塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地逐日太阳总辐射模拟计算 -以达理雅博依绿洲为例

基于塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地面积最大的天然孤立绿洲达理雅博依2015年1月—2016年2月太阳总辐射观测资料,运用H.L.Penman经验公式模拟计算了该地区2015年逐日总辐射累计量,模拟值与实测值的误差分析显示:本气候学方法成功模拟了沙漠腹地总辐射的年内变化趋势。使用模拟值估算得到达理雅博依绿洲2015年太阳总辐射累计量约为5 332.23 MJ·m-2。又以相同方法模拟了塔中气象站2015年3—5月总辐射变化,结果较达理雅博依的模拟更接近实测值,说明本模拟在塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地不同地点结果有效。     

中国不同时间尺度地表太阳总辐射估算研究

利用全国95个气象站点逐日地表太阳总辐射和日照时数资料,通过最小二乘法拟合回归建立地表太阳总辐射气候学计算模型。通过对比分析以日值和月值为起点的地表太阳总辐射计算模型的精度,确定了全国不同省份和区域的不同时间尺度（月、季节、生长季和年）地表太阳总辐射计算模型,并探讨了经验系数a、b值的分布及变化特征。结果表明,以日值和月值为起点建立的月、四季、生长季和年地表太阳总辐射计算模型精度无显著性差异,相对误差均低于8.5%,但以日值为起点的计算模型a、b值变异性更小。在以日值为起点建立计算模型的前提下,全国各地a、b值自西北部向南部减小,且从四季到生长季再到年尺度,随着时间尺度增大,a、b值振幅减小。根据不同省份年地表太阳总辐射计算模型经验系数a、b值,全国可划分为新甘蒙地区、青藏高原地区和中东部地区3个区域,分别确定了每个区域四季、生长季和年尺度下地表太阳总辐射计算模型。各区域不同时间尺度地表太阳总辐射计算模型均通过了显著性检验（p<0.01）,其中青藏高原地区和新甘蒙地区模型相对误差低于8.0%,模拟精度较高。     

甘肃中部春小麦生育期净辐射的估算

利用定西综合气象试验站观测的春小麦生育期净辐射和总辐射资料,通过回归分析,发现两者之间存在很好的线性相关、进而建立适宜本地区的用总辐射估算净辐射的经验方程。利用当地的常规气象资料,对推算辐射的ＦＡＯ－ＰＭ法和Ｌ法进行对比分析表明：两种推算方法都能较为准确的推算净辐射,但是必须经过订正,从订正后的拟合误差看,ＦＯＡ－ＰＭ方法优于Ｌｉｎａｃｒｅ方法。     

Cloud cover classification through simultaneous ground-based measurements of solar and infrared radiation

Simultaneous measurements of downwelling short-wave solar irradiance and incoming total radiation flux were performed at the Reeves Nevè glacier station (1200 m MSL) in Antarctica on 41 days from late November 1994 to early January 1995, employing the upward sensors of an albedometer and a pyrradiometer. The downwelling short-wave radiation measurements were analysed following the Duchon and O'Malley [J. Appl. Meteorol. 38 (1999) 132] procedure for classifying clouds, using the 50-min running mean values of standard deviation and the ratio of scaled observed to scaled clear-sky irradiance. Comparing these measurements with the Duchon and O'Malley rectangular boundaries and the local human observations of clouds collected on 17 days of the campaign, we found that the Duchon and O'Malley classification method obtained a success rate of 93% for cirrus and only 25% for cumulus. New decision criteria were established for some polar cloud classes providing success rates of 94% for cirrus, 67% for cirrostratus and altostratus, and 33% for cumulus and altocumulus.The ratios of the downwelling short-wave irradiance measured for cloudy-sky conditions to that calculated for clear-sky conditions were analysed in terms of the Kasten and Czeplak [Sol. Energy 24 (1980) 177] formula together with simultaneous human observations of cloudiness, to determine the empirical relationship curves providing reliable estimates of cloudiness for each of the three above-mentioned cloud classes. Using these cloudiness estimates, the downwelling long-wave radiation measurements (obtained as differences between the downward fluxes of total and short-wave radiation) were examined to evaluate the downwelling long-wave radiation flux normalised to totally overcast sky conditions. Calculations of the long-wave radiation flux were performed with the MODTRAN 3.7 code [Kneizys, F.X., Abreu, L.W., Anderson, G.P., Chetwynd, J.H., Shettle, E.P., Berk, A., Bernstein, L.S., Robertson, D.C., Acharya, P., Rothman, L.S., Selby, J.E.A., Gallery, W.O., Clough, S.A., 1996. In: Abreu, L.W., Anderson, G.P. (Eds.), The MODTRAN 2/3 Report and LOWTRAN 7 MODEL. Contract F19628-91-C.0132, Phillips Laboratory, Geophysics Directorate, PL/GPOS, Hanscom AFB, MA, 261 pp.] for both clear-sky and cloudy-sky conditions, considering various cloud types characterised by different cloud base altitudes and vertical thicknesses. From these evaluations, best-fit curves of the downwelling long-wave radiation flux were defined as a function of the cloud base height for the three polar cloud classes. Using these relationship curves, average estimates of the cloud base height were obtained from the three corresponding sub-sets of long-wave radiation measurements. The relative frequency histograms of the cloud base height defined by examining these three sub-sets were found to present median values of 4.7, 1.7 and 3.6 km for cirrus, cirrostratus/altostratus and cumulus/altocumulus, respectively, while median values of 6.5, 1.8 and 2.9 km were correspondingly determined by analysing only the measurements taken together with simultaneous cloud observations.     

