WRF模式系统在PC机上的安装及运行

介绍了WRF模式的概况以及在PC机上运行该模式需要的硬件和软件环境,介绍了PGI编译器、netCDF库以及图形处理软件包的获得和安装方法;着重介绍了WRF模式在PC机上的安装和运行要点。     

自适应斜压模式构造的理论问题

介绍了自适应模式的构造原理和方法,讨论了自适应斜压模式构造的基本理论问题。     

中尺度气象模式研究若干进展及其在区域业务预报中的应用

介绍了美国、英国和日本３个国家的中尺度模式研究和业务预报现状,指出了中尺度模式特有的问题和发展趋势,及其对我国中尺度模式研制的含义。     

Fedore Core 4.0下 WRF模式系统的配置安装及运行

介绍操作系统平台为Fedore Core 4.0下,WRF模式的安装和运行。重点介绍了PGI6.16编译器的配置、Fedore Core 4.0的配置和WRF模式的多重嵌套及其运行步骤的关键设置。     

Fedore Core 4.0下WRF模式系统的配置安装及运行

介绍操作系统平台为Fedore Core 4.0下,WRF模式的安装和运行。重点介绍了PGI6.16编译器的配置、Fedore Core 4.0的配置和WRF模式的多重嵌套及其运行步骤的关键设置。     

Fedore Core4．0下WRF模式系统的配置安装及运行

该文介绍了操作系统平台为Fedore Core4．0下,WRF模式的安装和运行。重点介绍PGI6．16编译器的配置、Fedore Core4．0的配置和WRF模式的多重嵌套及其运行步骤的关键设置,以便于读者了解和能够独立运行WRF模式。     

大气扩散模式的简要回顾

对各种大气扩散模式所采用的理论和数学方法作了简要评述,并介绍了各种模式的优缺点及应用范围.     

人工神经网络与遗传算法结合的时间序列预测模式

介绍了遗传算法的基本概念和流程，阐述了人工神经网络作为时间序列预测模式的可行性和不足之处，并提出了人工网络与遗传算法相结合的时间序列预测模式，最后给出了该算法的计算结果，并对结果和模式作了讨论。     

MM5中尺度模式及其微物理过程

按照模块功能,介绍了MM5中尺度模式中各个子模块的主要作用,描述了模式中微物理过程的对流参数化方案和显式方案,为模式在研究和预报应用提供参考。     

对我国T_(42)模式中期数值产品的编辑转发和应用

介绍了T_(42)模式中期数值产品的编辑转发,并用T_(42)模式产品建立风、温度、降水的预报模式和指标.     

The modification of plume models to account for dry deposition

The assumptions and predictions of four diffusion-deposition models are compared, and two simple plume depletion models are recommended. One model applies an analytical, constant eddy-diffusivity solution of the advection-diffusion equation as a deposition correction to the general Gaussian plume model. Predictions of this model compare moderately well with those of the surface depletion model, an exact treatment of plume depletion, and it is particularly useful for estimating the transport and deposition of settling particles. The second model is a correction to the simple source depletion model that also accounts for the change in the vertical concentration profile caused by deposition. The computational requirements of this model are similar to those of the unmodified source depletion model, while its predictions near the surface are very close to those of the surface depletion model.     

A Eulerian air pollution model for Europe with nonlinear chemistry

A long-range transport model with nonlinear chemical reactions is described. The model contains 35 pollutants and 70 chemical reactions. This is a Eulerian model defined on a space domain containing the whole of Europe. The spherical space domain (corresponding to the Earth's surface covered by the model) is mapped into a square plane domain and discretized by using a 32×32 grid. The grid increments are equidistant (both along the Ox axis and along the Oy axis). The choice of values of the physical parameters involved in the model and the numerical treatment of the model are shortly discussed. The model is tested with meteorological data for 1985 and 1989. The numerical results are compared with measurements at stations located in different European countries. Extensive comparisons of ozone concentrations for July 1985 with measurements taken at 24 European stations are also carried out. Results concerning three episodes in July 1985 as well as results obtained in the study of the sensitivity of the ozone concentrations to variations of NO _x and/or anthropogenic VOC emissions are presented. The advantages and the limitations of such a model are discussed. The model is continuously improved by adding new modules to it. The plans for improvements in the near future are outlined.     

