智能建筑防雷设计技术评价

从综合防雷角度出发,对智能建筑防雷设计资料就直击雷、侧击雷、雷电感应、雷电波侵入、雷击电磁脉冲等方面展开技术分析,从源头上消除防雷设计隐患,确保防雷装置安全、有效。     

增强安全意识搞好防雷减灾

雷电的危害，常有直雷，感应雷和雷电波侵入等形式，许多地方的防雷设施还只在停留在防直击雷上，忽略了感应雷和雷电波侵入的危害性。所以，增强安全意识，把防雷减灾工作全面抓紧抓好势在必行。     

安全监控系统防雷保护设计

分析了安全监控系统的前端设备、传输线路和终端设备遭受雷电灾害的成因，并从直击雷、雷电波侵入和雷电感应的综合防护阐述了安全监控的防雷设计。     

栾川老君山中灵索道雷电致灾分析及索道综合防雷工程设计与实践

老君山中灵索道,不但架空线路长,而且位于雷暴多发区。其控制系统多为弱电设备,一旦索道的防雷措施不到位,人员和索道设备很容易遭受雷击。依据当地景区索道的雷灾历史、景区的地形特征、小气候特征、雷暴的气候学特征和2009-2011年的闪电定位资料,通过对雷电可能对栾川老君山景区索道造成的危害、雷电侵入途径以及致灾原因的分析,提出了根据景区地理、环境、气象和雷电活动特点,将外部的直击雷防护与内部的防雷电过电压、等电位、屏蔽以及完善的接地防护技术措施协调统一、进行综合防护的解决方案。该方案在栾川老君山风景区中灵索道防雷工程中实施后,防雷效果良好。     

栾川老君山中灵索道雷电致灾分析及索道综合防雷工程设计与实践

老君山中灵索道,不但架空线路长,而且位于雷暴多发区。其控制系统多为弱电设备,一旦索道的防雷措施不到位,人员和索道设备很容易遭受雷击。依据当地景区索道的雷灾历史、景区的地形特征、小气候特征、雷暴的气候学特征和2009-2011年的闪光电定位资料,通过对雷电可能对栾川老君山景区索道造成的危害、雷电侵入途径以及致灾原因的分析,提出了根据景区地理、环境、气象和雷电活动特点,将外部的直击雷防护与内部的防雷电过电压、等电位、屏蔽以及完善的接地防护技术措施协调统一、进行综合防护的解决方案。该方案在栾川老君山风景区中灵索道防雷工程实施后,防雷效果良好。     

赤峰华通黑火药制造公司防雷设计安装

雷电对黑火药制造公司的危害一般有三个途径:直击雷、感应雷、雷电波侵入。针对其特点所涉及的防直击雷方案主要是采用避雷带、引下线、接地体等组成防直击雷系统。防雷电感应措施:建筑物内的设备较大金属物和突出屋面金属物都接到防雷电感应的接地装置上,实现等电位连接。防止雷电波侵入措施:低压线路全线采用电缆直接埋地敷设。     

计算机系统的防雷

1雷电侵入计算机系统的途径 一是雷电流经电源线路进入室内产生雷害.一旦发生这种雷害,所有的电器都将受到波及.由于架空电力线路架设高度高,路径长,因此遭受直击雷和感应雷雷击的概率大.直击雷击中高压电力线后,在高压电力线上传输,经高压变压器的电容,耦合至220V低压侧,然后侵入计算机系统的供电设备.     

雷电对建筑物内电子设备的危害

由雷电流产生危害的方式出发,从暂态电位抬高、回路感应过电压、线路感应过电压、耦合过电压四个方面进行详细分析,明确了雷电流产生危害的起因及形式,阐明了雷电对建筑物内电子设备危害的具体原因及危害原理,为如何做好雷电防护提供技术基础。     

