-2E红外通道云导风资料,对比分析了两者的观测分布及偏差特征,并利用GRAPES全球模式进行了一个月的连续试验。结果表明,改进算法后的FY-2E红外通道云导风观测数量明显增加,观测误差在600~200 hPa有所减小,风的平均偏差在高层减少,更满足正态分布;连续试验结果表明北半球和东亚地区风场在300~150 hPa分析中改进显著,风的平均偏差和均方根误差明显减少;预报结果显示500 hPa高度场预报距平相关系数略提高,均方根误差略减小;说明改进算法后的FY-2E红外通道云导风对GRAPES数值模式同化和预报均有一定改善。     

FY-4A云导风在GRAPES_RAFS中的同化应用评估

云导风资料具有较高的时空分辨率特性,是数值天气预报中重要的非常规观测资料之一。2016年12月我国第二代静止气象卫星风云四号首颗试验卫星(FY-4A)成功发射。依据国家卫星气象中心提供的2017年8月FY-4A卫星红外和高空、低空水汽通道云导风测试数据,选用美国国家环境预报中心的FNL全球分析资料为参考场,对比分析云导风资料观测分布及偏差特征。评估结果表明,FY-4A云导风测试数据分布稳定,水汽通道云导风资料观测数明显多于红外通道;红外通道云导风资料偏差和均方根误差最小,水汽通道云导风资料在高层偏差较大。基于GRAPES_RAFS系统,选取2017年第13号台风天鸽做24 h预报试验。个例试验结果表明,同化FY-4A云导风资料对模式高度场和风场分析有一定调整作用,特别是同化FY-4A水汽通道云导风资料,对强降水落区和强度预报有所改善。     

FY-4A卫星云导风观测误差优化及同化效果影响研究

为了推进FY-4A卫星资料在数值模式中的实际应用,本研究选择云导风产品作为研究对象,首先统计了FY-4A高层水汽通道和红外通道云导风的观测误差,进一步基于WRFDA(Weather Research and Forecasting model Data Assimilation system)系统,利用默认观测误差和新观测误差进行了为期一个月的循环同化及预报试验,并分析了试验期间的台风预报效果。结果表明:相较于默认观测误差,FY-4A云导风产品的新观测误差垂直结构特征更加明显;采用本研究统计的FY-4A云导风观测误差,能够在默认观测误差的基础上改善风场的分析和预报效果;试验期间的两个台风个例分析表明,新观测误差也能够减小台风路径的预报误差。     

三种云导风资料及其对台风数值预报影响试验的比较分析

由于在海面上缺乏重要的常规观测资料,因而云导风成为研究西太平洋台风一种不可缺少的重要资料。为了对“南京信息工程大学”开发的云导风系统(CWIS)进行质量评价及其对台风研究的贡献,选取了三种云导风资料进行综合对比。通过对比CWIS导出FY2C云迹风数据、中国气象局国家卫星中心(NSMC)导出FY2C云迹风数据和日本气象卫星中心（JMSC）的MTSAT云导风数据,采用逐点比较法分析了不同资料的精度与误差。所得结果发现：CWIS的风速与JMSC风速、NSMC的风向与JMSC风向分别均有较好的一致性。使用三重制约法获得了三种云导风资料的误差信息,风速误差标准差以JMSC最小、NSMC最大;风向误差标准差以JMSC最小、CWIS最大。云导风资料在中尺度对流云带和高空急流云带上,NSMC云导风风速大于CWIS、JMSC;而在台风云系上三种云导风资料没有特别的差异。根据以上比较的三种云导风资料的结果,进行了云导风资料对台风路径数值预报的影响的初步试验。结果表明：加入云导风资料模拟后得到的台风移动路径与实况总体上比较接近,不同的资料导出不同的结果,台风中心位置误差减小到23%~74%。     

在台风业务系统中使用卫星云导风资料的试验

在国家气象中心台隐数值预报业务系统中引入国家卫星气象中心提供的卫星云导风资料,进行两项预报试验。第一项是把卫星云导风资料作为观测资料进行最优插值客观分析;第二项是将云导风资料加入到轴对称的人造台风模型风场上,使之产生非对称风场。试验结果表明：卫星云导风资料作为观测资料进入模式后对减小台风路径预报误差效果明显;用云导风形成人造台风模型非对称风场可进一步提高台风路径预报精度。     

