海陆对比和地形分布对气候影响的数值模拟

本文利用ｐ－σ混合座标系球带模式，模拟了海陆对比和地形分布对气候特征的影响。文中首先讨论了模式模拟场的统计特征，表明模式的性能稳定，在相同的海陆对比和地形分布时，７个月平均气候态彼此接近，其方差比初始场的还要小。然后，着重讨论了气候模拟场中海陆对比和地形分布的作用，指出海陆对比和地形分布主要通过热力作用影响大气，并且前者比后者对大尺度气候模拟场的影响更大。     

大气环流的一个数值试验

考虑地形及加热作用,建立了一个大气环流数值试验准地转二层模式。在辐射加热中考虑了云对长短波辐射的影响,而假定云的出现与否仅依赖于垂直速度。在模式中放置了北半球实际的地形及海陆分布,而下垫面的温度由求解下垫面热传导方程得出。把方程组化成非线性常微分方程组,用Runge-Kutta方法在电子计算机上求解。 在不计扰动的情况下,在具有年周期的太阳短波辐射的作用下,逐渐建立起下垫面纬圈平均温度梯度及基本气流。下垫面温度具有很清楚的季节变化,位相落后于太阳短波辐射一个月,求得的冬夏季的下垫面温度值与实际的气候值相当。基本气流也有明显的季节变化,夏季风速减弱,急流向北移,冬季风速增强,急流向南移,位相落后于太阳短波辐射一个多月。 北半球实际的海陆分市的热力特性,在冬季能使亚洲及太平洋上空变冷,并能使大西洋及欧洲上空变暖。在非绝热加热和地形的共同作用下,在冬季出现了随时间变化着的东亚大槽和北美大槽,以及冷空气活动过程。这种冷空气活动有其偏爱地区:起源于苏联新地岛上空,并向东南方向移动。     

浅谈下垫面性质对乌兰察布市气温地理分布的影响

太阳辐射、大气环流和下垫面性质（如水、陆、地形、土壤、植被等）是形成和影响气候变化的主要原因,它们相互联系,综合影响,其中起主要作用的因子是太阳辐射,但地形地理在一定的条件下对太阳辐射和大气环流起到一定的制约作用,使某些要素改变了原来的分布规律,乌兰察布市的气温、降水等气候要素分布,就是下垫面在其中起了主要作用。     

下垫面状况变化对气候的影响

本文简述了下垫面状况变化对气候的影响研究的新进展和某些观测事实,重点叙述了下垫面状况人为改变影响气候的数值试验结果。这些结果对于大范围的灌溉、植树造林、毁林等所产生的气候效应给出解释。     

非绝热加热及地形动力作用下的大气环流长期演变过程

本文建立了一个理想的大气环流数值试验模式,其中简单地考虑了辐射、湍流、凝结加热及地形的动力作用。模式中放了两个陆地和两个海洋,海陆的影响由给定的下垫面温度表现出来。把方程组化成常微分方程组后,用Runge-Kutta方法在电子计算机上求数值解。 首先,在非绝热加热的作用下,由静止大气开始经过40天就建立起基本气流。其次,在具有年周期的太阳辐射、下垫面温度及凝结加热的作用下,基本气流以年周期变化。扰动也有明显的年周期,夏季扰动振幅变小,冬季扰动振幅变大,而且海陆温度的季节变化能控制波数为2的超长波的进退。夏季温度槽位于海洋东部,冬季位于大陆东部。 最后,在数值试验中看到初始场的影响只有100天左右。     

海陆地形对阻塞活动的影响

利用法国动力学气象实验室开发的格点大气环流模式(LMDZ)考察了海陆地形高度对阻塞事件的影响。结果表明,数值模式中地形高度的存在与否可以直接影响到阻塞事件的发生位置,使气候态的阻塞发生区域产生调整。可以看出海陆地形在阻塞形成中起固定阻塞位置的作用,也可以加强阻塞的强度,增加阻塞发生的频率。     

青藏高原等大地形和下垫面的动力和热力强迫在东亚和全球气候变化中作用的新探索

本文总结了本专题自1991年正式开展工作以来，围绕着专题的中心内容所做的研究工作结果。着重点放在有地形数值模式的改进和完善以及数值模拟试验这两个方面在模式的改进和完善方面，又着重介绍模式区域的拓宽、土壤下垫面的引入、海洋混合层模式和海洋表层流模式的建立和应用。在数值模拟试验方面，则主要介绍气压梯度力的新算法──“误差扣除法”及其模拟检验、包络地形试验、地形与大气湿过程对夏季风气候特征影响的试验、沙漠初始湿度对气候变化的影响试验、下垫面在气候变化中的作用试验以及海温异常的影响试验。没有在本文中介绍的数值试验结果，可参看本文集中作者等的其它论文。     

