神经网络方法在环渤海能见度预报中的应用分析

本文基于2001—2015年中国气象局地面常规气象观测数据及NECP再分析资料,采用BP神经网络方法构建环渤海沿海城市能见度预报模型,利用2016年ECMWF集合预报数据基于预报模型进行能见度预报实验,并与ECMWF集合预报产品中现有能见度预报结果进行对比分析。分析表明:该方法对于环渤海沿海城市能见度预报的预报效果明显高于ECMWF集合预报中的能见度预报,12～72 h预报时效中,最小值对应1 km以下能见度的TS评分为0. 36～0. 43; 10 km以下能见度预报误差显著降低,与离散度的对应关系较好。因此,该方法对低能见度天气过程的能见度预报具有指示意义。     

模式距平积分订正法对广西区域ECMWF地面2m温度预报的订正效果评估

采用基于历史资料的模式距平订正法(ANO),利用2011~2015年欧洲中心高分辨率数值预报(ECMWF)的地面2m温度和广西区域自动站气温观测资料,对2016年广西区域2m温度预报进行订正试验,对比分析订正前和订正后的预报误差,结果表明:EC对广西区域2m温度的预报误差随着预报时效增加而逐渐增大,午后误差较大,夜间误差较小,预报值大多偏低。0~72h预报(较短预报时效)冬季误差较小,夏季误差较大;72~240h预报(较长预报时效)夏季误差较小,秋季和冬季误差较大。随预报时效增加,误差增大的幅度夏季较小,冬季较大。误差的离散度在较短预报时效的午后为冬季较小,夏季较大,在较长预报时效及夜间则与之相反。ANO方法对午后温度预报的订正效果优于当日其他时刻。该方法对夏季的温度预报有很好的订正效果,秋季的订正效果次之,春季的订正效果不明显,冬季的订正效果为负面作用。     

基于深度学习的7~15 d温度格点预报偏差订正北大核心CSCD

为了提高模式对于7~15 d温度格点预报准确性,基于U-Net模型以及U-Net残差连接模型,采用2018年12月25日—2022年7月5日多种组合气象数据作为输入数据特征,针对TIGGE数据中心提供的全球集合预报CMA-GEPS 2 m气温控制预报,开展168~360 h时效的格点预报误差订正试验。结果表明:对于240 h预报时效,两种深度学习模型中,U-Net模型表现较好;对于不同输入数据特征,加入起报时刻ERA52 m气温产品的U-Net模型表现最佳,在多个预报时效上有较好的订正效果,均方根误差减小率为10%~25%,可有效改善模式对于15.75°~55.25°N,73°~136.5°E区域北部的蒙古高原、西部的青藏高原及部分山地的预报误差较大的不足;而加入CMA-GEPS控制预报10 m风预报产品后改进不明显。总体上,基于U-Net模型构建的模式格点预报偏差订正模型可有效降低7~15 d温度格点预报误差,进一步提升复杂地形下格点预报的准确性。     

台风路径数值预报实时订正技术及其集成应用

以台风路径数值预报的短时效预报偏差和目标时效（指所需订正的时效）的纬度预报为预报因子,采用多元线性回归方法建立了台风路径预报的偏差预估方程,继而对台风路径预报进行实时订正。本文以12 h为短时效,通过对欧洲中期天气预报中心确定性预报模式（ECMWF-IFS）和集合预报模式（ECMWF-EPS）的台风路径预报的应用,得到以下结论:2018年试报结果表明,24 h、36 h、48 h、60 h、72 h、84 h订正后的ECMWF-IFS台风路径预报的平均距离误差分别比订正前减小了7.3 km、9.3 km、8.9 km、6.5 km、6.9 km、2.6 km,总体来说较强台风（指12 h的台风强度实况≥32.7 m s?1）路径预报的订正效果更好。尝试了先对ECMWF-EPS各成员的台风路径预报进行订正,再进行集成预报,并对比了以下5种方式得到的台风路径预报:“订正后的确定性预报”、“所有集合预报成员集合平均”、“优选集合预报成员集合平均”、“所有集合预报成员先订正再集合平均”和“优选集合预报成员先订正再集合平均”,2018年试报结果表明,对于平均距离误差,24 h和36 h“优选集合预报成员先订正再集合平均”最小,48 h和60 h“所有集合预报成员先订正再集合平均”最小,72 h和84 h“优选集合预报成员集合平均”最小,如果在业务中有针对性地进行应用,有望获得一个在各预报时效表现都较优异的台风路径客观综合预报结果。24 h、36 h、48 h、60 h“优选集合预报成员先订正再集合平均”的平均距离误差分别比“所有集合预报成员集合平均”减小了13.3 km、11.7 km、10.0 km、7.6 km,比中央气象台官方预报（对应的时效为12 h、24 h、36 h、48 h）减小了0.7 km、2.0 km、3.9 km、2.4 km。     

多元动态逐步回归方法在北京地区能见度预报中的应用

基于2016年冬季的观测资料和ECMWF细网格240 h气象要素预报资料,选用与能见度变化相关的水汽、动力、热力等因素作为预报因子,利用多元动态逐步回归方程对北京地区未来10 d的能见度进行预报研究。同时将能见度分为3个等级:1 km、1～10 km(低能见度)和≥10 km,并从区域平均、空间分布及3次低能见度过程个例进行预报效果检验。多元动态逐步回归方法对北京地区的能见度及其变化趋势均有一定预报能力且效果稳定,其中≥10 km等级的能见度预报效果最好,TS评分为64.2%,其次是1～10 km,TS评分为53.1%,最后是1 km,TS评分为51.3%;两个低能见度等级中平原地区预报效果优于山区,表现为从东南向西北递减的特征;而≥10 km等级的呈相反变化,预报效果山区优于平原地区;北京地区3次雾霾过程个例预报也证实动态逐步回归方法能够较好预报北京地区持续性低能见度过程。     

