全球海温异常作用下的低层大气环流和降水异常的数值模拟

通过在ＩＡＰＡＧＣＭ中加进太平洋和印度洋海温异常的数值模拟，证实了实况月平均８５０ｈＰａ上的异常环流特征：ＥｌＮｉｎｏ海温位相时低纬太平洋低层大气出现异常的西风气流以及在东南亚沿海出现向赤道的异常气流；而在ＬａＮｉｎａ位相时，低纬太平洋低层大气出现异常的东风气流和在东南亚沿海出现离赤道的异常气流。若在模式中仅引入太平洋的海温异常或在模式中去掉地形以后，模拟的低纬低层异常气流与上述结果有所不同。用该模式还模拟出了与观测相符的低纬地区降水的异常     

热带海温异常影响夏季环流的机制研究

利用正压涡度方程模式对赤道东太平洋和赤道西太平洋暖池区海温异常影响夏季大气环流的机制进行了研究,结果表明:太平洋海温异常会对大气环流产生明显的影响,我国上空环流受其直接影响较小,大气对赤道东太平洋海温升高的响应比对西太平洋暖池海温降低响应明显.西太平洋暖池海温降低和赤道东太平洋海温升高都使极涡明显减弱,对中低纬度大气高度场的影响相反.赤道东太平洋海温升高,中低纬度地区槽脊活动表现不明显,而西太平洋暖池海温降低,会使大气高度场产生明显的槽脊扰动.西太平洋暖池海温降低和赤道东太平洋海温升高,会使涡度场、经向风形成沿驻波波列传播的扰动场.西太平洋暖池海温降低和赤道东太平洋海温升高同时发生时,经向风场使北半球所有的地方都产生了扰动(两条波列路径仍然清楚),沿纬圈和经向都呈有规律的正负相间的分布,扰动表现为驻波特征.     

热带大气垂直环流圈对海温场响应的数值试验

本文用一个热带地区两层原始方程模式在赤道东太平洋异常增暖和降冷两种情况下,计算了大气的垂直环流圈对海温异常的响应。试验结果进一步发展了Bjerknes的假说,支持了我国气象工作者提出沃克环流和哈得莱环流存在相互制约的发展趋势。同时通过试验对比,我们指出,热带东西海温梯度在形成这两个正交的垂直环流圈中起主导作用,即由这一海温梯度形成的热力性赤道纬圈环流可以引导出与它有相反变化趋势的经圈环流,反之则不然。     

海温对春季冷暖环流的遥相关及影响我国南方春温的过程

利用1950～1998年太平洋海温资料进行分析,得出太平洋海温对春季冷暖环流的遥相关,并得出海温影响大气冷暖环流的过程,进一步分析得到太平洋海温影响亚欧中高纬环流及西太平洋副高的时间.从而得出太平洋海温影响我国南方春温的过程为:前2年10月到前一年3月赤道东太平洋海温持续暖(冷)→前1年3月西太平洋副高持续强(弱)→春...     

长江中下游旱涝的环流型与赤道东太平洋海温遥相关波列特征

根据长江中下游地区夏季旱涝年前期冬、春季北太平洋海温分布特征进行分析研究 ,提出了影响区域性旱涝的海温“强信号”概念 ;探讨了北半球大气环流结构对赤道东太平洋海温异常响应问题 ,并研究了东太平洋海温与北半球夏、春季高度偏差场季尺度相关偏差场波列结构相关特征。研究结果表明 ,赤道东太平洋海温异常可能通过低纬walker环流引起赤道西太平洋区域性大气异常运动 ,从而产生遥响应环流型 ,形成类似PNA遥相关“大圆波列”。此类遥响应特征在西太平洋区域表现出与副热带高压、西风槽、阻塞高压等相关的系统的准定常经向波列。研究结果还表明此类经向波列结构描述了中高纬地区系统对低纬异常海温遥响应的动力学特征。应用 1997～ 1998年冬季实际海温资料 ,并在赤道中东太平洋地区引入实际海温异常的敏感性试验 ,较成功地模拟了 1998年夏季长江流域洪涝的降水分布特征。文中从统计、动力分析和数值模拟综合分析方法揭示出由前期东太平洋海温异常引起的大气环流变异 ,构成中国长江流域旱涝的物理图像及其动力学模型。     

