春季黄海海雾WRF参数化方案敏感性研究

利用2005—2011年10次春季黄海海雾个例开展WRF模式参数化方案敏感性研究。结果表明:边界层方案对WRF模式雾区模拟结果起决定作用,而微物理方案影响较小,它主要影响海雾浓度和高度。边界层与微物理方案的最佳组合为YSU与Lin方案,最差为Mellor-Yamada与WSM5方案;Mellor-Yamada和QNSE方案模拟的近海面湍流过强,导致边界层过高,不利于海雾的发展与维持;而MYNN与YSU方案刻画的湍流强度与边界层高度合适,有利于海雾发展与维持。MYNN方案虽与YSU方案相当,但在大多数海雾个例中,后者明显优于前者,而在有些个例中却刚好相反。因此对于某一具体海雾个例而言,所用边界层方案仍需在它们之中选择最优者。这些信息可为黄海海雾WRF模式边界层与微物理方案的选择与改进提供参考。     

利用TWP-ICE试验资料对比两种边界层参数化方案

利用高分辨率WRF单气柱模式,选取了两种边界层参数化方案(YSU,MYJ),对TWP-ICE(Tropical Warm Pool International Cloud Experiment)试验期间的个例进行数值模拟,比较了两种方案对边界层结构、云和降水模拟的影响。结果表明:季风活跃期,YSU方案模拟的湍流交换系数较小,湍流混合偏弱,边界层内热通量偏小,使地表热量和水汽不易向上输送,水汽含量在近地表明显偏多,而在边界层及其以上大气层具有显著的干偏差,因此该方案模拟的云中液态水和固态水含量偏低,云量偏少,降水率偏小;MYJ方案对于季风活跃期的边界层结构具有较好的模拟能力,其模拟的云和降水更为准确。季风抑制期,MYJ方案模拟的夜间边界层结构存在较大误差,这是因为该方案模拟的夜间湍流交换系数较大,湍流混合偏强,边界层内热通量偏大,模拟的位温和水汽混合比在边界层内随高度变化较小,而观测廓线在边界层内存在较大梯度。季风抑制期两种方案模拟的云和降水均比观测值偏多,方案之间的差异较小。     

边界层湍流参数化改进对雾的模拟影响

为了提高边界层参数化在我国复杂下垫面上的描述能力,改善边界层能量和物质输送计算和检验其数值模拟效果,本文选取WRF三维模式,采用基于我国不同下垫面上的边界层观测资料改进的新MYNN（Mellor-Yamada-Nakanishi-Niino）参数化方案对2009年3月17日黄海海雾以及2011年12月4日华北地区两次大雾过程进行模拟检验,探讨边界层参数化方案对雾和边界层结构模拟的影响。参照卫星云图和探空资料,边界层内云水混合比垂直积分的水平分布的模拟能力明显提高,反映了改进的MYNN方案能够更好地模拟出两次雾过程的发生、移动和雾区空间分布,更精确的云水混合比和温度的垂直分布能更好地给出雾区的垂直结构和稳定层结,同时可改善雾区低层位温以及比湿垂直分布的模拟。     

不同边界层参数化方案对江苏地区一次平流雾过程的模拟影响

边界层参数化方案的选取在平流雾的预报准确度上起着决定性的作用。本文利用WRF模式对2013年3月18~19日发生在江苏地区的一次平流雾过程进行数值模拟试验,对耦合不同闭合方式边界层参数化方案的试验结果与实测气象数据进行对比分析,评估了他们对此次平流雾的模拟效果,探讨了边界层高度对此次平流雾的生成和发展的影响。研究结果表明:（1）耦合不同边界层方案的WRF模式对地面气象要素的模拟结果均呈现气温偏低、湿度和风速偏大的特征。（2）QNSE方案对气温的模拟能力最强;ACM2方案对相对湿度的模拟性能最好;YSU方案对风速的模拟效果最佳。不同边界层方案的模拟结果在垂直方向上的差别主要表现在低空相对湿度上:QNSE方案预报的湿度更大。（3）综合TS（Threat Score）和BS（Bias Score）两个评分指标来看,ACM2方案对雾区分布的模拟效果最好。三个边界层方案对此次平流雾的模拟结果在江苏沿海站点的预报评分较高,在距海较远站点的预报评分表现较差。YSU方案对东南沿海地区的雾区预报评分较高;QNSE方案对长江沿江区域的雾区预报评分较高;ACM2方案对沿海地区、尤其对沿海北部地区的有较好的预报效果。（4）QNSE方案对此次平流雾的生成时间、出现地点预报比较准确。（5）平流雾的生成与发展阶段模拟雾区覆盖范围与边界层高度关系十分紧密,适当强度的湍流混合作用有助于平流雾在地面的生成与发展;但是过强的湍流混合作用会导致大雾过早的消散。     

