冰雹热传输问题的实验研究——湿生长过程中的热传输问题

本文以冰雹的热量平衡问题研究为基础,利用多伦多大学垂直可控压结冰风洞,模拟冰雹的生长与融化,研究了冰雹的热传输特性,建立了冰雹热传输系数与其自身特征和环境条件之间的关系,为冰雹的深入研究提供了可靠的物理依据。     

广东省大冰雹事件的层结特征与融化效应

本文主要利用L波段常规探空数据、华南区域加密自动站资料以及ERA-Interim 0.125°×0.125°逐6 h再分析资料,依据我国冰雹等级划分标准（GB/T 27957-2011）筛选了2004～2017年发生在广东的23个大冰雹事件（直径≥20 mm）,重点分析其大气层结状态与结构特征,定量诊断了大冰雹的融化效应,并建立了判别大冰雹的物理参数模型。结果表明:（1）大冰雹事件“上干下湿”比非大冰雹（直径≥5 mm且＜20 mm）事件更加清晰,产生大冰雹所需的对流（位势）不稳定建立更依赖于“上干下湿”而不是“上冷下暖”。（2）H_?/H₊（冷云和暖云厚度比值）对于区分大冰雹与非大冰雹具有较好的指示效果,H_?/H₊高于1.6/1对判别产生大冰雹有参考价值。（3）相比于非大冰雹事件,大冰雹事件最大热浮力高度高于?5℃层,有利于托举雹胚进入有效增长层（?10℃～?30℃）,促使雹胚生长为大冰雹。最大热浮力强度≥4℃可作为判别大冰雹与非大冰雹的关键阀值。（4）热传递与对流交换（）对大冰雹融化起主要作用,其贡献率与DBZ（冻结层高度）、（环境平均温度）呈反比关系;冰雹表层水膜因蒸发或重新凝结消耗潜热（）对大冰雹融化影响表现在DBZ高度上的冰雹直径越小、融化贡献率越大,大冰雹融化程度越大。高空的干层向下延伸到较低高度有利于大冰雹不被或少被融化,也是大冰雹事件WBZ（湿球零度层高度）显著低于DBZ的重要原因。（5）基于全文统计内容与对比分析,构建了一个判别大冰雹的物理参数模型,大气层结满足ΔT_d85（850 hPa与500 hPa的露点差）≥46℃、500 hPa的T?T_d≥15℃、1000～700 hPa最小的T?T_d≤2℃、H_? /H₊≥1.6/1,最大热浮力强度≥4℃、最大热浮力高度高于?5℃层时,有利于产生大冰雹。     

0℃层高度的变化对冰雹融化影响的分析和应用

通过冰雹融化过程的热量平衡公式得到0℃层高度与冰雹融化能力的近似关系,分析小尺度冰雹条件下0℃层高度对0℃层冰雹半径和地面冰雹半径的影响。结果表明：地面冰雹半径随0℃层冰雹半径和0℃层高度变化,设定冰雹云判别的雷达回波高度和中心强度等指标时应考虑0℃层高度变化的影响;0℃层高度在2000~6000 m范围内时,0℃层冰雹最小半径临界值在0.32~1.08 cm,临界降雹的最小上升气流速度在11.5~21.2 m·s-1;结果分析可初步了解0℃层高度对冰雹融化的影响,为冰雹预报及人工防雹作业提供重要参考依据,降低通过WSR 88D增强HDA算法做冰雹尺寸预报的虚警率。     