春季赤道东太平洋海温异常对东亚大气环流春夏季节演变的影响

利用NCEP高度场、风场及OLR资料，分析了春季赤道东太平洋海温异常对东亚大气环流春夏季节演变的影响，结果表明春季赤道东太平洋海温偏暖年，南海－菲律附近出现异常反气旋，西太平洋副高偏强偏西（副高5月占据南海），南海季风爆发迟；而春季海温偏冷年，南海－菲律宾近出现异常气旋，西太平洋副高偏弱偏东（副高5月东移出南海），南海行风爆发早。数值试验腠季赤道东太平洋海温异常不仅对东亚大气环流春季季节变化有明显影响，而且此影响可持续到夏季。     

赤道西太平洋-印度洋海温异常对亚洲夏季风的影响

本文采用了p-σ五层原始方程模式模拟并研究了赤道西太平洋-印度洋海温距平场对亚洲夏季风的影响,计算了四种不同的海温距平试验方案。试验结果表明赤道西太平洋海温正距平使对流层下层的印度低压明显加强,副高北挺,季风槽加深,同时加强了对流层上层的反气旋环流。赤道西印度洋暖海温的模拟结果与赤道西太平洋暖海温对上述系统的影响相反,而赤道西印度洋冷海温对季风环流的影响与赤道西太平洋暧海温的影响一致。试验进一步表明赤道西太平洋-印度洋海温距平的纬向梯度方向对亚洲夏季风的影响是主要的,这一结论与实际观测结果一致。本文进一步讨论了赤道海温距平对越赤道气流、印度洋赤道东-西纬向环流和非绝热加热场的影响,结果都表明赤道西太平洋海温正距平和赤道西印度洋海温负距平的模拟特征与反El Nino年亚洲夏季环流特征类似,而赤道西印度洋海员正距平的模拟特征与El Nino年亚洲夏季坏流特征类似。     

热带积云对流加热在全球大气遥响应中的重要作用──数值试验结果

利用ＩＡＰ两层大气环流模式模拟研究了热带地区积云对流加热在大气对赤道东太平洋海温正异常响应中的作用。通过对积分结果进行分析发现：热带地区积云对流在大气对赤道东太平洋海温正异常的响应过程中起着非常重要的作用。若热带地区的积云对流加热减弱则大气中的遥响应（相关）型也减弱。同时我们还发现，热带地区的积云对流加热加强则响应场的３０—６０ｄ低频振荡也得到加强。     

GOALS模式对热带太平洋ENSO年际变化特征的模拟评估

文中重点分析了中国科学院大气物理研究所LASG最新发展的全球大气环流谱模式(R42L9)与一全球海洋环流模式(T63L30)耦合形成的全球海洋-大气-陆面气候系统模式(GOALS/LASG)新版本已积分30 a的模拟结果,通过与多种观测资料的对比分析,讨论了赤道太平洋海表温度(SST)的年际变化及其纬向传播、赤道东太平洋SST异常与其他洋面SST变化之间的遥相关关系、赤道太平洋浅表层海温的年际变化特征等研究内容.结果表明,COALS模式模拟出了赤道太平洋SST异常出现不规则的年际变化特点;赤道东太平洋SST异常的向西传播过程;赤道太平洋混合层海温变化由西向东、由深层向浅层的传播过程;同时也模拟出了赤道东太平洋SST变化与赤道西太平洋以及与西南太平洋海温之间的反相关关系,与南印度洋和副热带大西洋SST之间的正遥相关关系等实际观测现象.但COALS模式也存在明显的不足,如对赤道东、中太平洋SST异常的年际变化幅度明显偏小,没能模拟出赤道东太平洋的SST变化比赤道中太平洋强的特点;赤道太平洋SST从东向西的传播速度明显比实际观测慢得多,但混合层海温极值变化由西向东的传播速度明显比实际情况快得多;没能模拟出赤道东太平洋SST变化同西北太平洋SST的负相关和北印度洋海温变化的正相关现象,因此也影响了对南亚、东南亚降水年际变化的模拟能力.     