我国“环流-天气气候-谷物天气产量”体系的长期振动

继文献[10—12]后,本文分析了我国“环流—天气气候—谷物天气产量”体系长期振动三个主要频带的分布情况.发现大型环流在一些“活动区域”的低频振动与这三个主要频带分布特征有密切关联;赤道附近和南半球低纬类似亚欧大陆中高纬地区是环流的关键性“活动区域”,对我国天气和农业有重要影响.讨论了海陆分布和大地形在由大型环流低频振动形成的时、空结构特征中的作用以及大型环流“活动区域”之间产生低频耦合——“涛动”等问题.     

陆面特征非均一作用参数化及其对区域气候影响的数值模拟试验

本文首先改进了陆地下垫面特征非均一性的次网格尺度参数化方法，然后利用三维地气耦合的区域气候模式，设计一系列值试验，研究了下垫面特征改变对区域气候环境变化的影响，主要分析了陆地表面特征变化对我国苏南附近地区夏季温度化的影响，结果表明采用地下垫面特征非均一作用的次网格尺度参数化方法对于改进数值模拟结果的质量有一定效果。     

包络地形对气候模拟特征的影响

本文用ｐ－σ混合坐标系球带模式研究了不同包络度地形对冬夏季气候模拟特征的影响。结果表明，采用较大包络度的地形可在一定程度上改善气候模拟结果，尤其是在冬季。气候模拟特征由海陆和地形的共同作用决定，地形包络度的影响是次要的。包络度值要取得恰当，否则反而不利。不同地区可用不同的包络地形。     

Numerical Modelings of the Climatic Effects of the Land-Sea Distribution and Topography

The effects of the land-sea contrast and the topography on the climatic properties are simulated in this paper by use of a p- σ incorporated coordinate system model in a zonal domain. In this paper we firstly discuss the statistical features of the model and find that the capability of the model is stable, with the same land-sea distribution and to-pography seven monthly mean climate states are close to one another, their variance is even less than the initial one. Secondly, we focally discuss the effects of the land-sea contrast and the topography on the modeled climate fields, It is pointed out that the land-sea contrast and the topography influence the atmosphere mainly through the heating ef-fect and the former has larger influences on the simulated large scale climate fields than the latter.     

Numerical modellings of properties of the summer quasi-stationary circulation systems and their monthly variations

An ocean-atmosphere and land-air coupled numerical model system is used to study the basic properties and the monthly time variations of the summer quasi-stationary circulation systems. It is found that either at the upper or at the lower levels of the atmosphere, the circulation patterns have a two-wave structure in the zonal direction at the mid and high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. Such a structure of circulation is totally matchable to that of the land-sea distribution there. It is proved, hence, that the land-sea distributive pattern is the fundamental cause for the summer quasi-stationary circulation pattern. The topography in the globe is the secondary factor for circulation systems. The circulation centres of the quasi-stationary systems are always located in certain areas due to the thermodynamic contrast between land and sea.From the time evolutions of the circulation systems it is seen that the change is larger at the beginning period of the time integration, it is because of using t     

The climatic effects of the stratospheric volcanic ash

The climatic effects of the stratospheric volcanic ash are simulated. The model we used is a primitive equation model with the P-σ incorporated coordinate system. The model has 5 layers in the atmosphere and 2 layers in the soil. The volcanic ash is introduced to the first (highest) model layer with a fixed optical thickness of 0.1275. Two comparative numerical experiments with and without the volcanic ash are made. Results show that the effects of the stratospheric volcanic ash on the formations of the mean climatic fields are much smaller than those of the land-sea distribution and the large scale topography. However, it does have contributions to the anomalies of the basic climatic states. The direct effect of the volcanic ash is to increase the temperature in the stratosphere. It can also influence the temperature and the height fields of isobaric surfaces, horizontal and vertical motions, precipitation and the surface climate through dynamic and thermodynamic processes in the atmosphere.     

