河南省短期区域性暴雨动力诊断及综合预报方案

介介绍了（１）用Ｔ６３数值预报产品对河南省省６－８月区域性暴雨进行物理量诊断分析。（２）用人工智能研制的河南省６－８月分片大－暴雨短短期自动化预报系统与用Ｔ６３数值预报产品资料采用逐步回归分析法和预测误差平方和最不上准则两种选取回归自变量的方法，建立处分片预报方程的综合判别预报。（３）在１９９５，１９９６年７－８月业务预报中试验结果。     

综合相似预报法在短期暴雨预报中的应用

该文选取１９６１－１９９８年４－１１月造成陕西暴雨天气的５８６个个例，用专家预报暴雨经验与多元相似相结合，把每个个例总一组暴雨指标，同时又做为和以相似的历史样本，在有限区域内对陕西暴雨天气进行短期预报，１９８９年７－８月作预报９次，其次确率达７８％。     

复杂地形条件下嵌套细网格模式35例数值预报的总结

本文利用一适合复杂地形区的有限区域预报模式系统，分别采用欧洲中期天气预报中心的格点资料和我国国家气象中心的ＤＣＤ电码资料，对１９８１年７月１－３０日和１９８８年８月１０－１４日两时段共３５天作了４８小时预报。形势场和降水预报的主客观评分表明，该模型系统已具备了在业务环境下作预报的可能，该模型预报性能良好，具有较好的强降水预报的能力。     

安徽省森林火灾与火险预报对比分析

统计了１９９３年１月－１９９５年４月冬半年（１１月次年４月）火险等级预报与实况等级的相关关系，着重分析了火险预报与森林火灾的关系，得到较好的结果，同时提出了对火险预报的改进意见。     

五种短期气候预测统计模型的研制

根据“九五”贵州短期气候预测研究课题总体安排，研制了一套短期气候预测模型，并建立了5种统计模型；逐步回归预报模型、多因子综合相关相似预报模型、500hPa环流相似预报模型、北太平洋海温相似预报模型、贵州分区RT在归预报模型。各预报模型的建模样本年限为1957－1996年，独立试报期为1997年及其以后年份。每一个预报模型均可在每月作出其后6个月的逐月雨量和平均气温预报、其后3个季度的季雨量及气温预报气候灾害指数预报。经1997－2000年试报表明，各项报模型对预报较以往公开发布的月雨量和月平均气温业务预报无论在趋势预报评分或技巧评分上均有明显提高。     

欧洲中期天气预报中心T213L31模式夏季预报性能检验

对欧洲中期预报中心１９９１年Ｔ１０６Ｌ１９模式和１９９２－１９９３年Ｔ２１３Ｌ３１模式６－８月４８－１４４小时５００ｈＰａ高度场预报和一些环流特征量进行了统计检验。结果表明，ＥＣＭＷＦ模式更新后夏季预报性能不稳定，亚洲地区更为突出；与原模式比，较表般西风带预报水平好于旧模式，而副热带预报水平不及旧模式。     

月雨量的相空间相似统计预报试验

本文用昆明１９０１－１９８０年的月雨暴时间序列建立了昆明月雨量的相这代间相似统计预报模式。通过对昆明１９８１－１９９２年共１４４次的预报试验和检验，得出对于适当嵌入的相空间维数ｍ和在一定的提前预报的时间尺度Ｔ内，该模式对昆明月雨量的距平符号报准率可达６０％以上，对于雨季（５－１０月）则可达到７０％以上。技巧评分对全年和雨季则可分别达到８％和１２％以上。     

北大西洋飓风季节预报方法介绍

介绍了美国科罗拉多州立大学Ｇａｒｙ，Ｗ．Ｍ所作的大西洋热带气旋季节方法。通过揭示大西洋热带气旋存在的超长期预报信号，利用交互验证分析和最小独立偏差回归方法，对大西洋地区１９５０－１９９０年热带气旋活动进行预报试验，并在预报年的的上年１２月，当年６月，８月向公众发布预报。     

黑龙江省降雹天气形势及预报

通过对１９８５－１９９４年５－９月全省大范围降雹过程的统计分析及天气学分型，找出黑龙江省降雹过程的气候统计规律，提出各种天气系统类型的降雹预报指标，为预报５－９月冰雹提供了依据。     

国家气象中心降水数值预报信息效益评估

以列联表形式计算熵函数，由熵函数值对国家气象中心发布的１９９６年汛期６月２２日－８月７日５次暴雨过程降水数值预报进行评估，得到５种数值预报产品给江苏省各区域的雨量预报提供了０．１８２４ｂｉｔ－０．２９１４ｂｉｔ信息等结论。     