El Nio期间印度洋海温异常对 亚洲气候的影响

El Nio事件发生时,赤道东太平洋海温出现高达2～3 ℃的正异常,同时,印度洋海温也会出现异常。但每次El Nio事件期间,印度洋异常海温的结构是不相同的,翘翘板型的海表温度结构,是印度洋海温异常的一种典型分布。利用IAP-GCM 9L模式,我们对El Nio期间,印度洋东冷西暖异常海温分布对气候的影响,特别是对亚洲气候的影响,作了数值模拟研究。模拟研究的结果表明,印度洋海温主要影响孟加拉湾、中南半岛、印尼、印度次大陆及中国大陆南部地区的气候变化。在El Nio发生期间,东冷西暖的印度洋海温结构,加大了东太平洋海温异常给东亚季风区带来的影响,它使中南半岛到印尼更加干旱,中国华北到山东半岛的降水减少,而使中国西南到华南的降水明显增加。在其影响下,东亚地区的雨带呈纬向分布,形成旱涝相间的纬向带状异常分布型,使模式模拟结果与中国旱涝的实际分布更加接近。同时,在对高度场、流场的分析中可以看到,印度洋东冷西暖海温分布使夏季副高位置偏南,印度洋到南海的西南风减弱,在中国西南到华南为气旋性环流控制,这些特征与降水分布是一致的。模拟试验表明,印度洋海温异常对我国El Nio期间降水异常的分布型有重要影响。     

Effects of atmosphere-ocean interaction on the interannual variability of winter temperature in Taiwan and East Asia

 This study investigated the ocean-atmosphere interaction effect on the winter surface air temperature in Taiwan. Temperature fluctuations in Taiwan and marine East Asia correlated better with a SST dipole in the western North Pacific than the SST in the central/eastern equatorial Pacific. During the warm (cold) winters, a positive (negative) SST anomaly appears in marine East Asia and a negative (positive) SST anomaly appears in the Philippine Sea. The corresponding low-level atmospheric circulation is a cyclonic (anticyclonic) anomaly over the East Asian continent and an anticyclonic (cyclonic) circulation in the Philippine Sea during the warm (cold) winters. Based on the results of both numerical and empirical studies, it is proposed that a vigorous ocean-atmosphere interaction occurring in the western North Pacific modulates the strength of the East Asian winter monsoon and the winter temperature in marine East Asia. The mechanism is described as follows. The near-surface circulation anomalies, which are forced by the local SST anomaly, strengthen (weaken) the northeasterly trade winds in the Philippine Sea and weaken (strengthen) the northeasterly winter monsoon in East Asia during warm (cold) winters. The anomalous circulation causes the SST to fluctuate by modulating the heat flux at the ocean surface. The SST anomaly in turn enhances the anomalous circulation. Such an ocean-atmosphere interaction results in the rapid development of the anomalous circulation in the western North Pacific and the anomalous winter temperature in marine East Asia. This interaction is phase-locked with the seasonal cycle and occurs most efficiently in the boreal winters. Received: 22 October 1999 / Accepted: 5 June 2000     

青藏高原夏季热力状态和南半球大气环流的可能联系

本文通过对观测和再分析数据采用最大协方差分析以及回归、合成等分析方法,研究了青藏高原夏季地表气温与南半球大气环流之间的遥相关关系。结果表明,前期(4月)南半球极地—中高纬度大气环流呈现负位势高度异常、较低纬度印度洋—西太平洋区域呈现正位势高度异常时,高原中部和东部大部分区域夏季出现暖异常。在上述遥相关中,印度洋—西太平洋海温异常可能起到了重要的中间桥梁作用。在高原夏季温度偏高的年份,前期跨赤道的印度洋—西太平洋海温也持续偏暖,带来的海陆热力对比减小、经向跨赤道气流减弱有利于削弱夏季的季风环流,使得高原夏季降水偏少,有利于形成高原夏季的暖异常。在这一高原气温—南半球大气环流的遥相关关系中,4月南半球的大气位势高度场异常和与印度洋—西太平洋海温异常相关的异常高度场分布也十分相似。这一前期的跨赤道区域海温异常与南半球中高纬度位势高度场异常的因果关系仍有待进一步揭示。     