宁夏两次低涡暴雨过程边界层方案的敏感性试验

利用中尺度数值模式WRF选取3种边界层参数化方案（YSU、MYJ和ACM2）对2018年8月20日和2019年8月2日宁夏两次低涡暴雨过程进行敏感性试验,对比分析不同边界层参数化方案对暴雨过程模拟的影响。结果表明：YSU和MYJ方案对暴雨的预报性能均较优,ACM2方案对强降水的空报率较大;YSU方案对逐时中等强度降水的模拟效果更优。YSU方案对低涡系统的移动路径和中心强度模拟效果最好。相比ACM2方案,YSU和MYJ方案对环境场物理量和边界层内水汽混合比的模拟更接近实况,并且YSU方案能准确地反映边界层内位温分布特征。YSU与ACM2方案的湍流混合强度更强,后者维持较强湍流的时间更长。总体上,YSU方案对宁夏低涡暴雨过程的模拟效果最优。     

Implementation of turbulent mixing over a stratocumulus-topped boundary layer and its impact in a GCM

The effect of a vertical diffusion scheme over a stratocumulus topped boundary layer (STBL) was investigated using the YONU AGCM (Yonsei University Atmospheric General Circulation Model). To consider the impact of clouds on the turbulence production, the turbulence mixing term, driven by radiative cooling at the cloud top, is implemented as an extended non-local diffiusion scheme. In the model with this new scheme, the STBL parameterization significantly influences the lower atmosphere over the tropical and...     

边界层方案对华北低层O3垂直分布模拟的影响

利用WRF-Chem模式,采用3种边界层参数化方案 (YSU, MYJ和ACM2),针对1个晴空、静稳日 (2013年8月26日20:00—27日20:00(北京时)) 进行模拟,着重分析不同边界层参数化方案对夜间残留层形成及日出前后O₃浓度垂直分布形式的模拟效果,并与固城站地面及垂直同步观测资料进行对比。结果表明:3种边界层参数化方案均能够模拟出温度及风速的区域分布形式以及风温垂直结构的变化特征;相比之下,MYJ方案模拟的夜间边界层高度较YSU方案和ACM2方案明显偏高,该对比结果可能是导致近地面污染物浓度模拟差异的重要原因;在夜间稳定层结至日出后稳定状态打破的边界层结构演变过程中,采用YSU方案和ACM2方案模拟的温度和风速垂直扩线形式与观测结果更为接近;同样采用非局地闭合的YSU方案和同时考虑局地和非局地闭合的ACM2方案,对于边界层高度内O₃浓度垂直分布形式的模拟效果具有明显优势。     

WRF模式多种边界层参数化方案对四川盆地不同量级降水影响的数值试验

利用中尺度模式WRF三种边界层参数化方案(MYJ、YSU和ACM2),对2012年四川盆地夏季连续40天逐日降水量进行数值试验,并检验评估了不同边界层参数化方案下模式对分级降水量和边界层结构的模拟能力,分析了各参数化方案对降水量模拟差异的可能原因。结果表明:三种边界层参数化方案对较小量级(小雨和中雨)降水量的模拟,24 h时效优于48 h,ACM2方案效果较好;对较大量级(大雨和暴雨)降水的模拟,48 h时效优于24 h,YSU方案模拟效果较好。对比分析温江站加密探空观测与模式模拟的大气边界层结构表明,ACM2方案对小量级降水时边界层结构的模拟较为准确,而YSU方案更适合于温江站大量级降水时边界层结构的模拟。不同边界层参数化方案对各量级降水量模拟差异的可能原因是边界层湍流混合强度的不同,MYJ方案湍流混合作用较弱,导致底层大量水汽积聚,不稳定性强,容易产生虚假降水,因此对各量级降水模拟能力均有限;YSU方案具有强烈的垂直混合强度,有利于局地水汽的向上输送,更易达到大量级降水发生发展的条件,适用于盆地较大量级降水的模拟;ACM2方案在保证足够湍流混合强度的同时,在较稳定条件下会关闭非局地输送,不致于产生过强降水,适合盆地较小量级降水的数值模拟     