基于多神经网络的动态权重集成温度预报订正研究

基于CMA-GD模式预报数据,利用多神经网络的动态权重集成方法,开展了贵州省温度预报订正研究,最终获得本地化温度预报订正产品。结果表明：(1) 在对历史数据检验评估的基础上,利用多种神经网络方法可有效降低模式系统误差,通过BP、BP_GA、WAVENN、GRNN、LSTM等神经网络订正,2020年贵州省0～72 h预报时效的温度平均绝对误差较模式降低0.01～0.17 ℃;(2) 考虑到不同神经网络订正结果的差异性,采用动态权重方案对订正结果进行优势集成可显著提升预报可靠性。经集成后的温度预报效果优于模式直接输出和各神经网络订正结果,2020年贵州省0～72 h预报时效的温度平均绝对误差较模式降低14.93%,预报准确率提升8.24%。此外,动态权重集成后的订正结果还表现出较好的稳定性。基于该方法形成的本地化客观预报订正产品可为提升贵州复杂地形下温度预报质量以及精细化预报服务水平提供参考依据。     

基于ECMWF的两种温度客观预报订正方法及评估

依据ECMWF细网格模式2019—2020年20:00起报未来24-216h的0.05×0.05°分辨率格点日最高、最低温度和国家气象信息中心格点温度实况资料，采用“动态训练、择优选取”的基本原则，利用递减平均法（DAM）和径向基函数神经网络方法（RBFNN）对温度进行客观预报订正，并与中央台指导预报（NMC）和EC模式预报产品进行格点检验对比分析。结果表明：（1）通过DAM和RBFNN订正后的24—216h日最高、最低温度预报准确率提高3.9～7.8%，均为“正”技巧，对预报准确率偏低的月份预报时效订正效果更显著，且夏、秋季最高温度预报订正效果较好，冬季最低温度订正能力较强；（2）分区域预报检验来看，订正后的最高、最低温度预报产品除沙坡头区的最高温度预报和贺兰山的最低温度预报误差偏大外，其他区域的误差基本都小于2℃，特别是对强降温、寒潮天气的温度预报订正效果明显优于NMC和EC模式预报产品，对预报业务有一定的参考价值。     

递减平均法对陕西SCMOC精细化温度预报的订正效果

利用递减平均法对2012—2013年陕西区域99站共731 d的SCMOC温度精细化指导预报进行误差订正,订正结果表明:该订正方法总体表现为正的订正效果,对08:00和20:00起报的定时温度、日最高温度以及08:00起报的日最低温度有明显的订正能力,在准确率偏低的预报时效内订正效果较好;对于48 h内逐3 h定时温度预报,在夜间的准确率高于白天,对应的"递减平均法"在白天的订正能力高于夜间;对于168 h内日最高(低)温度预报,随着预报时效的增加准确率降低,但是"递减平均法"的误差订正能力增强;"递减平均法"对48 h内逐3 h定时温度和24 h内日最低温度的订正能力在准确率偏低的月份偏强。     

广东省能见度自动观测系统资料评估分析与订正

利用广东省能见度自动观测系统22个站点2011年的人工观测和自动观测的能见度资料,分析了人工观测与自动观测的能见度资料的相关系数、均方根误差等,并对自动观测资料进行了订正。分析结果显示:人工观测与自动观测能见度的分布大致相同,表现为沿海的能见度高于内陆,粤东高于粤西,主要低能见度区域集中在珠江三角洲和粤西的内陆地区;自动观测能见度的准确性主要受到仪器工作原理局限性、气溶胶类型和气象条件的影响。对能见度自动观测资料订正结果显示:订正后,在低能见度时,大部分站点的均方根误差在3km以内;在高能见度时,大部分站点均方根误差在8km以内,平均为6km左右。利用统计方法对器测能见度值作数据订正,能有效减小测量误差,使能见度自动观测系统能基本满足能见度自动化观测需要,特别是低能见度事件的服务需求。     

2m气温集成订正方法及在冬奥延庆赛区的应用北大核心CSCD

为提升北京冬(残)奥会气象服务保障能力,利用2018—2021年1月1日—3月28日欧洲中期天气预报中心(ECMWF)模式预报产品以及冬奥延庆赛区8个自动气象站的2 m气温实况,通过基于地形修正的模式偏差订正和支持向量机算法,构建赛区不同海拔高度站点72 h预报时效内逐3 h的2 m气温集成订正方法。2022年北京冬(残)奥会前夕及赛事期间应用评估表明:集成订正方法对延庆赛区2 m气温的预报准确率为0.856,平均绝对偏差为1.08℃,订正效果较单一订正方法更优,尤其针对海拔高度高出模式地形高度的站点订正性能更为突出,同时,对超阈值及关键过程的气温订正效果也表现较好。对于延庆赛区大多数站点而言,该方法订正的72 h预报时效内逐3 h的2 m气温平均绝对偏差总体上表现出一定的日变化特征,且0~24 h,24~48 h,48~72 h预报时效之间偏差变化相对平稳,但不同站点的日变化趋势存在差异。随着预报时效增加,该方法订正的2 m气温平均绝对偏差的变化趋势表现出海拔依赖性。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

Information for Authors

正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

正Aims Scope Advances in Atmospheric Sciences(AAS)is an international journal on the dynamics,physics,and chemistry of the atmosphere and ocean with papers across the full range of the atmospheric sciences,co-published bimonthly by Science Press and Springer.The journal includes Articles,Note and Correspondence,and Letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.