Impacts of the North India Ocean SST on the extremely cold winters of 2011 and 2012 in the region of Da Hinggan Mountains and its western areas in China

The study of the winter temperatures, averaged from the records of 11 observatories in the Da Hinggan Mountains and its western areas in China (DHM-WA), identified 11 extremely cold (≤???1.5 °C) and 13 extremely warm winters (≥?+?1.5 °C) during the past 60 years (1951–2010). The winters of 2011 and 2012 are another two extremely cold events. Aimed at exploring the climate causes, a comprehensive investigation is carried out on variations of some major atmospheric circulation components. Additionally, opposite circulation regimes are verified by examining the mean 500-hPa circulation patterns and sea level pressure (SLP) corresponding to 14 warm and 18 cold sea surface temperature (SST) phases over the North India Ocean (NIO) during the period of 1951–2010. Composite of an extremely cold winter usually includes a large and strong Siberian High, a deep East Asian trough to the west, an small and weak western Pacific Subtropical High to the east, a large North Polar vortex and a weakened westerly stream over Eurasia continent accompanied by a strong meridional winds from the polar region to lower latitude. Moreover, it has been found that a favorable circulation condition associated with the extremely cold winters to DHM-WA is mainly controlled by the SST over NIO in the previous warm season (June–September); This is primarily related to changes in the intensity of the Walker and Anti-Walker circulations, which subsequently influence the major circulation components and result in an extremely cold winter in DHM-WA.     

2011年春末夏初长江中下游地区旱涝急转成因初探

选用NCEP/NCAR、NOAA、国家气候中心(NCC)提供的各要素资料及NOAA-Hysplit模型,对2011年春末夏初发生在中国长江中下游地区旱涝急转的降水异常事件及其影响机制进行初步分析,并建立天气学概念模型.结果表明:(1)长江中下游地区,尤其是(27°N～～32°N,l10°E～120°E)区域在6月第1候...     

Anomalous Western Pacific Subtropical High during Late Summer in Weak La Nia Years: Contrast between 1981 and 2013

Both 1981 and 2013 were weak La Niña years with a similar sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly in the tropical Pacific, yet the western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) during August exhibited an opposite anomaly in the two years. A comparison indicates that, in the absence of a strong SST anomaly in the tropics, the cold advection from Eurasian high latitudes and the convection of the western Pacific warm pool play important roles in influencing the strength and position of the WPSH in August. In August 1981, the spatial pattern of 500 hPa geopotential height was characterized by a meridional circulation with a strong ridge in the Ural Mountains and a deep trough in Siberia, which provided favorable conditions for cold air invading into the lower latitudes. Accordingly, the geopotential height to the north of the WPSH was reduced by the cold advection anomaly from high latitudes, resulting in an eastward retreat of the WPSH. Moreover, an anomalous cyclonic circulation in the subtropical western Pacific, excited by enhanced warm pool convection, also contributed to the eastward retreat of the WPSH. By contrast, the influence from high latitudes was relatively weak in August 2013 due to a zonal circulation pattern over Eurasia, and the anomalous anticyclonic circulation induced by suppressed warm pool convection also facilitated the westward extension of the WPSH. Therefore, the combined effects of the high latitude and tropical circulations may contribute a persistent anomaly of the WPSH in late summer, despite the tropical SST anomaly being weak.     