WRF中三种边界层参数化方案对新疆2.28大风过程模拟的对比分析

许多研究调查了模式预报对边界层方案的敏感性,但是这些研究基本上针对的是热力驱动的混合边界层。对于动力驱动的边界层,不同边界层方案的不同性能以及所带来的不同边界层气象要素的预报还不清楚。运用WRF3.4.1中三种边界参数化方案（YSU、MYJ、ACM2）对新疆2.28大风过程进行数值模拟分析,结果显示：三种边界参数化方案基本能模拟出发生大风的区域及大风过程中10m风速、2m温度和比湿的变化趋势;三种方案模拟的边界层内大气的温度、湿度出现差异与它们对边界层顶的夹卷过程、边界层内垂直混合的处理有关;YSU方案的模拟结果使得更多的高空动量下传,同时更多的有效位能转化为动能,MYJ方案模拟的20m/s的风场区域更大,受地形影响更明显,边界层内湍流更强。     

WRF模式中QNSE方案的湍流长度尺度系数的调整试验研究

边界层参数化方案中湍流混合对数值模拟起着重要的作用,湍流混合作用的恰当描述对于温度、湿度、风场以及降水的准确模拟至关重要。我国长江中下游流域人口密集,暴雨灾害频发,很有必要寻找一种适合该地区降水模拟的边界层参数化方案。本文运用WRF（Weather Research and Forecasting）中尺度数值模式,以QNSE（Quasi-Normal Scale Elimination）边界层参数化方案为基础,将其中湍流混合长度尺度系数调整为可变参数。本文将Noh et al.（2003）提出的Prandtl公式与Janji?提出的修正湍流长度尺度系数的方法相结合,通过考虑非局地项的强迫、地表稳定度与边界层高度对湍流长度尺度系数的影响,强调大气的动力结构特征与热力结构特征对湍流混合的共同影响,从而提高QNSE边界层参数化方案在不同地理环境下的模拟能力。文章通过进行长江中下游地区的典型暴雨试验,将调整参数后的QNSE方案与原方案进行比较,重点分析调整参数后的方案与原方案对关键基本气象要素场、边界层结构特征以及降水的模拟能力,并将模拟结果与观测结果进行对比,结果表明:调整参数后的方案一定程度上改进了地表温度、边界层结构以及降水的模拟效果。进一步研究表明,调整参数后的方案主要通过改变边界层混合缓解水汽混合比、位温模拟方面的误差。     

尺度自适应大气边界层参数化改进及其对一次海雾的数值模拟研究

大气边界层湍流运动是地球大气运动最重要的能量输送过程之一。当数值模式分辨率接近活跃含能湍涡长度尺度时，湍流运动被部分解析，被称为“灰色区域”，传统的边界层方案不适合此时模式湍流问题的描述。为了提高模式边界层方案在包括“灰色区域”的不同网格尺度上的描述能力，适应不同分辨率模式的需要，在雷诺平均湍流理论基础上，修正Mellor-Yamada-Nakanishi-Niino (MYNN)方案湍流长度尺度参数和非局地湍流的参数表达，改进湿度和温度在“灰色区域”的湍流输送参数化及对网格尺度的自适应能力。利用改进的MYNN尺度自适应方案，分别采用3 km和1 km、1.5 km和0.5 km分辨率单向嵌套网格WRF中尺度模式，对2014年2月26日的一次黄海海雾过程进行模拟试验，检验不同分辨率下改进后的MYNN大气边界层参数化方案的合理性和对海雾的模拟效果。尺度自适应MYNN大气边界层参数化方案在千米级网格尺度上获得稳定、合理的湍流垂直输送计算结果。参照雾区卫星云图，不同分辨率模式低层云水混合比模拟结果具有稳定表现，模拟的雾区分布和温度、湿度等物理量结构都较好地再现了再分析“观测事实”，初步表明该参数化方案有较高的网格尺度自适应能力。      