静止卫星云导风的质量控制及在同化中的应用

静止卫星云导风的同化一直以来是卫星资料同化中亟待解决的问题之一,其质量控制是关键。该文针对全球静止卫星云导风的红外、水汽和可见光通道在空间区域的误差特点确定相应的QI阈值,进行了质量控制和等距稀疏化工作,并考察了质量控制前后云导风数量的垂直分布特征。研究表明:质量控制后,红外通道云导风占绝大多数,水汽通道次之,可见光通道最少。最后,文章设计了3个试验方案进行数值模拟,对比分析了云导风在质量控制前后对预报的改进效果,结果表明:加入经质量控制的云导风资料后能有效减小分析场在中高层的误差;经过质量控制后的云导风对全球中短期数值预报 (1~5 d) 有明显的正预报效果。     

应用卫星云导风进行台风路径预报试验

在国家气象中心台风数值预报业务系统中引入国家卫星气象中心提供的卫星云导风资料,进行三项预报试验．首先用卫星云导风资料厂正客观分析风场;其次将云导风资料加人到输对称的人造台风模型风场上,使之产生非对称风场、在前两项试验的基础上进行相应的质量场调整,使之形成较协调的客观分析场和非对称的人造台风模型。试验结果表明：卫星云导风资料订正客观分析风场对台风路径预报有明显改进;用云导风形成人造台风模型非对称风场对台风路径预报也有所改进;对订正后的客观分析场进行质量场调整可进一步提高台风路径预报的精度,而对非对称人造台风模型进行质量场调整,对减小台风路径预报误差作用不明显。     

加密FY-2G云导风质量评估及其在GRAPES＿RAFS系统中的应用分析

采用2016年7月国家卫星气象中心提供的加密FY-2G资料,选用美国国家环境预报中心的FNL全球分析资料(Final Operational Global Analysis)为参考场,根据不同质量标识码QI(Quality Indicator)对其进行质量评估,并基于GRAPES(Global and Regional Assimilation and Prediction System)模式的GRAPES_RAFS(Rapid Analysis and Forecast System)系统分别进行了个例试验和连续试验。结果表明,QI≥80的加密FY-2G资料质量最好,相较于其他QI阈值,其偏差和均方根误差最小;对比业务使用的FY-2G红外通道云导风资料,加密FY-2G红外通道云导风的U分量偏差更接近正态分布。对2016年7月2 3日强降水个例进行了三组对比试验,结果表明:同化加密FY-2G红外通道云导风资料对850 h Pa高度场和风场分析有一定的调整作用,对24 h降水强度和落区预报有一定改善。连续试验结果表明同化加密FY-2G红外通道云导风资料对高层风场改善明显,24 h降水预报检验反映出全国区域中雨到暴雨级别的降水ETS评分提高。     

半透明云风矢量高度算法中云下背景辐射的估计

半透明云风矢量高度指定是卫星风矢量算法的重要部分,需要来自半透明云体的辐射和云下背景辐射两个变量。云下背景辐射发生在云层下面,未被卫星直接观测到,为了在半透明云风矢量高度指定算法中更精确地获得云下背景辐射,使用风矢量附近无云区的红外/水汽散点图,估计云下背景辐射。分析表明:在追踪区域里存在无云区的情况下,追踪区的最高红外亮温可代表红外通道的背景辐射;而水汽通道的背景辐射,却在红外亮温高值区段内水汽亮温相对较低区段。追踪区内找不到无云区时应扩大搜索范围,找到无云区后可估计云下背景辐射。在半透明云风矢量高度指定算法中使用云下背景辐射估计的改进算法前后,计算FY-2气象卫星进行风矢量,并将结果与欧洲中期天气预报中心（ECMWF）分析场进行对比表明,在半透明风矢量高度指定算法中使用云下背景辐射估计,FY-2气象卫星风矢量误差明显降低。     

FY-3A微波资料偏差订正及台风路径预报应用

我国极轨气象卫星FY-3A大大增强了对地球系统的综合探测能力,而偏差订正对卫星资料的应用非常必要。试验中FY-3A卫星微波资料的偏差订正方案是在Harris等的TOVS辐射资料偏差订正经验方法的基础上结合WRF-3DVAR系统发展的,偏差订正后微波资料各通道拟合结果基本位于主对角线上,大多数卫星观测数据与观测算子利用背景场计算的亮温值分布趋于合理,偏差得到很大程度的降低。偏差订正后,利用数值模式直接同化FY-3A气象卫星微波资料,通过对2008年和2009年的4个台风进行预报评估表明:同化FY-3A气象卫星资料后路径预报能力提高明显,尤其是36 h后路径预报结果;同化FY-3A气象卫星微波资料后台风预报路径误差平均降低20%,而只同化常规资料路径误差仅仅降低了4%。     

Characteristics of Fengyun-4A Satellite Atmospheric Motion Vectors and Their Impacts on Data Assimilation