The interannual variability of East Asian Winter Monsoon and its relation to the summer monsoon

1.IntroductionOvertheEastAsiaregion,themostprominentsurfacefeatureofthewintermonsoonisstrongnortheasterliesalongtheeastflankoftheSiberianhighandthecoastofEastAsia.At500hPathereisabroadtroughcenteredaboutatthelongitudesofJapan.Thedominantfea-tureat2O0hPaistheEastAsianjetwithitsmaximumlocatedatjustsoutheastofJapan.Thisktisassociatedwithintensebaroclinicity,largeverticalwindshearandstrongadvectionofcoldair(StaffmembersofAcademiaSinica,l957,LauandChang,1987;BoyleandChen,1987;Chenetal.,1991…     

全球大气／热带太平洋耦合距平模式中由ENSO增暖引起的全球大气环流异常

本文利用全球大气／热带太平洋耦合距平模式模拟了一次类似于实际的ENSO增暖过程，并对由ENSO增暖引起的海洋和全球大气环流异常的主要特征进行了分析，指出:耦合模式中的ENSO增暖在热带地区主要伴随着赤道中西太平洋Walker环流的减弱、中东太平洋气压降低以及表层辐合上升运动的增强；夏季和冬季低纬环流异常具有明显的差异性，夏季主要表现为印度夏季风环流的显著减弱和东亚季风的增强，而冬季则主要表现为赤道所有纬向环流圈均减弱；温带大气环流异常冬夏季也具有明显不同特征，夏季温带大气异常主要限于东半球，且发源于亚洲季风区，和赤道中东太平洋海温异常似无直接联系，但冬季温带大气异常则主要是发源于海温异常区的波列响应，反映了海温异常直接热力强迫的结果。另外，本文对耦合模式中的温带大气环流异常产生的可能机制也进行了讨论。     

Theories on formation of an anomalous anticyclone in western North Pacific during El Niño: A review

The western North Pacific anomalous anticyclone (WNPAC) is an important atmospheric circulation system that conveys El Niño impact on East Asian climate. In this review paper, various theories on the formation and maintenance of the WNPAC, including warm pool atmosphere–ocean interaction, Indian Ocean capacitor, a combination mode that emphasizes nonlinear interaction between ENSO and annual cycle, moist enthalpy advection/Rossby wave modulation, and central Pacific SST forcing, are discussed. It is concluded that local atmosphere–ocean interaction and moist enthalpy advection/Rossby wave modulation mechanisms are essential for the initial development and maintenance of the WNPAC during El Niño mature winter and subsequent spring. The Indian Ocean capacitor mechanism does not contribute to the earlier development but helps maintain the WNPAC in El Niño decaying summer. The cold SST anomaly in the western North Pacific, although damped in the summer, also plays a role. An interbasin atmosphere–ocean interaction across the Indo-Pacific warm pool emerges as a new mechanism in summer. In addition, the central Pacific cold SST anomaly may induce the WNPAC during rapid El Niño decaying/La Niña developing or La Niña persisting summer. The near-annual periods predicted by the combination mode theory are hardly detected from observations and thus do not contribute to the formation of the WNPAC. The tropical Atlantic may have a capacitor effect similar to the tropical Indian Ocean.     

前期热带太平洋次表层海温异常与东亚夏季风的可能联系

利用1979—2012年日本气象厅次表层海温资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,分析了前期冬季热带太平洋次表层海温与东亚夏季风的关系,并讨论了其可能机制。结果表明,前期冬季热带太平洋次表层海温与后期东亚夏季风强弱有显著的相关关系。冬季次表层海温呈现东正西负的类El Nio分布型时,夏季副热带高压偏强,西北太平洋地区受反气旋型环流控制,能将大量的水汽输送到长江和淮河流域,有利于水汽在该区域辐合,为夏季降水偏多创造了条件,此时东亚夏季风活动整体偏弱,反之亦然。但类El Nio分布型对东亚夏季气候变化的影响较类La Nia分布型更显著。此外,冬季热带太平洋次表层海温可能通过其自身能够持续性地影响东亚—太平洋地区的大气环流异常,次表层海温随季节变化有明显的发展和移动趋势:冬季西太平洋暖池次表层冷(暖)海温不断堆积,沿温跃层向东传播使得中东太平洋次表层海温逐渐变冷(暖),冷(暖)海温上翻加强使得海表温度异常,进一步影响到西太平洋副热带高压的位置和强度,并在东亚地区形成经向遥相关波列,通过西北太平洋地区异常反气旋(气旋)环流的作用,影响东亚地区大气环流以及气候变化。