浅谈光照条件在引种中的应用

目前 ,全国各地经济作物和粮食作物品种较多 ,且互相引种栽培。有的引种栽培获得高产 ,而有的却失败无收获。因此 ,在引种时 ,必须考虑光照条件的作用。在不同纬度与季节 ,光照时间不同 ,即昼夜长短不同。而不同植物和品种对光周期与感光性的反应也不同。所以 ,不同地区的引种必须注意光照长短对作物生育期的这种影响。从光照上分析 ,主要有以下几种情况 :①纬度和海拔高度相近的地区相互引种 ,因光温条件大致相同 ,生育期变化小、较易成功。②北种南引 :短日照作物北方品种向南引种时 ,由于光照变短 ,温度增高 ,生育期常减短 ,会出现早抽穗…     

气象条件对藤稔葡萄生长发育的影响

藤稔葡萄属“两高一优”农业。通过引种栽培，表现出结果早、丰产、效益好的特点，其气候适应性也较强，但仍存在着不利气象条件的影响，在栽培中应引起重视。     

气象条件对藤稔葡萄生长发育的影响

藤稔葡萄属“两高一优”农业。通过引种栽培，表现出结果早、丰产、效益好的特点，其气候适应性也较强。但仍存在着不利气象条件的影响，在栽培中应引起重视。     

湖北省中稻年景与旱涝灾害

中稻是湖北省种植面积最大、产量最高的水稻种类，分析表明，严重的旱涝灾害是造成中稻产量（气候产量）波动的主要原因。     

辉县市早苔蒜引种试验结果分析

通过调查早苔蒜和当地蒜的植物学形状表现,蒜苔、蒜头采收日期及产量、青蒜的产量及经济效益,认为早苔蒜如果作为青蒜有引种和推广的价值,作为苔蒜和蒜头生产则没有引入和推广价值,。     

充分利用气候资源 发挥中稻高产潜力

大面积种植中稻,把中稻作为三熟制改制的中心环节来抓,这是我区耕作制度改革大见成效的一项有力措施。1977年我区种植35万多亩中稻,取得了可喜的成绩,出现了一批亩产超400斤的大队,超500斤的生产队,超700斤的高产田。事实证明,大力发展中稻,确实是巩固和发展多熟制,高速度发展我区粮食生产的有效途径。为了进一步发挥中稻优势,本文拟从气候的角度,分析我区中稻高产的自然潜力。 我区中稻生产季节主要是在6—8月,在此期间,     

引种与气候的关系浅析

通过引种与气候关系比较密切的因子（温、光、水）的分析，提出了引种过程中的注意事项。     

引种与气候的关系浅析

通过引种与气候关系比较密切的因子（温、光、水）的分析，提出了引种过程中的注意事项。     

四川水稻定向引种诊断系统及其气候生态模型

介绍了四川水稻定向引种诊断系统（DSIRV）的设计思路，以及建立水稻气候生态、栽培模型的依据和方法。该系统在四川已投入生产应用，其引种诊断成功率达70%以上，比常规品比法进行引种缩短周期2—4年。     

资源县中稻生育期农业气象症结诊断分析

资源县的中稻种植面积占水田总植面积的80.5％,总产占水稻的83.5％。种植高度分布:海拔450米以下约占15％;450—800米约占71％;800米以上约占14％。近年来该县中稻生产有了长足的进步。总产、单产分别是解放初的2倍、2.3倍。1974年以来,中稻平均单产比早稻约高130公斤/亩,比晚稻约高245公斤/亩。找出影响该县中稻产量的大田中稻生育期农业气象症结,对采取相应对策,夺取稳产高产,进而繁荣山区经济有重要的意义。     