A Numerical Study of Sea-Fog Formation over Cold Sea Surface Using a One-Dimensional Turbulence Model Coupled with the Weather Research and Forecasting Model

The formation mechanism of a cold sea-fog case observed over the Yellow Sea near the western coastal area of the Korean Peninsula is investigated using numerical simulation with a one-dimensional turbulence model coupled with a three-dimensional regional model. The simulation was carried out using both Eulerian and Lagrangian approaches; both approaches produced sea fog in a manner consistent with observation. For the selected cold sea-fog case, the model results suggested the following: as warm and moist air flows over a cold sea surface, the lower part of the air column is modified by the turbulent exchange of heat and moisture and the diurnal variation in radiation. The modified boundary-layer structure represents a typical stable thermally internal boundary layer. Within the stable thermally internal boundary layer, the air temperature is decreased by radiative cooling and turbulent heat exchange but the moisture loss due to the downward vapour flux in the lowest part of the air column is compensated by moisture advection and therefore the dewpoint temperature does not decrease as rapidly as does the air temperature. Eventually water vapour saturation is achieved and the cold sea fog forms in the thermal internal boundary layer.     

边界层参数化方案在“灰色区域”尺度下的适用性评估

随着数值预报模式分辨率的提高,当模式网格距与含能湍涡的长度尺度相当时,模式动力过程可解析一部分湍流运动,而剩余的湍流运动仍需参数化,此时便产生了湍流参数化的“灰色区域”问题。对传统的PBL（Planetary Boundary Layer）方案在“灰色区域”下的适用性评估,是改进PBL方案以使其能够适应分辨率变化的前提和基础。本研究基于干对流边界层的大涡模拟试验,比较了WRF（Weather Research and Forecast Model）模式中四种常用的边界层参数化方案[YSU（Yonsei University）、MYJ（Mellor-Yamada-Janjic）、MYNN2.5（Mellor-Yamada-Nakanishi-Niino Level 2.5）、MYNN3）]在“灰色区域”尺度下的表现。研究表明,混合层内总热通量对所使用的参数化方案和水平分辨率均不敏感。不同参数化方案中次网格与网格通量的比例表现出对水平网格距不同的依赖性。局地PBL方案（MYJ、MYNN2.5）在混合层内的平均位温随网格距减小而增大,次网格通量随网格距减小而减小,较参考湍流场对次网格通量有所低估。YSU方案的非局地项几乎不随水平格距改变而变化,对次网格通量的表征并未表现出较强的分辨率依赖性,且过强的非局地次网格输送使混合层内温度层结呈弱稳定,抑制了可分辨湍流输送,不易于激发次级环流。MYNN3方案的非局地次网格通量（负梯度输送项）随网格距减小而减小,使其对次网格通量的表征具有较好的分辨率依赖性。PBL方案在“灰色区域”尺度下的适用性与具体分辨率有关。以分辨率500 m为例,四种PBL方案中不存在一种最佳方案,能对边界层的热力结构和湍流统计特征均有准确的描述。     

Sensitivity Analysis of Ensemble Simulations on a Torrential Rainfall Case over South China Using Multiple PBL and SL Parameterizations

A good representation of the interaction between the planetary boundary layer(PBL) and the surface layer(SL) in numerical models is of great importance for the prediction of the initiation and development of convection. This study examined an ensemble that consists of the available suites of PBL and SL parameterizations based on a torrential rainfall event over south China. The sensitivity of the simulations was investigated against objective measurements using multiple PBL and SL parameterization schemes. The main causes of the bias from different parameterization schemes were further analysed by comparing the good and bad ensemble members. The results showed that good members tended to underestimate the rainfall amount but presented a decent evolution of mesoscale convective systems that were responsible for the torrential rainfall. Using the total energy mass flux(TEMF) scheme, the bad members overestimated the amount and spatial coverage of rainfall. The failure of the bad member was due to a spurious convection initiation(CI) resulting from the overestimated high-θe elevated air. The spurious CI developed and expanded rapidly, causing intensive and extensive rainfall over south China. Consistent with previous studies, the TEMF scheme tends to produce a warmer and moister PBL environment. The detailed sensitivity analysis of this case may provide reference for the operational forecast of rainfall over south China using multiple PBL and SL parameterizations.     