AREM数值模式对2005年汛期四川的降水预报

应用中国科学院大气物理研究所的AREM模式，对2005年汛期四川进行了实时降水预报。结果表明：（1）AREM预报性能略好于成都区域中心业务运行模式ETA模式，对大雨和暴雨的TS评分，AREM略高于T213预报。（2）从梯度评分看，高度、温度、涡度等要素均为可预报，而地面温度、整层水汽含量和整层水汽通量散度可预报性较低。（3）AREM对5次区域性暴雨有较好的反映，但与实况还存在一定的差异，AREM降水强度预报较实况偏弱。     

Statistical prediction of heavy rain in South Korea

1. Introduction In recent decades, extreme weather events seem to be growing in frequency and risk due to water-related disasters. According to the World Meteorological Or- ganization report (ISDR and WMO, 2004) on World Water Day, 22 March 2004, the economic losses caused by water-related disasters, including floods, droughts and tropical cyclones, are on an increasing trend as follows: the yearly mean in the 1970s was about 131 billion US dollars, 204 billion dollars in the 1980s, and …     

三种数值模式对四川省汛期降水预报性能的检验

应用国家基本观测站资料,基于MET系统的客观统计检验方法,针对24h降水分别评估SWCWARMS模式、GRAPES模式和ECMWF模式对2017～2019年5～10月四川地区汛期预报能力,得到如下几点结论:(1)SWCWARMS模式小到大暴雨降水范围大于实况,GRAPES模式小到暴雨降水范围大于实况、大暴雨多漏报,ECMWF模式小雨和中雨降水范围大于实况、大到大暴雨多漏报,三个模式无降水或微量降水均少于实况。(2)ECMWF模式对四川雨季小到大雨预报能力优于SWCWARMS和GRAPES模式,SWCWARMS模式在部分时次上暴雨和大暴雨预报优于ECMWF模式,GRAPES模式TS评分略偏低。(3)GRAPES模式在2018年秋季开始中雨及以上量级降水预报上改善大于SWCWARMS和ECMWF模式,SWCWARMS模式2019年空报较2017年和2018年显著降低;3个模式在小雨和中雨预报上不相上下,GRAPES模式优势在2019年大雨和暴雨预报上,ECMWF模式优势在2017年秋季和2018年初夏大雨预报上,SWCWARMS模式大雨和暴雨预报能力介于二者之间。(4)ECMWF和SWCWARMS模式川东预报优于川西,GRAPES模式川西预报优于川东;三个模式存在不同程度空报,川东地区空报略多于川西,其中ECMWF模式空报最多。      

Evaluation of forecast strategies for seasonal and decadal forecasts in presence of systematic model errors

This study discusses and compares three different strategies used to deal with model error in seasonal and decadal forecasts. The strategies discussed are the so-called full initialisation, anomaly initialisation and flux correction. In the full initialisation the coupled model is initialised to a state close to the real-world attractor and after initialisation the model drifts towards its own attractor, giving rise to model bias. The anomaly initialisation aims to initialise the model close to its own attractor, by initialising only the anomalies. The flux correction strategy aims to keep the model trajectory close to the real-world attractor by adding empirical corrections. These three strategies have been implemented in the ECMWF coupled model, and are evaluated at seasonal and decadal time-scales. The practical implications of the different strategies are also discussed. Results show that full initialisation results in a clear model drift towards a colder climate. The anomaly initialisation is able to reduce the drift, by initialising around the model mean state. However, the erroneous model mean state results in degraded seasonal forecast skill. The best results on the seasonal time-scale are obtained using momentum-flux correction, mainly because it avoids the positive feedback responsible for a strong cold bias in the tropical Pacific. It is likely that these results are model dependent: the coupled model used here shows a strong cold bias in the Central Pacific, resulting from a positive coupled feedback between winds and SST. At decadal time-scales it is difficult to determine whether any of the strategies is superior to the others.     

上海区域数值预报模式集合预报系统的建立与试验

以目前运行的上海区域业务数值预报模式为基础,从预报模式的不确定性出发构造8个预报成员,建立了上海区域数值预报模式集合预报系统的初步模型,并对2004年夏季进行了逐日48 h预报试验。结果表明:集合平均对华东地区城市降水、温度、海平面气压等气象要素的总体预报能力与分辨率高3倍的业务模式相当,其中对雨量较大降水、最低温度、海平面气压(0~24 h)的预报效果好于业务模式;集合预报还能提供客观化、定量化的降水概率预报,对降水的发生、尤其是特大降水的发生有着很好的提示作用。     

动态调节模型的三阶段最小二乘辨识方法

针对动态调节模型提出一种三阶段最小二乘辨识方法.先将模型变换为CARMA模型,估计出变换后的CARMA模型参数,再利用已得到的参数估计依次辨识原模型中的系统模型参数和噪声模型参数.该方法原理简单,有效可行.     

城市环境对重气扩散的影响及其验证

开发了适合城市环境下的应急重气扩散模型——SLAB_URBAN模型,该模型能够对城市环境下重气的传输扩散过程进行模拟。模型的原理基于重气扩散浅层理论,采用了新的城市边界层和扩散参数的参数化方案。该方案考虑了城市冠层内特有的风和湍流扩散的特征,能够体现城市边界层和湍流对重气扩散的影响。对美国盐湖城Urban2000的城市扩散试验进行模拟,主要验证下风方向观测弧所观测到的气体最大小时平均浓度与源释放速率的比值。结果表明,模型能够比较好地模拟出下风方向上浓度的分布特征。另外,与国外同类城市扩散模型的比较来看,SLAB_URBAN模型的模拟能力居于前列。