多源降水预报集成技术应用研究

基于欧洲中期天气预报中心全球高分辨率预报模式ECMWF、中国自主研发的新一代业务化区域数值模式GRAPES_Meso和WRF中国全国区域预报模式的降水预报结果进行未来3 d降水集成预报。以中国地面-卫星-雷达三源融合逐时降水格点产品(CMPA-Hourly,V2.0)作为"观测值"进行建模,采用消除偏差多模式平均法和基于无偏平均绝对误差集成法对中国大陆地区进行降水集成预报,同时采用2800个国家自动气象站降水观测数据对降水集成预报效果进行检验。结果表明：基于无偏平均绝对误差的降水集成方法能够综合每个模式成员降水预报场的优势,提供一种更为稳定可靠且具有更高分辨率的优质精细化降水预报产品;其在试验期间对中国大陆地区汛期的降水预报ETS评分,优于消除偏差多模式平均降水集成预报和最优单模式降水预报,BIAS评分更接近于1,与"实况"的距平相关系数也明显提高,是对降水大值捕捉能力较优的一种集成方法,尤其对中雨到暴雨量级预报的改进较好。     

新标准下空气质量预报指导产品对比检验

为了解和掌握上级指导产品对石家庄市空气质量预报的适用性,进一步提高石家庄市空气质量预报的准确性,利用国家气象中心(NMC)、北京区域气象中心(BJ)和河北省气象局(HB)空气质量预报产品,对石家庄市夏季4种主要污染物PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、O_3和SO_2的预报进行了对比检验,结果表明:1)NMC对4种污染物的预报效果均逊于HB和BJ的,对PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)和SO_2的预报值明显较实况偏大,尤其在发生重污染天气时,对PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)的空报率高达90%以上;2)HB对PM_(10)和SO_2的预报效果好于BJ的,对SO_2的预报值与实况值均在一个等级范围内,发生重污染天气时,对PM_(10)的预报效果好于BJ的,预报值更接近于实况,但对重污染向优、良转折天气的预报值偏高;3)BJ预报PM_(2.5)和O_3的效果好于HB的,对O_3的0级误差级别预报准确率高达90.5%,对PM_(2.5)优到轻度污染等级的预报效果较好,但对重污染天气的预报值低于实况。     

兰州市空气质量统计预报模型设计

引　言目前 ,城市空气污染预报主要利用 3种方法进行预报集成 ,即气象形势潜势预报、要素统计模型预报和污染模式预报。通过对 3种结果的经验集成 ,综合得出预报产品进行分发服务。为了配合兰州市 4月 1日按时开展空气质量试预报 ,我们设计了一个利用实时资料和数值资料相结合并直接用于业务应用的要素统计模型。1　污染观测及污染资料现状兰州空气质量监测点设在西固兰炼宾馆 ,污染物主要来自于兰州当地工厂排放和生活废气排污。兰州市地形是一个东西狭长河谷 ,盛行风向对观测值有较大的影响 ,因此 ,观测的污染值并不具备很好的代表性。文…     

沙尘预报客观检验中最优实况资料和圆插值半径选择研究

使用2012～2014年每年3～5月CUACE（China Meteorological Administration Unified Atmospheric Chemistry Environment）模式地面沙尘浓度格点预报产品,预报员预报等级产品、实况地面观测沙尘等级和特征站观测PM10（空气动力学当量直径小于等于10 μm的颗粒物,即可吸入颗粒物）资料,并针对CUACE模式格点产品,选取不同半径对格点产品进行圆插值,从而对2012～2014年共25次沙尘过程值,采取3年总样本计算TS（Threat Score）评分,对格点产品适合的圆插值半径和预报产品适合的检验实况资料进行研究,结论如下:（1）如实况采用沙尘等级,模式插值半径与TS评分在浮尘或扬沙等级成近似线性下降关系,而在沙尘暴以上等级TS评分与插值半径关系几乎不大,最优插值半径可选为最小插值半径0.5°（经度/纬度）;如实况采用PM10资料,TS评分在浮尘或扬沙等级根据半径不同变化较为剧烈,沙尘暴以上等级TS评分与插值半径关系不大,可以采用浮尘或扬沙平均线3.5°为平均最优插值半径。如果沙尘过程较弱,插值半径可适当减小,以1°最合适;（2）对CUACE模式预报产品,沙尘等级观测TS评分可用性要优于PM10资料,但两者在沙尘暴以上等级评分差别不大,总体上CUACE模式最优检验实况资料可选为沙尘等级观测资料。对预报员沙尘预报产品,观测沙尘等级TS评分要远高于PM10,预报员沙尘预报产品最优检验实况资料为观测沙尘等级资料。     

基于BP人工神经网络法沈阳市PM_(2.5)质量浓度集成预报试验

基于CUACE(CMA Unified Atmospheric Chemistry Environment)和CMAQ(Community Multiscale Air Quality)空气质量模式预报产品,应用BP(Back-Propagation)人工神经网络法建立沈阳市不同地点小风和高湿条件下PM_(2.5)浓度集成预报模型,并对预报结果进行检验。结果表明:与单一空气质量模式相比,集成模型预报的PM_(2.5)浓度更接近实测值,预报的PM_(2.5)浓度的平均偏差和归一化均方误差均明显减小,预报的PM_(2.5)浓度的模拟值在观测值两倍范围内的百分比(FAC2)明显提高。集成模型能较好地预报PM_(2.5)浓度高值的变化,且显著提高了沈阳市外围城区PM_(2.5)浓度的预报水平。集成预报模型可以实现CUACE和CM AQ两种空气质量模式产品的最优综合,对空气质量的实时预报具有一定的参考价值。     