不同尺寸冰雹S波段双偏振雷达偏振量特征统计

冰雹大小影响天气灾害的程度,为发展基于双偏振参量识别冰雹大小的算法,筛选了2019年、2020年山东省发生的33例冰雹事件,依据我国冰雹等级划分标准将其划分为小冰雹、大冰雹、特大冰雹,基于湿球0 ℃及冰雹融化特性确定了7个高度层,探讨了3类冰雹在不同高度层的双偏振参量分布特征,并获得了冰雹的偏振参量阈值。研究表明:在相同高度,冰雹越大雷达水平反射率因子Z_h中位数越大、差分反射率因子Z_dr中位数越小且基本为正值,但在-10~-20 ℃层,大冰雹的Z_dr中位数易呈现负值;相关系数CC中位数随冰雹增大或高度降低而减小,但特大冰雹在0 ℃层到H_{0 ℃}-1 km (0 ℃层下1 km) 之间由于融化比例较小CC反而会稍大;冰雹差分相移率K_DP中位数在0 ℃层以上为0 °/km左右,在0 ℃层以下随高度降低冰雹融化而增加;大冰雹或特大冰雹基本特征是Z_h大、CC小、Z_dr小,CC可低至0.7以下,所有冰雹的Z_dr、K_DP可出现负值,小冰雹Z_dr大于0 dB的情况较多,特大冰雹Z_dr接近0 dB;-20 ℃层以上的Z_h、0~-20 ℃层的CC和Z_h、0 ℃层以下的CC、Z_h、Z_dr对冰雹大小比较敏感。      

关于冰雹的融化层高度

冰雹尤其是强冰雹预报的重要参数之一是冰雹融化层到地面的高度。长期以来国外英文文献上一直都将湿球温度0℃层(Wet Blub Zero,WBZ)作为冰雹融化层的近似高度,但这一事实一直没有引起国内预报人员和部分研究人员(包括作者在内)的足够注意。以至于一直到现在,国内绝大多数预报人员仍然将干球温度0℃层(Dry Blub Zero,DBZ)作为冰雹融化层的近似高度,这是一个错误。在WBZ和DBZ之间和上下一定范围内存在明显干空气(即温度露点差较大)时,二者高度会有明显的差距。本文主要阐明冰雹融化层的高度应该采用湿球温度0℃层(WBZ)高度而不是干球温度0℃层(DBZ)高度,说明了当对流层尤其对流层中层存在明显干层时,由于蒸发冷却引起的水膜再冻结会有利于大冰雹落地,而此时的冰雹融化层也就是湿球温度0℃层(WBZ)的高度明显低于干球温度0℃层(DBZ)的高度。文中给出了如何根据探空资料的T-logp图确定湿球温度垂直廓线进而确定湿球温度0℃层(WBZ)高度的方法。最后给出两个对比鲜明的例子,进一步说明对流层中层明显干层存在与否对冰雹融化层高度的影响,以及冰雹融化层高度的高低是决定冰雹大小甚至降雹与否的主要因子之一。     

武汉"6·22"空难下击暴流的三维数值模拟研究

使用武汉实测探空资料,利用三维强风暴冰雹分档模式对2000年6月22日发生在武汉的一次引起坠机事件的下击暴流进行了模拟和分析,并与实际观测进行了比较研究,结果表明:造成此次空难的下击暴流的发生发展与大的天气背景紧密相关;模拟微下击暴流的各种主要结构和生消演变特征与实测结果吻合较好;该下击暴流产生的直接原因是冰雹的重力拖曳作用引起,其次是冰雹的融化和雨水蒸发的冷却作用.空中散度和涡度的分布与变化同下击暴流也存在密切的联系.     

一次下击暴流过程形成机制的模拟分析

利用常规观测资料,多普勒天气雷达产品,基于多源数据的RMAPS模拟结果等,对2017年7月9日发生在河北顺平县的一次由下击暴流引发的极端大风过程进行了分析和模拟。结果表明:(1)对流云中及云下方的西北气流受降水影响,动量下传且伴有地面的辐散风,近地层的下沉中心位于地面大风区上空。(2)云中水成物微物理特征模拟结果显示雨水和霰/冰雹的比含水量大,雹胚生长主要与雪和云水有关,而霰/冰雹融化后增加了雨水粒子。(3)比较不同水成物的等效冷却温度,发现雨水蒸发冷却对大风形成的贡献最大,冰雹的融化机制和拖曳作用贡献量相当;在700 hPa以下,随着高度降低雨水拖曳的贡献逐渐大于冰雹融化与冰雹拖曳贡献之和。(4)下沉气流叠加在地面辐散风场和冷池密度流上,导致地面辐散中心的东南侧出现了43.1 m·s^-1的极端强风。极端强风的下游,由于云水凝结、雹胚生长等凝结潜热释放过程抵消了部分水成物的冷却效应,以及冷出流减弱等因素,使得地面风速有所减弱。     