应用数值模拟进行水稻品种的丰产性鉴定

应用单叶光合作用非线性双曲线光响应模型，在生产上进行水稻品种丰产性鉴定。结果表明在上海地区测定的水稻品种中，“寒优湘晴”的丰产性最好。     

不同品种双季晚稻产量结构对干旱胁迫的响应

干旱是湖南双季晚稻分蘖-幼穗分化期主要农业气象灾害,对晚稻生长和产量形成产生不利影响。本研究以常规晚稻和超级晚稻在分蘖-幼穗分化期进行干旱胁迫试验,于20142016年连续3年开展15、20、25、30d4个干旱处理水平试验,探讨了干旱强度与不同品种双季晚稻产量结构的关系,从而确定双季晚稻干旱指标。试验研究结果表明,相同干旱胁迫处理下,土壤相对湿度是影响双季晚稻产量结构的关键因素,常规晚稻和超级晚稻产量结构对干旱胁迫的响应存在差异性。自晚稻分蘖普遍期开始干旱处理,对常规晚稻理论产量、有效穗数和结实粒数产生不利影响的土壤相对湿度阈值分别为92.5%、87.2%和98.6%;对超级晚稻理论产量、有效穗数和结实粒数产生不利影响的土壤相对湿度阈值分别为96.8%、97.1%和89.3%。根据晚稻产量结构对干旱持续时间和土壤湿度的响应,构建了常规晚稻和超级晚稻的分蘖-幼穗分化期干旱等级指标,可为双季晚稻的干旱监测和抗旱救灾提供理论依据和实践指导。     

气候变化对我国江南双季稻生产可能影响的数值模拟研究

在利用田间试验资料对双季稻生长动力（态）模拟模型进行验证的基础上,将基于GCMs的输出和历史气候资料相结合的气候变化情景与双季稻模式相连接,就气候变暖对我国江南双季稻主产区水稻生产的可能影响进行网格化定量模拟和客观评估,并就调整对策（改变播种日期和种植品种）在减缓气候变暖对双季稻生产影响中的作用作了初步的探讨。结果表明,在未来可能的气候变化情景下,若维持目前的品种和生产技术措施,双季稻产量将有不同程度的下降。产量变化的地域分布既有一定的规律性,又体现出气候变化影响的复杂性。适应对策分析表明,改种长生育期的     

基于灾害风险理论的湖北水稻高温热害风险分析及区划

高温热害是长江流域最主要的气象灾害之一,科学评估热害风险是防灾减灾的基础。本文利用近60年气象观测资料,对湖北高温热害的时空分布特征进行了分析;基于自然灾害风险基本理论,建立了包括影响水稻结实率关键期的热害强度、灾害发生时承灾体实际暴露度、灾害脆弱性等因素的高温热害风险评价模型,并进行了风险分析与区划。结果表明：高温天气出现概率高的时段是7月下旬,其中7月第6候为最高。从高温热害风险指数上来看,7月第3候抽穗开花水稻的热害风险最高,此后随时间的推移,热害风险降低;湖北现行的一季中稻抽穗开花期处于风险较高的时段,推迟5天其热害风险指数可下降20%左右;推迟15天以上热害风险指数将降低50%以上。江汉平原稻区是湖北高温热害风险低发地区,鄂东南及鄂西北地区是热害风险高发地区;针对各区热害特点提出了风险应对措施。     

湖北省一季中稻籼改粳气象条件利弊分析

本文在试验基础上,利用统计分析和模型模拟的方法,分析了湖北省一季中稻籼改粳气候资源利用率、高温热害和低温冷害风险变化,分析了湖北省一季中稻籼改粳适宜品种、适宜播期,提出了若干建议。主要结论有:(1)湖北省一季籼改粳能进一步提高气候资源利用率;(2)籼改粳后抽穗开花期遭遇高温热害的风险增加、低温冷害风险降低;(3)在中稻供试品种中,甬优1540(籼粳杂交)是籼改粳最适宜的品种,热粳优35、中稻1号在各生态区适应性均不如甬优系列;(4)北部地区一季粳稻播期应安排在4月下旬,南部地区播期安排在5月上中旬,能保证80%的年份抽穗一开花避开高温热害高风险期。     

District specific,in silico evaluation of rice ideotypes improved for resistance/tolerance traits to biotic and abiotic stressors under climate change scenarios