业务流程再造 搭建一体化业务支撑系统

<正>PM-LAPS高分辨率格点实况产品加工系统依托基本观测业务,实现天气实况数据格点化。PM-OCF多模式精细化站点服务产品加工系统依托国家气象中心、国家气候中心的精细化、长时效预报预测产品以及全球数值预报产品,针对10万个预报站点,研发1~3d逐3h、4~7d逐     

大气环境数值模拟研究新进展

近五年来,中国科学院大气物理研究所(简称大气所)在大气环境数值模拟方面取得了丰硕的成果,通过自主发展和引进,建立了完备的多尺度、多成分的大气环境数值模式,包括全球大气化学输送模式、区域和城市空气质量预报模式。大气所利用这些模式研究各种空间尺度上污染物浓度时空分布以及污染物的输送和演变,研究了多种污染过程的成因和污染变化规律,在污染物输送、低对流层臭氧高污染、区域及城市污染等方面取得了很多成果,并对区域或城市空气质量进行业务化实时预报。大气所还拓展了我国大气环境模拟研究的新领域:大气化学资料同化、污染模式集合预报、污染源反演新方法。初步建立了空气质量模式的资料同化系统(分别基于最优插值技术和集合卡曼滤波技术)和多模式集合预报体系,提高了模式预报水平;在污染源反演新方法方面进行了初步的探索。结合我国目前仍然面临着的大气环境问题,对今后大气环境数值模式的发展方向进行了展望。     

CAPPS模式在石家庄市应用的效果检验

根据《气象部门空气质量预报质量考核和管理暂行办法》,对CAPPS系统在石家庄市空气质量预报中的应用效果进行检验,对CAPPS1.0和CAPPS2.0的预报能力和产生的误差进行了对比分析。结果表明:CAPPS2.0的整体预报水平高于CAPPS1.0,但其预报值多偏高于监测值,这是导致冬季首要污染物正确性评分偏低、夏季高污染预报能力偏低的主要原因。CAPPS系统对前日污染实况依赖性强,预报结果滞后,对高浓度污染日的预报准确率仅为13%,预报能力偏低。     

基于CUACE系统沈阳地区春季空气质量预报的校验及修正

本文基于CUACE系统,利用2015年4—5月沈阳市大气环境观测数据对沈阳地区春季空气质量的预报效果进行了校验和修正。结果表明:CUACE模式对6种污染物(PM10、PM2.5、NO2、O3、SO2和CO)质量浓度的预报值普遍小于观测值,对PM10浓度的预报存在严重低估。CUACE模式预报的沈阳地区春季日首要污染物多为PM2.5,而观测表明沈阳地区春季PM10和PM2.5为日首要污染物的日数相当。同时,CUACE模式预报的空气污染等级与实际观测的空气污染等级相比存在较高的等级偏差率。利用污染物观测浓度和预报浓度之间的线性拟合公式修正CUACE模式的预报结果,修正后首要污染物的预报结果与实际观测结果基本吻合,同时空气污染等级的预报准确率也明显提高,提高幅度为50.0%—80.0%。     

内蒙古精细化格点气象要素预报的应用分析

文章基于内蒙古精细化格点气象要素预报,采用普通克里格、反距离加权、双线性插值法,优选气温和相对湿度的最优插值方法,制作站点预报并检验。结果表明:(1)对气温和相对湿度应用效果最好的插值法分别是双线性插值法和普通克里格法;(2)08时起报当天气温和相对湿度的预报效果均好于前一日20时起报预报,日最高气温预报准确率最高,为77.83%,预报与实况相关系数达到0.8211,日最低气温、日平均气温及日平均相对湿度相关系数达到0.6以上;(3)高温预报值总体小于实况值,08时预报准确率为70%～93.94%,20时预报准确率为54.55%～93.33%。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

正Aims Scope Advances in Atmospheric Sciences(AAS)is an international journal on the dynamics,physics,and chemistry of the atmosphere and ocean with papers across the full range of the atmospheric sciences,co-published bimonthly by Science Press and Springer.The journal includes Articles,Note and Correspondence,and Letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Editorial

As we will soon celebrate the 90th anniversary of the founding of the Chinese Meteorological Society （CMS）,Acta Meteorologica Sinica （AMS）,which was originally named as Bulletin of the Chinese Meteorological Society,has gone through 89 years of development and excitement since her first issue in July 1925.According to archived documents （CMS Editorial Committee,1925）,AMS was founded to report the research findings of Chinese meteorologists,record their recommendations for improving meteorological services,and share their common meteorological interests in order to promote the growth of AMS such that more members could be inspired to conduct atmospheric research and meteorological knowledge would be better disseminated to and benefit the general public.By upholding and carrying forward this purpose,AMS has published many highly valuable scientific papers.Some could be treated as classical articles,which have produced important influences on both domestic and international meteorological communities and the related fields.