浪涌保护器的安装技术

1概述雷电灾害是最严重的自然灾害之一。为此,人们一直在探寻防御雷电灾害的方法或器件。早在公元1750年,富兰克林先生就发明了原始的避雷针,找到了直接雷击防护方法,并建立了最早的防雷理论。随着微电子技术的飞速发展,人们逐步认识到仅有防直击雷设施不能有效地预防雷电波侵入雷击事故的发生。避雷针虽然可使建筑物本身避免遭受直接雷击,但无法避免建筑物内的信息系统遭受雷电波(雷电过电压波)的袭击,甚至造成人员伤亡。统计资料表明,在雷击灾害中80%以上的雷电灾害是由于雷电波沿电源信号线路等导体侵入室内造成的,因此预防雷电波侵入已…     

计算机系统的防雷

1　雷电侵入计算机系统的途径一是雷电流经电源线路进入室内产生雷害。一旦发生这种雷害 ,所有的电器都将受到波及。由于架空电力线路架设高度高 ,路径长 ,因此遭受直击雷和感应雷雷击的概率大。直击雷击中高压电力线后 ,在高压电力线上传输 ,经高压变压器的电容 ,耦合至 2 2 0V低压侧 ,然后侵入计算机系统的供电设备。二是由通信线侵入。通信线中出现雷击过电压 ,一般有两种情况 :一种是当路旁大树、高大建筑物、独立避雷针等地面突出物遭直击雷时 ,强雷电压把附近土壤击穿 ,雷电流直接侵入到电缆外皮 ,进而击穿电缆 ,使高压侵入电缆芯线 …     

加强业务管理提高测报质量

我局从1999～2003年,测报工作连续4年未出现错情,在此期间共有1个250个班,9个百班无错通过上级业务部门验收.在仪器保管、使用、维护上符合要求,对外报送的各种表、簿都能做好出门合格.     

准两年振荡对大气中微量气体分布的影响

NCAR的包含化学、辐射、动力相互作用的两维模式（SOCRATES）移植回国后进行了初步的模拟试验,用以研究某些对环境问题重要的微量气体的化学、辐射、动力传输过程。在不考虑极地平流层云和气溶胶表面非均相化学等情况下,模式积分多年,计算结果稳定,模拟的风场、温度场显示出正常的季节变化,模拟的微量气体分布与卫星实测资料对照,结果也比较一致。为了探讨热带平流层风场的准两年周期振荡（QBO）对平流层微量气体分布的影响,我们做了QBO强迫的数值试验,即在模式中加入QBO强迫,并与不考虑QBO强迫的模拟结果对比。结果表明,QBO与其相关的次级环流所引起动力输送的变化,使平流层微量气体分布发生变化。     

Comparing the theoretical versions of the Beaufort scale, the T-Scale and the Fujita scale

2005 is the bicentenary of the Beaufort Scale and its wind-speed codes: the marine version in 1805 and the land version later. In the 1920s when anemometers had come into general use, the Beaufort Scale was quantified by a formula based on experiment. In the early 1970s two tornado wind-speed scales were proposed: (1) an International T-Scale based on the Beaufort Scale; and (2) Fujita's damage scale developed for North America. The International Beaufort Scale and the T-Scale share a common root in having an integral theoretical relationship with an established scientific basis, whereas Fujita's Scale introduces criteria that make its intensities non-integral with Beaufort. Forces on the T-Scale, where T stands for Tornado force, span the range 0 to 10 which is highly useful world wide. The shorter range of Fujita's Scale (0 to 5) is acceptable for American use but less convenient elsewhere. To illustrate the simplicity of the decimal T-Scale, mean hurricane wind speed of Beaufort 12 is T2 on the T-Scale but F1.121 on the F-Scale; while a tornado wind speed of T9 (= B26) becomes F4.761. However, the three wind scales can be uni-fied by either making F-Scale numbers exactly half the magnitude of T-Scale numbers [i.e. F′half = T / 2 = (B / 4) − 4] or by doubling the numbers of this revised version to give integral equivalence with the T-Scale. The result is a decimal formula F′double = T = (B / 2) − 4 named the TF-Scale where TF stands for Tornado Force. This harmonious 10-digit scale has all the criteria needed for world-wide practical effectiveness.     