井冈山森林火灾与气象条件的相关分析

根据江西井冈山森林火灾资料,利用一元回归和逐步回归分析方法,对井冈山1991—2000年森林火灾发生期间的连旱日数、降水量、相对湿度、气温、风速5个主要气象指标进行分析,将各指标分别与火灾发生次数、森林受害面积进行回归计算,建立了利用连旱日数和降水量预测森林火灾受灾面积及发生次数的数学模型。模式运算结果表明,当火灾发生前15 d连旱日数增加时,火灾次数增加;当火灾发生前15 d连旱日数增加、降水量减少时,火灾面积增加。     

临汾市森林火险等级预报系统及其应用

针对临汾市森林分布面广,每年火情来得早,而且易燃的人工油松林面积较大,是山西的火灾易发区等实际情况,利用1986～2003年18年临汾市有关气象及森林火灾资料,回顾性地分析了森林火灾的发生与气象条件、火源条件及森林含水率的关系,计算了森林火险综合预报指标,前瞻性地建立起交叉学科的综合火险预报方程,经试用效果较好,对森林火灾发生有一定的预报预警能力.     

Modeling the Impact of Black Spruce on the Fire Regime of Alaskan Boreal Forest

In the boreal biome, fire is the major disturbance agent affecting ecosystem change, and fire dynamics will likely change in response to climatic warming. We modified a spatially explicit model of Alaskan subarctic treeline dynamics (ALFRESCO) to simulate boreal vegetation dynamics in interior Alaska. The model is used to investigate the role of black spruce ecosystems in the fire regime of interior Alaska boreal forest. Model simulations revealed that vegetation shifts caused substantial changes to the fire regime. The number of fires and the total area burned increased as black spruce forest became an increasingly dominant component of the landscape. The most significant impact of adding black spruce to the model was an increase in the frequency and magnitude of large-scale burning events (i.e., time steps in which total area burned far exceeded the normal distribution of area burned). Early successional deciduous forest vegetation burned more frequently when black spruce was added to the model, considerably decreasing the fire return interval of deciduous vegetation. Ecosystem flammability accounted for the majority of the differences in the distribution of the average area burned. These simulated vegetation effects and fire regime dynamics have important implications for global models of vegetation dynamics and potential biotic feedbacks to regional climate.     

THE POTENTIAL FOR INCREASING CARBON STORAGE IN UNITED STATES UNRESERVED TIMBERLANDS BY REDUCING FOREST FIRE FREQUENCY: AN ECONOMIC AND ECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS

In this paper, we link the impact of fire damage on forests with an economic model of the United States forest sector in order to determine if a reduction in forest fire frequency will increase the projected storage of carbon in United States forests. We first develop a model of forest mortality following fire. We then link this model to an inventory model of United States forests, which allows us to determine how changes in the frequency of fires will impact forest inventories. Changes in inventory levels can be used to project both the amount of carbon stored and an economic response. If fire frequency is reduced from its current level, measured as the average from 1984 to 1990, we find that carbon storage can be increased in unreserved U.S. timberlands over the period 1990 to 2040.     

梧州市森林火险气象预报

使用１９８０－１９９１年森林火灾及相应的气象资料，分析了森林火灾与有关气象要素的相关性。在此基础上，计算了森林火险天气预报指标，建立了预报模式，开展了森林火险天气等级预报。经试用效果较好。     

河北省森林火险预报模式的改进及应用

采用数理统计的方法,增加了MODIS卫星遥感监测的土壤湿度和热源点预报因子,对河北省气象局原有的森林火险预报模式进行了改进,针对不同区域分别建立了森林火险预报模式,并对2012年河北省森林火灾实际发生情况进行了分析和应用效果检验。结果表明,2012年防火期,实况出现火灾,改进的火险模式预报森林火险气象等级5级为预报完全正确比率达66．3％;预报火险气象等级为4级（高度火险）及以上的正确率达83．1％;预报火险气象等级为3级（中度火险）及以上的正确率达98．8％;在所有的预报样本中,森林火险气象等级预报5级,但实况没有出现火灾的空报率为6．8％。检验结果显示,改进后的森林火险预报模式的应用效果更接近实际情况。     