The high observation efficiency, scanning speed and observation frequency of the Fengyun-4A (FY-4A) satellite indicates the progress of Chinese geostationary meteorological satellites. The characteristics of FY-4A atmospheric motion vectors (AMVs) derived from the high-level water vapor (WV-High) channel, mid-level water vapor (WV-Mid) channel, and infrared (IR) channel of FY-4A are analyzed, and their corresponding observation errors estimated. Then, the impacts of single-channel and multi-channel FY-4A AMVs on RMAPS-ST (the Rapid-refresh Multi-scale Analysis and Prediction System—Short Term) are evaluated based on one-month data assimilation cycling and forecasting experiments. Results show that the observation errors of FY-4A AMVs from the three channels have an explicit vertical structure. Results from the cycling experiments indicate that the assimilation of AMVs from WV-High produces more apparent improvement of the wind in the upper layer, while a more positive effect in the lower layer is achieved by the assimilation of AMVs from IR. Furthermore, the assimilation of AMVs from IR is more skillful for medium and moderate precipitation than from other channels owing to the good quality of data in the lower layer in the AMVs from IR. Assimilation of FY-4A AMVs from the three channels could combine the advantages of assimilation from each individual channel to improve the wind in the upper, middle and lower layers simultaneously.     

FY-2E晴空风矢同化对台风分析和预报的影响研究

为了研究“二阶差分法”反演的晴空区风矢同化在台风分析和预报中的作用,以1509号台风“灿鸿”和1211号台风“海葵”为例,首先利用WRF-3DVAR系统对晴空风矢进行同化,探讨了晴空风矢的引入对模式初始场的影响。然后利用WRF模式对两个个例分别进行48 h的预报试验。通过对比控制试验和同化试验,结果表明,同化晴空风矢资料能够对初始风场和位势高度场进行合理的调整,在台风周围引导气流的作用下,台风路径与实况更靠近,从而提高了台风路径的预报效果。除此之外,同化晴空风矢对台风强度以及风场预报也有一定的改善作用,还可更准确地预报出降水的落区及雨强,提高降水预报质量。因此,晴空风矢的引入,有利于改善模式的初始场,从而提高WRF模式对台风的预报能力。      

Impact of assimilation of INSAT-3D retrieved atmospheric motion vectors on short-range forecast of summer monsoon 2014 over the South Asian region

The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model and its three-dimensional variational data assimilation system are used in this study to assimilate the INSAT-3D, a recently launched Indian geostationary meteorological satellite derived from atmospheric motion vectors (AMVs) over the South Asian region during peak Indian summer monsoon month (i.e., July 2014). A total of four experiments were performed daily with and without assimilation of INSAT-3D-derived AMVs and the other AMVs available through Global Telecommunication System (GTS) for the entire month of July 2014. Before assimilating these newly derived INSAT-3D AMVs in the numerical model, a preliminary evaluation of these AMVs is performed with National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) final model analyses. The preliminary validation results show that root-mean-square vector difference (RMSVD) for INSAT-3D AMVs is ～3.95, 6.66, and 5.65 ms^?1 at low, mid, and high levels, respectively, and slightly more RMSVDs are noticed in GTS AMVs (～4.0, 8.01, and 6.43 ms^?1 at low, mid, and high levels, respectively). The assimilation of AMVs has improved the WRF model of produced wind speed, temperature, and moisture analyses as well as subsequent model forecasts over the Indian Ocean, Arabian Sea, Australia, and South Africa. Slightly more improvements are noticed in the experiment where only the INSAT-3D AMVs are assimilated compared to the experiment where only GTS AMVs are assimilated. The results also show improvement in rainfall predictions over the Indian region after AMV assimilation. Overall, the assimilation of INSAT-3D AMVs improved the WRF model short-range predictions over the South Asian region as compared to control experiments.     

MWHS/FY-3资料同化在四川盆地暴雨预报中的应用研究

为了研究同化风云三号B星(FY-3B)和C星(FY-3C)的微波湿度计(MWHS及MWHS-2)观测资料在四川暴雨数值预报中的影响,本文基于Weather Research and Forecasting Model(WRF)及其三维变分同化系统Weather Research Forecast Variatinal Data Assimilation System(WRFDA),实现了对MWHS/FY-3B和MWHS-2/FY-3C观测资料的直接同化。针对2018年7月的一次四川盆地区域性暴雨过程的同化试验结果表明:同化风云三号系列卫星的微波湿度计观测资料对试验开始时刻均有改善,对相对湿度和矢量风场等物理量场有一定的正向调整作用,尤其是同化MWHS-2/FY-3C资料对风场的调整较为明显。同化试验对龙门山北部降水有较明显的改善作用,改善了降水的分布与落区,其中同化MWHS/FY-3B对盆地中部到东北部的降水量级的预报更接近实况,雨区更为连续。同化试验证明了同化风云三号系列卫星的微波湿度计观测资料对于四川盆地暴雨数值预报有一定的业务应用价值。      