Development of a Single-Column Model in RegCM4 and Its Preliminary Application for Evaluating PBL Schemes in Simulating the Dry Convection Boundary Layer

A single-column model (SCM) is developed in the regional climate model RegCM4. The evolution of a dry convection boundary layer (DCBL) is used to evaluate this SCM. Moreover, four planetary boundary layer (PBL) schemes, namely the Holtslag-Boville scheme (HB), Yonsei University scheme (YSU), and two University of Washington schemes (UW01, Grenier-Bretherton-McCaa scheme and UW09, Bretherton-Park scheme), are compared by using the SCM approach. A large-eddy simulation (LES) of the DCBL is performed as a benchmark to examine how well a PBL parameterization scheme reproduces the LES results, and several diagnostic outputs are compared to evaluate the schemes. The results show that the SCM is proper constructed. In general, with the DCBL case, the YSU scheme performs best for reproducing the LES results, which include well-mixed features and vertical sensible heat fluxes; the simulated wind speed, turbulent kinetic energy, entrainment flux, and height of the entrainment zone are all underestimated in the UW09; the UW01 has all those biases of the UW09 but larger, and the simulated potential temperature is not well mixed; the HB is the least skillful scheme, by which the PBL height, entrainment flux, height of the entrainment zone, and the vertical gradients within the mixed layer are all overestimated, and a inversion layer near the top of the surface layer is wrongly simulated.Although more cases and further testing are required, these simulations show encouraging results towards the use of this SCM framework for evaluating the simulated physical processes by the RegCM4.     

一次黄海海雾的数据同化试验与形成机制研究

选取2012年4月14日的一次存在东西2片雾区的黄海春季海雾为研究对象,借助WRF（Weather Research and Forecasting）模式,采用循环3DVAR（3-Dimensional Variational）数据同化方案,考虑了湿度控制变量的背景误差协方差CV6,进行了AIRS（Atmospheric Infrared Sounder）卫星温度与湿度廓线数据的同化试验,并基于同化试验结果探讨了此次海雾的形成机制。同化试验结果表明：同化 AIRS 卫星温度与湿度廓线数据后,模式能成功再现海雾的形成过程,特别是东西2片雾区之间的晴空区的存在,这归功于AIRS数据的同化能够显著改善海上大气边界层的温湿结构、影响海雾的低层高压的范围与强度;机制分析揭示：东西2片雾均为典型的平流冷却雾,但二者厚薄和气团来源不同;海上高压控制黄海西岸陆地的暖空气入海,受低海温的冷却作用降温先形成逆温层,然后逆温层底部生成了较薄的西侧雾区;来自黄海中部的空气向东北移动至朝鲜半岛西部海域,高压下沉增温形成一个顶部较高的稳定层,从而生成较厚的东侧雾区;高压中心下沉区内,近海面风速小使得机械湍流弱,空气增温与海温暖舌共同作用下使得近海面气海温差小,海雾无法生成导致了晴空区的存在。     

A Heavy Sea Fog Event over the Yellow Sea in March 2005： Analysis and Numerical Modeling

