2003年淮河大水期间亚洲北部阻塞高压的形成特征

利用观测资料和NCEP再分析资料分析2003年淮河大水期间亚洲北部阻塞高压的形成维持机制, 结果表明, 2003年淮河梅汛期亚洲中高纬地区阻塞高压的异常活动中, 波流作用十分显著。6月上旬, 阻高建立前期和维持过程中, 上游地区天气尺度波动活跃, 欧洲斜压区不断有瞬变动能生成, 并在阻塞区向阻高平均流转化。从瞬变涡动的作用来看, 上游传播而来的瞬变波不断将较低纬度的低位涡空气向阻塞区输送, 有利于阻塞高压的建立维持; 平均流则使位涡呈相反形势发展, 引导阻塞高压向东频散, 削弱了扰动位涡输送的作用, 对阻高的维持起到耗散作用。阻高建立前, 瞬变涡位涡输送作用强于平均流位涡平流, 造成阻塞区位涡降低, 有利于阻高生成; 阻高维持期间, 瞬变涡位涡输送与平均流位涡平流输送量相当; 6月25～30日, 阻塞高压明显西退, 该阶段瞬变涡动明显强于平均耗散作用, 引导低位涡场向西移动。研究表明, 大气内部的波波作用对阻高的建立维持也十分重要。1波与5波在一定范围内的共同作用可能是阻高建立维持的决定因素, 而天气尺度波动扰动则对阻塞高压的建立、 维持和崩溃起到重要的作用。波波作用表明, 2003年6月份阻塞高压建立、 维持时, 尺度较长的波一般从平均动能得到扰动动能的转化, 尤其5波, 斜压能的转换不但是其能量的来源, 同时非线性作用也使得尺度更小或更长的波向其提供能量; 阻高衰退时, 5波则通过非线性作用向其他波动输送能量, 同时也存在斜压耗散, 能量逐渐失去。     

Interaction between Planetary-Scale Diffluent Flow and Synoptic-Scale Waves During the Life Cycle of Blocking

In this paper, a new transient forced quasi-resonant triad interaction theory in a beta channel is proposed to investigate the interaction between planetary-scale diffluent flow composed of zonal wavenumbers 1--3 and synoptic-scale waves produced continuously by a synoptic-scale vorticity source fixed upstream of an incipient blocking region during the life cycle of blocking. It is shown that the superposition of initial three Rossby waves for zonal wavenumbers 1 (monopole), 2 (dipole), and 3 (monopole), which permit triad quasi-resonance, can represent an incipient blocking event. The synoptic-scale eddies may act to amplify the incipient blocking and to excite a blocking circulation with a strong meander, whose flow pattern depends on the initial amplitudes of the planetary waves and both the intensity and location of preexisting synoptic-scale waves. The onset (decay) of the planetary-scale split-flow blocking is mainly represented by a strong increase (decrease) in the amplitude of the zonal wavenumber 2 component, having a dipole meridional structure related to the preexisting synoptic-scale eddies. The typical persistence time of the model blocking was of about 20 days, consistent with observations of blocking patterns. In our model, isolated asymmetric dipole blocking is formed by synoptic-scale waves. The instantaneous fields of total streamfunctions exhibit a remarkable resemblance to the synoptic maps observed during the life cycle of blocking. During the onset stage, the synoptic-scale waves are enhanced and split into two branches around the blocking region due to the feedback of the amplified blocking, in agreement with the observed changes of synoptic-scale waves in real blocking events. In addition, a diagnostic case study of blocking is presented to confirm the forced quasi-resonant triad interaction theory proposed here.     

THE EFFECTS OF TOPOGRAPHY ON THE SUMMER ATMOS-PHERIC ENERGETICS OF THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE IN A LOW-RESOLUTION GLOBAL SPECTRAL MODEL

An analysis is made of the effects of topography on the summer atmospheric energetics of the Northern Hemisphere in a low-resolution global spectral model. The numerical model is a global, spectral, primitive equation model with five equally spaced sigma levels in the vertical and triangular truncation at wavenumber 10 in the horizontal. The model includes comparatively full physical processes.Each term of the energy budget equations is calculated in four specific latitudinal belts (81.11°S-11.53°S; 11.53°S-11.53°N; 11.53°N-46.24°N; 46.24°N-81.11°N) from a five-year simulation with mountains and a one-year simulation without mountains, respectively. Differences between them are compared and statistically tested. The results show that synoptical scale waves transport available potential energy and kinetic energy to long waves and increase conversion from available potential energy of the zonal flow to eddy’s and from the eddy kinetic energy to the zonal kinetic energy in region 3 (11.53°N-46.24°N) due to mountains; topography intensifies the atmospheric baroclinity in region 3, consequently the baroclinic conversion of atmosphere energy is increased. The seasonal characteristics associated with the summer atmospheric energy source in region 3 are caused by seasonal variation of the solar radiation and the land-ocean contrasts and independent of topographic effects. The mechanism of topographic effects on the increase of long wave kinetic energy is also discussed.     