Using crop models as supporting tools for analyzing the interaction between genotype and environment represents an opportunity to identify priorities within breeding programs. This study represents the first attempt to use simulation models to define rice ideotypes improved for their resistance to biotic stressors (i.e., diseases); moreover, it extends approaches for evaluating the impact of changes in traits for tolerance to abiotic constraints (temperature shocks inducing sterility). The analysis—targeting the improvement of 34 varieties in six Italian rice districts—was focused on the impact of blast disease, and of pre-flowering cold- and heat-induced spikelet sterility. In silico ideotypes were tested at 5-km spatial resolution under current conditions and climate change scenarios centered on 2020, 2050, and 2085, derived according to the projections of two general circulation models–Hadley and NCAR–for two IPCC emission scenarios–A1B and B1. The study was performed using a dedicated simulation platform, i.e., ISIde, explicitly developed for ideotyping studies. The ideotypes improved for blast resistance obtained clear yield increases for all the combinations GCM?×?emission scenario?×?time horizon, i.e., 12.1 % average yield increase under current climate, although slightly decreasing for time windows approaching the end of the century and with a marked spatial heterogeneity in responses across districts. Concerning abiotic stressors, increasing tolerance to cold-induced sterility would lead to a substantial yield increase (+9.8 %) only for Indica-type varieties under current climate, whereas no increases are expected under future conditions and, in general, for Japonica-type varieties. Given the process-based logic behind the models used—supporting coherence of model responses under future scenarios—this study provides useful information for rice breeding programs to be realized in the medium-long term.     

Heat injury risk assessment for single-cropping rice in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River under climate change

Under global warming, the risk of heat injury for crops increases, which leads to increasing instability in agricultural production. In this study, based on phenological observation data and yield data during 1981-2011 and daily meteorological data during 1961-2011 in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River (MLRYR), the risk of heat injury for single-cropping rice in this area and its response to climate change were assessed and analyzed. The risk was decomposed into such elements as hazard, exposure, vulnerability, and disaster prevention/mitigation capacity, in accordance with natural disaster risk assessment theory and the formation mechanisms of agrometeorological disasters.First, a hazard assessment model was established to identify spatiotemporal variations of the heat injury in the MLRYR during 1961-2011, and the relationship between heat injury hazard and air temperature was analyzed to identify the response of hazard to climate change. It was found that the heat injury hazard of single-cropping rice was positively correlated with the mean and maximum temperatures during the rice heading period of 20 days, with the hazard increasing sharply when the mean temperature exceeded 26.5°C and the maximum temperature exceeded 31°C. Then, exposure, vulnerability, and disaster prevention/mitigation capacity were also quantitatively examined. The results show that vulnerability and hazard were the two most important factors in the heat injury risk assessment for single-cropping rice at most stations in the MLRYR.The risk assessment considering only the first three natural elements produced high-risk values (> 0.46) mainly in the northeast of the study area. By adding the regional capability in disaster prevention/mitigation into account, the risk assessment produced high-risk values in a much smaller area in the northeast but some-what larger areas in the southwest of the study domain. In general, the risk of heat injury differed greatly within the MLRYR. Particular rice varieties should be adopted for specific regions, according to the local risk features quantified by this study. Under the warming climate, the risk of heat injury for single-cropping rice is likely to continue to increase.     

淹涝胁迫对水稻植株叶片光合性能的影响

为提高水稻作物生长模型中淹涝胁迫对水稻生长和产量影响的定量评估能力,通过开展水稻盆栽淹涝试验,研究了不同淹涝胁迫程度对粳稻和籼稻植株叶片光合性能的影响,并将两者之间的关系进行了定量化,结果表明:1)两种水稻植株叶片的光量子效率AQE、最大光合速率P_m均随淹涝天数的增加而明显下降,全淹处理的下降幅度较大,受全淹处理8天后平均下降幅度近五成,而半淹处理的下降幅度较小,半淹处理8天后平均降幅约一成左右;叶片基础荧光F_0、最大荧光产额F_m和最大光化学效率F_v/F_m也均随着淹涝胁迫天数的增加出现不同程度的降低。2)植株叶片光量子效率和最大光合速率随淹涝深度和淹涝天数变化可用定量关系模型y=1-aH-bH~3T来描述,用独立的试验资料对该模型进行检验后表明,模型的模拟值与实测值有很好的一致性,两者的相关系数高、RMSE值低,模拟效果令人满意。3)全淹处理下,水稻植株叶片最大光合速率P_m和最大荧光产额F_m下降幅度具有较好的相关性,可运用荧光测定的信息来快速估计淹涝胁迫对水稻叶片光合速率影响的程度。本研究可为改进水稻模型中淹涝胁迫条件下的水稻干物质累积和产量的模拟提供依据。     