In this paper, a heavy sea fog episode that occurred over the Yellow Sea on 9 March 2005 is investigated. The sea fog patch, with a spatial scale of several hundred kilometers at its mature stage, reduced visibility along the Shandong Peninsula coast to 100 m or much less at some sites. Satellite images, surface observations and soundings at islands and coasts, and analyses from the Japan Meteorology Agency （JMA） axe used to describe and analyze this event. The analysis indicates that this sea fog can be categorized as advection cooling fog. The main features of this sea fog including fog area and its movement axe reasonably reproduced by the Fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University/National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model （MM5）. Model results suggest that the formation and evolution of this event can be outlined as： （1） southerly warm/moist advection of low-level air resulted in a strong sea-surface-based inversion with a thickness of about 600 m; （2） when the inversion moved from the warmer East Sea to the colder Yellow Sea, a thermal internal boundary layer （TIBL） gradually formed at the base of the inversion while the sea fog grew in response to cooling and moistening by turbulence mixing; （3） the sea fog developed as the TIBL moved northward and （4） strong northerly cold and dry wind destroyed the TIBL and dissipated the sea fog. The principal findings of this study axe that sea fog forms in response to relatively persistent southerly waxm/moist wind and a cold sea surface, and that turbulence mixing by wind shear is the primary mechanism for the cooling and moistening the marine layer. In addition, the study of sensitivity experiments indicates that deterministic numerical modeling offers a promising approach to the prediction of sea fog over the Yellow Sea but it may be more efficient to consider ensemble numerical modeling because of the extreme sensitivity to model input.     

Numerical Simulation of the Rapid Intensification of Hurricane Katrina(2005):Sensitivity to Boundary Layer Parameterization Schemes

Accurate forecasting of the intensity changes of hurricanes is an important yet challenging problem in numerical weather prediction. The rapid intensification of Hurricane Katrina(2005) before its landfall in the southern US is studied with the Advanced Research version of the WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting) model. The sensitivity of numerical simulations to two popular planetary boundary layer(PBL) schemes, the Mellor–Yamada–Janjic(MYJ) and the Yonsei University(YSU) schemes, is investigated. It is found that, compared with the YSU simulation, the simulation with the MYJ scheme produces better track and intensity evolution, better vortex structure, and more accurate landfall time and location. Large discrepancies(e.g.,over 10 hPa in simulated minimum sea level pressure) are found between the two simulations during the rapid intensification period. Further diagnosis indicates that stronger surface fluxes and vertical mixing in the PBL from the simulation with the MYJ scheme lead to enhanced air–sea interaction, which helps generate more realistic simulations of the rapid intensification process. Overall, the results from this study suggest that improved representation of surface fluxes and vertical mixing in the PBL is essential for accurate prediction of hurricane intensity changes.     

边界层方案对一次西南涡背景下局地暴雨过程影响分析北大核心

利用WRF模式对2017年6月9日重庆合川区一次局地暴雨过程开展对流可分辨尺度的模拟试验,比较三种边界层参数化方案对降水模拟的影响。结果表明,不同试验均能模拟出此次降水的主要分布特征,而不同边界层参数化方案能够显著影响降水落区和强度的模拟。MYJ方案对强降水的模拟最好,能较好地模拟出降水触发的时间和位置;其次为BouLac方案,触发时间偏晚约2 h,降水落区与MYJ方案相近;YSU方案模拟的降水分布偏差较大,降水触发的位置和落区偏北。湍流混合强度是造成落区模拟差异的主要原因,通过影响1.5 km高度以下风场分布改变造成此次局地强降水过程的西南涡位置,进而影响到降水的落区。基于YSU方案的湍流混合减弱试验证明了湍流混合强度与降水落区的关系。     

The role of radiation in an inversion-capped planetary boundary layer

In an inversion-capped planetary boundary layer (PBL), the structure of the turbulent fluxes as well as the height of the inversion are determined by the interaction of turbulent mixing in the PBL, large-scale subsidence above the PBL and radiational cooling. Here the sensitivity of the inversion height and of the turbulent fluxes due to radiational processes is investigated with the aid of a three-layered model for a well mixed PBL. For an example of the Trade-Wind region, the inversion height (i.e., the difference between surface pressure and pressure at the inversion level) varies between 46 and 257 mb and the surface flux of moist static energy between 417 and 99 W m^-2, if the (mean) radiative net flux divergence for both the inversion and the well-mixed layer is changed over a reasonable range of values. None of the parameterization schemes existing in the literature is able to describe these radiational effects in an appropriate way. This is due to the fact that these parameterizations are either not or not flexibly enough linked to the thermodynamical model parameter. Therefore the demand for an adequate parameterization of the radiational influence in a well-mixed PBL under a subsidence inversion is obvious.