夏季季风区气候的模拟特征

用一个由大气模式、土壤模式和水域模式三个子模式组成的模式模拟了夏季风区的气候特征。模拟得到的平均气候特征,如温度场、风场、降水和蒸发场均与实际观测场接近;模式模拟出季风区的地面气候特征,表明其与大气状态和下垫面性质关系密切;对加热场的模拟则表明,积云对流凝结潜热加热对总加热率的贡献最大.     

下边界条件对北极涛动影响的数值模拟研究

利用NCAR大气模式CAM3.0探讨了包括山脉和海陆分布等下边界条件对北极涛动(AO)或北半球环状模(NAM)形成的影响.主要进行了控制试验和两个地形敏感性数值试验,对比了控制试验结果与资料分析结果.控制试验和NCEP/NCAR资料分析结果对比指出,CAM3.0模式能够较好地模拟出AO的水平环状结构和垂直相当正压结构.在去除山脉的敏感性试验中发现,AO中纬度北太平洋和北大西洋两个活动中心的强度、范围和位置发生变化.在水球敏感性试验中发现,AO两个大洋上的活动中心被环绕极地主活动中心的环状结构代替.两个敏感性试验共同表明,AO是大气内部某种过程作用的结果,它的存在本身不取决于下边界条件的改变.山脉和海陆分布主要影响的是AO的具体形态.通过控制试验和两个敏感性试验对比,又分析了准定常波和瞬变波对AO的影响.去除山脉和海陆分布热力差异共同强迫的准定常波,AO纬向平均纬向风高纬地区平流层异常最大值活动中心消失,这表明在平流层准定常波和纬向平均流的相互作用与AO活动关系密切.在只有对流层瞬变波作用时,AO仍然存在,表明准定常波不是AO存在的必要条件.平流层准定常波与平均流的相互作用和对流层瞬变波与平均流的相互作用与AO形成之间的具体关系有待通过E-P通量诊断进一步确定.     

Numerical experiments of the effects of initial desert moisture on the climate change

A numerical model with the p-sigma incorporated coordinate system and primitive equations is used to simulate the effect of initial soil moisture in desert areas on the climate change. The results show that the present deserts have a tendency to expand. When the initial soil moisture in the desert regions increases, the desert areas will shrink but can not disappear. The small deserts may not remain any longer when there are sources of water vapour around. Both the land-sea contrast and the topography are the background conditions of the present desert distribution through the mechanism of the downdrafts and the rare precipitation over the desert regions. The increase of the initial desert soil moisture will weaken the summer monsoon circulation and, consequently, the monsoonal precipitation.     

Conceptual understanding of climate change with a globally resolved energy balance model

The future climate change projections are essentially based on coupled general circulation model (CGCM) simulations, which give a distinct global warming pattern with arctic winter amplification, an equilibrium land-sea warming contrast and an inter-hemispheric warming gradient. While these simulations are the most important tool of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predictions, the conceptual understanding of these predicted structures of climate change and the causes of their uncertainties is very difficult to reach if only based on these highly complex CGCM simulations. In the study presented here we will introduce a very simple, globally resolved energy balance (GREB) model, which is capable of simulating the main characteristics of global warming. The model shall give a bridge between the strongly simplified energy balance models and the fully coupled 4-dimensional complex CGCMs. It provides a fast tool for the conceptual understanding and development of hypotheses for climate change studies, which shall build a basis or starting point for more detailed studies of observations and CGCM simulations. It is based on the surface energy balance by very simple representations of solar and thermal radiation, the atmospheric hydrological cycle, sensible turbulent heat flux, transport by the mean atmospheric circulation and heat exchange with the deeper ocean. Despite some limitations in the representations of the basic processes, the models climate sensitivity and the spatial structure of the warming pattern are within the uncertainties of the IPCC models simulations. It is capable of simulating aspects of the arctic winter amplification, the equilibrium land-sea warming contrast and the inter-hemispheric warming gradient with good agreement to the IPCC models in amplitude and structure. The results give some insight into the understanding of the land-sea contrast and the polar amplification. The GREB model suggests that the regional inhomogeneous distribution of atmospheric water vapor and the non-linear sensitivity of the downward thermal radiation to changes in the atmospheric water vapor concentration partly cause the land-sea contrast and may also contribute to the polar amplification. The combination of these characteristics causes, in general, dry and cold regions to warm more than other regions.     

Effects of Land-Sea Distribution, Topography and Diurnal Change on Summer Monsoon Modeling

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