自动气象站现场校准方法探讨

为确保各要素观测数据的准确、可靠并具有可比性,定期开展自动气象站校准是非常重要的。自动气象站现场校准不同于实验室的检定检测,受客观条件的影响,校准结果具有明显的不确定性。为了保证量值传递准确可靠,减小这种不确定性对校准结果造成的误判,对现场校准提出了改进方法。利用2004年至2006年山东省现场校准资料,采用对比方法分析了常规校准法与改进校准法校准误差的变化趋势。结果表明:按新的方法校准后,气温、湿度、气压传感器的校准误差分别减小0.1℃、1%和0.2hPa;地温传感器的超差数量由23.6%下降到5.2%。改进法减小自然环境对校准结果的影响,避免盲目更换传感器,弥补了常规法的不足。     

自动气象站校准工作方式的比较研究

自动气象站校准是保证自动气象站探测数据准确可靠的基础,作者在新疆对若干个自动站进行现场校准后,对实验室检定全套设备方式、现场检测采集器实验室检定传感器方式、传感器实验室校准与现场校准相结合方式和现场检定方式进行分析比较,就这4种自动气象站校准工作方式的优缺点进行了探讨.     

风速仪校验器误差源和校准参数的计算分析

风速仪校验器作为自动气象站风速传感器的现场校准仪器,已配备在新的移动计量检定车上使用.为确保风速传感器现场校准的准确、可靠,本文从风速仪校验器的工作原理、误差来源和风速校准参数的确定方法等方面加以探讨,并对风速仪校验器标准风速进行了可溯源性验证,证明了风速仪校验器作为现场风速传感器标准器的可行性.     

自动气象站现场校准和传感器调整方法探讨

讨论在自动气象站现场校准中一些需要改进的校准方法和超差传感器的调整方法。在将近2年对74个自动气象站的温湿度传感器、风向风速传感器、气压传感器、雨量和蒸发传感器的现场校准中,不断改进校准方法,对超差传感器进行调整。结果表明:气温传感器和风向传感器的校准方法需要改进,湿度传感器、气压传感器、雨量和蒸发传感器超差时可进行适当调整,使传感器误差值达到最小。     

自动气象站各要素传感器检定结果的不确定度分析

自动气象站是由各要素的传感器和数据采集器组成的。随着时间的推移, 各传感器和数据采集器的测量误差将会发生漂移。为确保各要素观测数据的准确、可靠并具有可比性, 定期开展自动气象站的检定和校准是非常重要的。通过检定将各要素系统误差控制在允许范围内, 并对检定结果进行不确定度分析, 是考察检定结果可信程度的重要步骤。本文依据自动气象站检定规程及JJF1059-1999《测量不确定度评定与表示》的要求, 并根据检定数据, 进行自动气象站的各要素检定结果的不确定度分析, 对自动气象站检定结果可信度评估具有指导意义。     

自动气象站风速现场校准量值溯源及传递方法试验

现阶段自动气象站风速现场校准量值无法进行溯源,从而导致风速现场校准数据的准确性和可靠性得不到保证。究其原因,是由现行的现场校准方法和现场校准设备工作原理决定的。为了解决这一问题,使用"量传"风速传感器和叶轮风表进行中间数据传递,在校准时用叶轮风表作为校准的标准设备,并利用了三杯式风速传感器的线性特点,把台站风速传感器的现场校准量值溯源到了大型风洞皮托管上,并且通过大量试验证明了该方法的正确性,为新的自动气象站风速现场校准规范制定和校准设备的完善提供有力的理论依据。     

西北区域气象计量检定实验室量值比对分析

为验证西北区域各省（区）气象计量检定机构的检定能力,2014年宁夏气象计量检定所作为主导实验室组织开展温度、湿度、气压3个要素量值比对工作。比对采用圆环形路线,比对样品选用自动气象站传感器。参比实验室按照规定的比对方案对比对样品进行比对实验及不确定度评定,主导实验室对比对数据进行汇总分析,采用归一化偏差方法分析评价比对结果。比对结果：温度与气压实验室比对结果满意,湿度实验室比对结果较满意。参比样品的比对数据真实,结果可信,较为客观地反映了西北区域各参比实验室的检定/校准水平及气象计量标准装置的现状,有效识别了参加量值比对实验室存在的问题,对促进实验室检定能力的提高具有重要意义。     

杯式风速传感器现场校准方法

针对目前业务上风速传感器现场校准方法存在的不足,通过改进气象部门广泛使用的杯式风速传感器现场校准设备,利用启动风速校验仪对风速传感器进行低风速段的校准,从而解决风速校验仪无法检测风速传感器整体性能的问题,实现了杯式风速传感器到实验室风洞标准的量值溯源。利用改进后的现场校准方法对风速传感器校准后,拟合出的线性回归方程与风洞检定结果进行比对发现,改进后的方法基本上能满足风速传感器现场校准的需要。     

自动气象站气压校准稳定性考核结果

选择2004—2006三年的气压校准资料进行分析对比。结果表明:Ⅱ型自动气象站气压传感器稳定性在0.1hPa以内而CAWS型自动气象站气压传感器相对不够稳定。造成这种不稳定的原因是随数据采集器放置在室外的气压传感器,校准时受环境温度的影响,且差值多偏向负值区。初步查明,环境温度主要影响气压标准器,当温度大于25℃时,其数值发生正向偏移,偏移量约0.2hPa。     

自动气象站气压传感器现场校准方法

为保证自动气象站现场校准气压传感器具有可比性,了解气压标准器的温度特性,在常压下模拟不同环境温度对气压标准器进行了实验.利用2005～2007年山东省现场校准资料,采用对比方法分析了气压校准误差的变化趋势.结果表明:无论温度的升高或降低,气压标准器的显示数值都有增大的趋势,从而产生0.10～0.28 hPa的附加误差,造成对气压传感器计量性能的误判.研究新的校准方法,减小或消除附加误差对气压校准结果的影响.在实际运用中切实可行.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;