阴山丘陵区土壤深松增墒水分动态研究

根据 1 997～ 1 998年观测资料 ,从热量平衡角度出发 ,论述了土壤深松保墒增墒的物理基础 ,初步探讨了深松条件下田间土壤有效水动态变化规律和保墒作用 .深松改变了近地层水热状况 ,导致土壤水分蒸发减少、土壤孔隙度增大 ,可接纳的天然降水增加 ,30～ 50 cm土层含水量比对照提高 2 0 %以上 ,产量平均提高 2 0 %～ 30 % .     

青海省东部农区冰雹天气分析及预警研究

采用青海省东部农业区14个地面气象站冰雹观测资料,对2003—2017年青海东部农区冰雹天气进行特征分析,利用天气雷达、高空、雷电观测资料对2003—2017年青海东部农区20例典型冰雹天气个例进行分析。得出:(1)冰雹和雹灾集中出现在每年5—9月,7月冰雹天气最多,8月冰雹成灾最多。(2)0℃层高度变化对冰雹融化作用不明显;高空垂直风切变比对流有效位能更有指示意义。(3)冰雹雷达回波顶高普遍10 km,冰雹直径与回波顶高的线性相关强于冰雹直径与强回波中心高度的线性相关;垂直累积液态水含量普遍20 kg·m~(-2)且垂直累积液态水含量增量10 kg·m~(-2)时易发生雹灾;风暴顶部辐散正负速度差值对雹灾预警有指示意义,但与冰雹直径无明显相关性。(4)不同冰雹云产生的闪电频次差别很大,同一雹云相同时间内正闪次数越多,则降雹直径越大。利用以上结论统计得出冰雹预警指标、权重和预警区间,通过对预警指标进行历史回代和预报检验,历史回代拟合率达86.9%,预警准确率为80%。     

中国不同干湿区蒸发皿蒸发和实际蒸发之间关系的研究

利用降水量将中国划分为干旱、半干旱、湿润和半湿润4个区域,开展不同区域中蒸发皿蒸发和多个模式模拟的实际蒸发的集成结果对比研究,探讨和分析在不同干湿背景下蒸发皿蒸发和利用观测的气象数据驱动的陆面过程模型模拟的实际蒸发之间的关系,并对导致这种关系的原因进行了分析,表明结果:(1)实际蒸发在中国整体上表现为下降趋势,这与湿润和半湿润区的变化趋势一致,而在干旱和半干旱区,实际蒸发表现为上升的变化趋势;(2)对比不同干湿区域的结果发现,在干旱和半干旱区,蒸发皿蒸发和实际蒸发表现为相反的变化趋势,在半湿润和湿润区,蒸发皿蒸发和实际蒸发表现为相同的变化趋势,在中国整体上蒸发皿蒸发和实际蒸发在总体上也具有一致的变化趋势;(3)单站分析的结果表明,中国东南大部分站点蒸发皿蒸发和实际蒸发表现为相同的变化趋势,而在西北地区大部分站点两者之间是相反的关系,这与区域平均的结果是一致的;(4)蒸发皿蒸发和实际蒸发之间在各个地区存在不同的关系主要是由于不同的干湿背景下实际蒸发变化的主要制约因子不同造成的。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

Information for Authors

正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

正Aims Scope Advances in Atmospheric Sciences(AAS)is an international journal on the dynamics,physics,and chemistry of the atmosphere and ocean with papers across the full range of the atmospheric sciences,co-published bimonthly by Science Press and Springer.The journal includes Articles,Note and Correspondence,and Letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.