Estimation of Hourly Solar Radiation at the Surface under Cloudless Conditions on the Tibetan Plateau Using a Simple Radiation Model

In this study,the clear sky hourly global and net solar irradiances at the surface determined using SUNFLUX,a simple parameterization scheme,for three stations(Gaize,Naqu,and Lhasa) on the Tibetan Plateau were evaluated against observation data.Our modeled results agree well with observations.The correlation coefficients between modeled and observed values were > 0.99 for all three stations.The relative error of modeled results,in average was < 7%,and the root-mean-square variance was < 27 W m 2.The solar irradiances in the radiation model were slightly overestimated compared with observation data;there were at least two likely causes.First,the radiative effects of aerosols were not included in the radiation model.Second,solar irradiances determined by thermopile pyranometers include a thermal offset error that causes solar radiation to be slightly underestimated.The solar radiation absorbed by the ozone and water vapor was estimated.The results show that monthly mean solar radiation absorbed by the ozone is < 2% of the global solar radiation(< 14 W m 2).Solar radiation absorbed by water vapor is stronger in summer than in winter.The maximum amount of monthly mean solar radiation absorbed by water vapor can be up to 13% of the global solar radiation(95 W m 2).This indicates that water vapor measurements with high precision are very important for precise determination of solar radiation.     

Reconstruction of daily ultraviolet radiation for nine observation stations in China

The aim of this study was to reconstruct daily ultraviolet (UV) radiation (daily cumulation, similarly hereinafter) for nine observation stations in China, using a radiative transfer model combined with empirical relationships. Measurements of global total solar (G) radiation, UV radiation, and their ratio (UV/G) at the nine stations were analyzed for the period 2006–2011. The daily cloud and aerosol attenuation ratios were defined to quantitatively evaluate the effect of cloud and aerosols on radiation, based on measurements and simulated data under cloudless-sky conditions. A semi-empirical reconstruction method for UV radiation was established at each station using cloud modification factors, and by applying an equation that relates G and UV radiation measurements, as well as their corresponding simulations under cloudless conditions. Daily UV radiation values were reconstructed and compared with ground-based measurements for the nine stations, and the results revealed most of the slope values to be close to one, and the determination coefficients ranged from 89.5 to 95.7 %. The values of mean absolute bias error (MABE) and root-mean-square error (RMSE) were below 15 and 18 % for all stations, respectively, and at most stations were even lower than 10 %. A comparison of monthly measured and reconstructed UV radiation for the nine stations was also performed, revealing the values of MABE and RMSE to be even smaller with values of less than 5 %. According to these results, we conclude that the method established in this study has good applicability and transferability.     

太阳辐射经验系数插值方法的比较

利用江苏省南京、吕泗、淮安3个日射站以及周边省市共10个日射站逐月日照百分率资料和太阳总辐射资料,利用最小二乘法拟合经验系数a、b,并利用除南京、吕泗2个日射站以外的8个日射站的经验系数a、b,采用多种插值方法计算江苏省70个站的经验系数a、b,并据此求出70个站点逐月太阳总辐射值并分析其分布特征。结果表明：采用反距离权重插值法得到的经验系数a、b,误差最小。结论可为求解江苏省各地太阳总辐射提供科学参考。     

太阳辐射经验系数插值方法的比较

利用江苏省南京、吕泗、淮安3个日射站以及周边省市共10个日射站的逐月日照百分率资料和太阳总辐射资料,利用最小二乘法拟合经验系数a、b,并利用除南京、吕泗2个日射站以外的8个日射站的经验系数a、b,采用多种插值方法计算全省70个站的经验系数a、b,并据此求出70个站点逐月太阳总辐射值并分析其分布特征。结果表明： 采用反距离权重插值法得到的经验系数a、b,误差最小。结论可为求解江苏省各地太阳总辐射提供科学参考。     