FY-3A微波资料在“莫拉克”台风预报中的同化试验

我国新一代极轨气象卫星FY-3A于2008年5月26日发射成功,携带的微波垂直探测仪与NOAA系列卫星的ATOVS性能相似。为研究微波垂直探测仪资料在台风数值预报中的作用,实现我国FY-3A卫星的微波探测资料的直接同化,达到改进台风预报的目的,利用FY-3A微波探测资料,以WRF-3DVar系统为基础,针对2009年第8号台风"莫拉克"路径和强度预报,开展数值预报直接同化技术研究。试验结果表明,直接同化FY-3A微波资料对数值模式初始场改进要优于仅仅同化常规观测资料,对缺乏观测资料的海洋上改进尤为明显,模式初始场更加合理地反映海上台风环流形势以及温湿条件,海上台风的模式初始位置也得到了校正;经过FY-3A微波资料三维变分直接同化后,区域中尺度模式对台风路径预报效果具有积极的改善作用。     

FY-3A SATELLITE MICROWAVE DATA ASSIMILATION EXPERIMENTS IN TROPICAL CYCLONE FORECAST

China’s new generation of polar-orbiting meteorological satellite FY-3A was successfully launched on May 26,2008,carrying microwave sounding devices which had similar performance to ATOVS of NOAA series.In order to study the application of microwave sounding data in numerical prediction of typhoons and to improve typhoon forecasting,we assimilated data directly for numerical forecasting of the track and intensity of the 2009 typhoon Morakot(0908)based on the WRF-3DVar system.Results showed that the initial fields of the numerical model due to direct assimilation of FY-3A microwave sounding data was improved much more than that due to assimilation of conventional observations alone,and the improvement was especially significant over the ocean,which is always without conventional observations.The model initial fields were more reasonable in reflecting the initial situation of typhoon circulation as well as temperature and humidity conditions,and typhoon central position at sea was also adjusted.Through direct 3DVar assimilation of FY-3A microwave data,the regional mesoscale model improves the forecasting of typhoon track.Therefore,the FY-3A microwave data could efficiently improve the numerical prediction of typhoons.     

Derivation of Cloud-Free-Region Atmospheric Motion Vectors from FY-2E Thermal Infrared Imagery

The operational cloud-motion tracking technique fails to retrieve atmospheric motion vectors(AMVs) in areas lacking cloud; and while water vapor shown in water vapor imagery can be used, the heights assigned to the retrieved AMVs are mostly in the upper troposphere. As the noise-equivalent temperature difference(NEd T) performance of FY-2E split window(10.3–11.5 μm, 11.6–12.8 μm) channels has been improved, the weak signals representing the spatial texture of water vapor and aerosols in cloud-free areas can be strengthened with algorithms based on the difference principle, and applied in calculating AMVs in the lower troposphere. This paper is a preliminary summary for this purpose, in which the principles and algorithm schemes for the temporal difference, split window difference and second-order difference(SD) methods are introduced. Results from simulation and cases experiments are reported in order to verify and evaluate the methods, based on comparison among retrievals and the "truth". The results show that all three algorithms, though not perfect in some cases,generally work well. Moreover, the SD method appears to be the best in suppressing the surface temperature influence and clarifying the spatial texture of water vapor and aerosols. The accuracy with respect to NCEP 800 h Pa reanalysis data was found to be acceptable, as compared with the accuracy of the cloud motion vectors.     

Impact of assimilating FY-3C MWHS2 data in the RMAPS-ST forecast system on its rainfall forecasts

中层水汽初值的误差是数值预报,尤其是短期预报不确定性的重要来源.星载微波湿度计资料能很好地弥补常规资料的不足,同化微波湿度计资料对改善对流层中高层的水汽初始场精度有着重要意义.本研究基于新一代快速更新多尺度资料分析和预报系统短期数值预报系统(RMAPS-ST),选取2019年6月4-6日中国华中地区降水过程开展了 FY-3C MWHS2资料同化对于此次降水预报的影响评估.研究开展了4组试验:冷启动试验,控制试验,同化FY-3C MWHS试验,同时同化常规观测和FY-3C MWHS试验.结果表明:经质量控制及偏差订正之后FY-3C MWHS2各通道O-B明显趋于正态分布,同化FY-3C MWHS资料后,对此次降水过程降水落区和强度的预报均优于控制试验和冷启动试验,同时对于环境场的预报也有改善.