1992—2012年东北水稻生育期变化分析

生产实践中水稻生育期变化是气候条件和品种更新等因素共同作用的结果。利用东北地区13个农业气象站点1992—2012年水稻试验观测资料,分析水稻生育期的变化及其与东北变暖趋势、水稻品种调整的关系。结果表明：水稻生长季平均气温和≥10℃积温在1992—2001年呈显著增加趋势,水稻生长季积温的差别最大可达500℃?d,从2002年开始升温趋势减缓,并略有下降。相应地,2002—2012年与1992—2001年的物候期基本上呈现相反的变化特征,其中抽穗期、乳熟期、成熟期在1992—2001年明显提前,分别提前了3.1、2.9、4.5 d/10a,移栽期、分蘖期、成熟期则在2002—2012年呈现出明显的推迟趋势,分别推迟了4.6、4.7、2.0 d/10a;生育期的变化受多种因素影响,但播种-移栽期、乳熟-成熟期在1992—2001年分别缩短了0.7、1.6 d/10a,而在2002—2012年则分别延长了2.9、2.8 d/10a;总的来说,1992—2012年水稻全生育期整体延长了3.7 d/10a,其主要归因于营养生长期的延长。在试验资料比较完整的12个站点所做的分析表明,在东北水稻种植的生产实践中,不断地通过品种调整适应气候条件的改变,多数站点水稻实际生育期与品种审定生育日数差别较小,说明其品种的选择能够与当年的气候条件较好地匹配,充分利用了当地的气候资源。延吉站、梅河口站、通化站随着气候的持续波动又显示出水稻实际生育期与品种审定生育日数偏差增大的趋势,宁安站和前郭尔罗斯站的水稻种植品种的审定生育日数几乎没有改变。因此,迫切需要对东北气候变化的科学事实和水稻种植适应气候变化的生产实践进行系统的总结,为东北水稻生产适应气候变化提供科学支撑。     

An assessment of regional vulnerability of rice to climate change in India

A simulation analysis was carried out using the InfoCrop-rice model to quantify impacts and adaptation gains, as well as to identify vulnerable regions for irrigated and rain fed rice cultivation in future climates in India. Climates in A1b, A2, B1 and B2 emission scenarios as per a global climate model (MIROC3.2.HI) and a regional climate model (PRECIS) were considered for the study. On an aggregated scale, the mean of all emission scenarios indicate that climate change is likely to reduce irrigated rice yields by ~4 % in 2020 (2010–2039), ~7 % in 2050 (2040–2069), and by ~10 % in 2080 (2070–2099) climate scenarios. On the other hand, rainfed rice yields in India are likely to be reduced by ~6 % in the 2020 scenario, but in the 2050 and 2080 scenarios they are projected to decrease only marginally (<2.5 %). However, spatial variations exist for the magnitude of the impact, with some regions likely to be affected more than others. Adaptation strategies comprising agronomical management can offset negative impacts in the near future—particularly in rainfed conditions—but in the longer run, developing suitable varieties coupled with improved and efficient crop husbandry will become essential. For irrigated rice crop, genotypic and agronomic improvements will become crucial; while for rainfed conditions, improved management and additional fertilizers will be needed. Basically climate change is likely to exhibit three types of impacts on rice crop: i) regions that are adversely affected by climate change can gain in net productivity with adaptation; ii) regions that are adversely affected will still remain vulnerable despite adaptation gains; and iii) rainfed regions (with currently low rainfall) that are likely to gain due to increase in rainfall can further benefit by adaptation. Regions falling in the vulnerable category even after suggested adaptation to climate change will require more intensive, specific and innovative adaptation options. The present analysis indicates the possibility of substantial improvement in yields with efficient utilization of inputs and adoption of improved varieties.