1961~2020年中国两大林区森林火险天气的多尺度特征北大核心CSCD

近年来,世界各地的极端林火事件已呈现出多发态势。林火作为一种复合型极端事件,它的发生和蔓延与气象条件有着密切联系,在全球变暖的背景下,研究林区森林火险天气的变化特征可以为“碳中和”背景下的森林防火工作提供科学的信息。本文以逐日森林火险气象指数(FFDI)作为火险天气的度量指标,分析了该指数的适用性及空间分布特征,进而分析了1961~2020年东北和西南两大林区FFDI及相关气象因子的线性变化趋势;最后利用集合经验模分解(EEMD)的方法揭示了两大林区防火期FFDI的多时间尺度演变特征。研究发现:在季节以及年时间尺度上,FFDI的分布具有明显的区域特征,东北地区在春季、秋季处于高值期,而西南地区则集中在春季和冬季,这与两大林区的森林防火期有很好的对应关系。各个季节FFDI呈现显著增长的站点数在10%~20%左右,春季最多(21%)。东北林区FFDI的变化趋势在四季都不显著;但相关气象因子中的日最高气温在四季都呈现显著的变暖趋势,平均风速在四季都呈现显著减弱的趋势。西南林区四季的FFDI都呈现显著(至少是0.1水平下的)增长态势,其中春、冬季防火期的趋势分别为0.09/10 a(P<0.1)和0.05/10 a(P<0.1);夏、秋、冬三个季节显著变暖又显著变干(P<0.05),朝着“暖干化”的气候特征演变。年际变率在两大林区FFDI的演变中贡献超70%;东北春季和秋季防火期FFDI的非线性趋势分别呈先快速上升后减缓和先快速上升后转为下降的趋势;西南春季防火期FFDI的非线性趋势从上个世纪的稳定少变转为21世纪开始呈现快速上升的趋势,冬季防火期FFDI则总体呈稳步上升趋势。因此,西南林区的防火形势正变得愈发地严峻。     

湖南省森林火灾时空分布特征及其气象成因分析

利用湖南省2008-2017年10年森林火灾数据、卫星MODIS和VIIRS监测资料及常规气象资料，统计分析了湖南省森林火灾时空分布特征，分析结果表明：近10年湖南省森林火灾高发月份是2、3、4月， 3月最多，总次数为3800次，森林火灾在邵阳发生次数最多，郴州、长沙和永州次之。森林火灾受灾面积最大的是永州市、怀化市、邵阳市，达6800-7500公顷。重点分析了2018年2月14-19日湖南致灾严重的森林火灾过程与气象条件的关系，结果表明，森林火灾期间，气温偏高、相对湿度较小，降水量少，平均风速一般超过0.5m/s，火灾严重时段最大风速增大到6m/s左右，风向以偏东风和偏南风为主，湖南高低空受上下一致的西南风气流控制，天气形势较稳定。     

Climate Change and People-Caused Forest Fire Occurrence in Ontario

Climate change that results from increasing levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere has the potential to increase temperature and alter rainfall patterns across the boreal forest region of Canada. Daily output from the Canadian Climate Centre coupled general circulation model (GCM) and the Hadley Centre's HadCM3 GCM provided simulated historic climate data and future climate scenarios for the forested area of the province of Ontario, Canada. These models project that in climates of increased greenhouse gases and aerosols, surface air temperatures will increase while seasonal precipitation amounts will remain relatively constant or increase slightly during the forest fire season. These projected changes in weather conditions are used to predict changes in the moisture content of forest fuel, which influences the incidence of people-caused forest fires. Poisson regression analysis methods are used to develop predictive models for the daily number of fires occurring in each of the ecoregions across the forest fire management region of Ontario. This people-caused fire prediction model, combined with GCM data, predicts the total number of people-caused fires in Ontario could increase by approximately 18% by 2020–2040 and50% by the end of the 21st century.     

Management alternatives to offset climate change effects on Mediterranean fire regimes in NE Spain

Fire regime is affected by climate and human settlements. In the Mediterranean, the predicted climate change is likely to exacerbate fire prone weather conditions, but the mid- to long-term impact of climate change on fire regime is not easily predictable. A negative feedback via fuel reduction, for instance, might cause a non-linear response of burned area to fire weather. Also, the number of fires escaping initial control could grow dramatically if the fire meteorology is just slightly more severe than what fire brigades are prepared for. Humans can directly influence fire regimes through ignition frequency, fire suppression and land use management. Here we use the fire regime model FIRE LADY to assess the impacts of climate change and local management options on number of fires, burned area, fraction of area burned in large fires and forest area during the twenty-first century in three regions of NE Spain. Our results show that currently fuel-humidity limited regions could suffer a drastic shift of fire regime with an up to 8 fold increase of annual burned area, due to a combination of fuel accumulation and severe fire weather, which would result in a period of unusually large fires. The impact of climate change on fire regime is predicted to be less pronounced in drier areas, with a gradual increase of burned area. Local fire prevention strategies could reduce but not totally offset climate induced changes in fire regimes. According to our model, a combination of restoring the traditional rural mosaic and classical fire prevention would be the most effective strategy, as a lower ignition frequency reduces the number of fires and the creation of agricultural fields in marginal areas reduces their extent.