Barotropic interaction between planetary- and synoptic-scale waves during the life cycles of blockings

1. IntroductionIn the mid--high latitudes, l' blocking flow" is an importaht part of the low--frequency variability of the atmospheric circulation. Owing to its longevity and large amplitude, a blocking flow configuration can usually cause prolonged anomalous weather situations over certain extratropical regions. Therefore, it has been a primary interest of many synoptic anddynamical meteorologists. In the past decades, the interaction of planetary waves with migratory, synoptic--scale waves h…     

100毫巴上大气大尺度运动(1962年1月1日到2月10日)的波譜

本文分析了100毫巴上經向运动动能和緯向运动动能的波譜,并討論了超长波的逐日变化。     

The Behaviors of Optimal Precursors during Wintertime Eurasian Blocking Onset

In this paper the optimal precursors for wintertime Eurasian blocking onset are acquired by solving a nonlinear optimization problem whose objective function is constructed based on a blocking index with a triangular T21,three-level,quasi-geostrophic global spectral model.The winter climatological state is chosen as the reference basic state.Numerical results show that the optimal precursors are characterized by a baroclinic pattern with a westward tilt with height,which are mainly located upstream of the blocking region.For an optimization time of 5 days,these perturbations are mainly localized over the Northeast Atlantic Ocean and continental Europe.With the extension of the optimization time to 8 days,these perturbations are distributed more upstream and extensively in the zonal direction.Wave spectrum analysis reveals that the optimal precursors are composed of not only synoptic-scale(wave numbers 5-18) waves,but planetary-scale(wave numbers 0-4) waves as well.The synoptic-scale optimal precursors are mainly located in the mid-latitude area,while the planetary-scale optimal precursors focus primarily on the highlatitude region.The formation of a strong planetary-scale positive blocking anomaly is accompanied by the reinforcement of synoptic-scale perturbations and further fragmentation into two branches,in which the northern branch is generally stronger than the southern one.The eddy forcing arising from the selfinteraction of synoptic-scale disturbances is shown to be crucial in triggering the dipole blocking anomaly,and the planetary-scale optimal precursor provides the initial favorable background conditions for blocking onset.     

大地形和热源的动力控制与超长波活动关系的初步研究

考虑静力稳定度在垂直方向上的不均匀性,给出一个简单的讨论对流层中层、平流层下层运动的一参数模式。在线性化下研究了大地形和热源对超长波活动的控制作用: (1)地形和热源可使超长波在固定的地理区域摆动和加深,说明一些大槽和阻塞高压易于在一定的地区维持。 (2)超长波振幅变化存在10—30天的周期,长短决定于大气运动的尺度、结构和地球自转。 (3)在一定的大气参数保持不变的情况下,扰动在极长时间中建立了定常状态。计算表明,在对流层中层所观测到的平均槽脊正是地形和热源所造成的定常超长波系。     

夏季东亚阻塞高压形成维持的波数域动能分析

用波数域动能方程分析了1986年夏季东亚阻塞高压的形成、维持和衰退过程。发现该夏季代表阻塞高压的波动是5波（长波）,而不是2波（超长波）。在阻高形成和维持阶段,波与波非线性相互作用向5波输送动能,使5波动能增大;而波与平均流的相互作用则使5波动能减小。在阻高维持阶段,有效位能向5波转换动能,维持阻高。波与平均流的相互作用却使5波维持。在阻高衰退阶段则完全相反,波与波相互作用项以及有效位能与动能转换项均为负值,使5波动能变小,阻高衰退。而波与平均流相互作用,却使高纬西风减小,有利阻高维持。     

A Perspective on the Evolution of Atmospheric Blocking Theories: From Eddy-Mean flow Interaction to Nonlinear Multiscale Interaction

In this paper, we first review the research advancements in blocking dynamics and highlight the merits and drawbacks of the previous theories of atmospheric blocking. Then, the dynamical mechanisms of atmospheric blocking are presented based on a nonlinear multi-scale interaction(NMI) model. Previous studies suggested that the eddy deformation(e.g., eddy straining, wave breaking, and eddy merging) might lead to the formation and maintenance of atmospheric blocking.However, the results were specu...     

MAINTENANCE AND OSCILLATION MECHANISMS OF SUM-MER TROPICAL UPPER-TROPOSPHERIC EASTERLIES

The mechanisms of the maintenance and oscillation of 1982 summer tropical 200-hPa mean easterly flow and extra-long waves are investigated in terms of the energy equations in wavenumber-frequency space. Calculation results show that the difference in heating between land and sea and the boundary effect serve as the main source of energy; frictional dissipation as the sink; the conversion of available potential energy into kinetic takes place dominantly in the waves of number 1-2; such transformation is accomplished in just a small amount in zonal mean flow and therefore can be ignored because of the value.In the interaction between wave and zonal mean flow, the latter loses its available potential and gains kinetic energy. The tropical easterly belt over 20oN-5oS is found barotropically stable and that over 10oN-5oS, unstable. The waves of number 2 and 1 manifest themselves a primary source and sink of kinetic energy, respectively, in the interplay between waves and between zonal mean flow and wave.It is found that zonal mean flow and the waves of number 1-2 have a roughly 40-and 20-day oscillational period of kinetic energy, respectively, whose primary mechanism is the transfer of barotropic energy, the conversion of baroclinic energy, and the boundary effect.