On the forecast of the onset and end of the convective season in the Amazon

Summary ?Some features of the climate system that can be considered predictors of the onset and end of the convective season over the Amazon were identified using one-month lag correlations and field composites. The fields analyzed were sea surface temperature (SST), outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR), vertical velocity and upper tropospheric winds. Warm (cold) anomalies in the SST in the tropical North Atlantic and the Caribbean Sea tend to be associated with delayed (early) onsets. Likewise, there is a tendency towards a delayed (early) end of the convective season with cold (warm) anomalies in these ocean regions. In addition, the SST in the cold tongue region of the equatorial Pacific is negatively, though weakly correlated with the onset date. The signal of this SST is more evident in the case of the end date, which is earlier with respect to its mean date in most of El Ni?o cases. The convective activity intensity itself conditions the onset and the end of the convective season, as it is evidenced by the behavior of the OLR and the vertical velocity fields. The more (less) intense the convective activity over South America during the preceding month, the earlier the onset and the later the end of the convective season on the Amazon region. The prediction of the onset and end dates of the convective season in the Amazon region was explored using a simple multiple regression technique based on the variables that have shown precursor signals with respect to these dates. The correlation coefficient between the predicted and the observed onset date is 0.81, and in the case of the end date, it is 0.76. The skill to predict early, delayed and normal categories was high, since in more than two thirds of the cases the category was successfully predicted, and there were no predictions of categories opposed to those observed. Received July 23, 2001; revised February 22, 2002; accepted April 26, 2002     

流场配置及地形对西南低涡形成的动力作用

本文采用定常二层模式讨论较小地形及高、低层流场配置对西南低涡形成的动力作用。指出了西南低涡的形成是与盆地、河谷以及其上气流分层有关的一种定常态.在上、下为西风分层时期,低层的浅薄暖湿西风有利于西南低涡的形成.在上、下为东、西风分层时期,上层浅薄东风亦有利于西南低涡的形成.小型的凸起山脉对西南低涡的形成没有作用.     

Quantifying the uncertainty of the annular mode time scale and the role of the stratosphere

The impact of high resolution modern vegetation cover on the West African climate is examined using the International Centre for Theoretical Physics Regional Climate Model implementing the NCAR Community Land Model. Two high resolution 25 km long-term simulations driven by the output from a coarser 50-km resolution simulation are performed for the period 1998–2010. One high resolution simulation uses an earlier and coarser-resolution version of plant functional type distribution and leaf area index, while the other uses a more recent, higher-quality, and finer-resolution version of the data. The results indicate that the new land cover distribution substantially alters the distribution of temperature with warming in Central Nigeria, northern Gulf of Guinea and part of the Sahel due to the replacement of C4 grass with corn; and cooling along the coastlines of the Gulf of Guinea and in Central Africa due to the replacement of C4 grass with tropical broadleaf evergreen trees. Changes in latent heat flux appear to be largely responsible for these temperature changes with a net decrease (increase) in regions of warming (cooling). The improved land cover distribution also results in a wetter monsoon season. The presence of corn tends to favor larger precipitation amounts via more intense events, while the presence of tropical broadleaf evergreen trees tends to favor the occurrence of both more intense and more frequent events. The wetter conditions appear to be sustained via (1) an enhanced soil moisture feedback; and (2) elevated moisture transport due to increased low-level convergence in regions south of 10N where the most substantial land cover differences are present. Overall the changes induced by the improved vegetation cover improve, to some extent, the performance of the high resolution regional climate model in simulating the main West African summer monsoon features.     

由中国历史气候记录对季风导致唐朝灭亡说的质疑

2007年1月4日杂志发表了Yancheva等10人的题为"Influence of the intertropical convergence zone on the East-Asian monsoon"(热带辐合带对东亚季风的影响)的论文[1],这是德国波兹坦地学研究中心气候动力与沉积学科的主管豪格(G.H.Haug)率领的科研小组的一项成果,认为是季风的变化引起的长期干旱导致了唐朝的灭亡.     

Analysis of the Characteristics of the Low-level Jets in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River during the Mei-yu Season

Here, we analyze the characteristics and the formation mechanisms of low-level jets(LLJs) in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River during the 2010 mei-yu season using Wuhan station radiosonde data and the fifth generation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ERA5) reanalysis dataset. Our results show that the vertical structure of LLJs is characterized by a predominance of boundary layer jets(BLJs) concentrated at heights of 900–1200 m.The BLJs occur most frequently at 230...