宁夏区域太阳日辐射通量计算方法的研究

利用银川站过去5 a的太阳日辐射观测资料(1981~1985)与大气外太阳辐射、日照时数、日照长度间的相关关系,确定了区域系数as。通过对bs的取值进行敏感测试,可得到一组最佳推算太阳辐射通量的区域系数:as=0.3,bs=0.5。用此系数和太阳日辐射通量计算公式,推算了银川站1986、1987年太阳日辐射通量并用观测值进行验证,结果表明:两者之间有很好的线性相关,R2=0.94,验证了区域系数的可信度。通过对银川站2 a(1986,1987)资料的平均误差、平均偏差、平均绝对偏差和均方根偏差的计算表明,结果与国内相关报道基本一致。对宁夏永宁站1989~2000年的太阳日辐射通量用区域系数进行估算,并与银川站的实际观测资料比较,结果显示永宁站太阳日辐射通量估算值和银川站实测值间有很好的线性关系,12 a间的方差最小值R2=0.88。     

Variation Characteristics of Ultraviolet Radiation over the North China Plain简

In situ measured data of broadband solar radiation （Rs） and ultraviolet （Uv） radiation were used to investigate the spa- tiotemporal variation properties of Uv radiation and the ratio of Uv radiation to Rs over the North China Plain （NCP）. Based on the analysis, an empirical model for estimating Uv radiation under all weather conditions in this region was developed. The results showed that the annual Uv radiation over the NCP ranges from 0.38-0.52 MJ m^-2 d^-1. The highest value during the study period was recorded at the Changwu site, which is located near the margin of the Loess Plateau, while the lowest value appeared at the station in Beijing. The seasonal variation pattern of the ratio of Uv radiation to Rs is similar to that of Uv radiation; namely, the highest value appears in August and then decreases gradually until the lowest value appears in November. A small increasing trend in the Uv radiation levels and the ratio of Uv radiation to Rs was observed over the NCP. The evaluation results showed that the empirical estimation model can be widely used to estimate Uv radiation under all atmospheric conditions. The relative error between the modeled and measured daily values were within ± 15%.     

Analysis of UVB values in the centre of the Iberian Peninsula

Records of UV data started in Madrid at the beginning of the 90's decade. After some quality control on the data a seven year period from 1996 to 2002 was selected to perform an analysis of daily and seasonal variability of solar ultraviolet B (UVB) values at the centre of the Iberian Peninsula. Instruments used are a Brewer MKIV spectrophotometer and a YES UVB-1 broadband pyranometer. Both instruments provided integrated daily values according with the Diffey spectrum although they have different measurement procedures. Data statistics from each instrument for the same period and statistical relationships between daily values from both instruments are shown. As broadband YES provided a record with fewer time gaps, analysis of UVI extreme values is performed using that instrument. The relationship between UVB values with ozone, cloudiness and visible radiation has been described in several papers for different places in the world. In this paper, those relationships are shown for Madrid. A discussion about specific problems found when trying to isolate every effective factor is also included. Some of those relationships could be helpful to retrieve UVB values from other ancillary data as visible radiation and cloudiness. Finally, a detailed study for 10 days in June 1997 when the maximum record of daily values from the present time series was obtained, highlight the close correlation between total ozone content and the daily variability of UVB for similar amounts of incoming radiation.     

青藏高原晴天太阳直接辐射的计算和分析

本文根据1979年5～8月青藏高原气象科学实验资料,研究了利用卡斯特洛夫公式计算青藏高原晴天太阳直接辐射的有关问题。首先从原始资料中挑选出晴天太阳直接辐射并计算其日平均辐照度,然后以此为标准,利用迭代法反求可能太阳直接辐射日平均辐照度理论公式中的系数C,建立该系数与平均水汽压的经验公式,再利用经验式反演晴天太阳直接辐射。本文还比较了由乌克兰英采夫法确定的可能太阳直接辐射与实际晴天太阳直接辐射的差异,证实前者要比后者偏大,其偏离程度随站点拔海高度增加而缩小。文中最后讨论了青藏高原晴天太阳直接辐射日平均辐照度的地理分布,并分析了其随拔海高度的变化。     

1961～2009年我国地面太阳辐射变化特征及云对其影响的研究

基于我国100个地面站点的地面太阳总辐射、日平均云量资料分析1961～2009年我国地面太阳辐射(Surface Solar Radiation,SSR)变化特征及云在不同时期对SSR的影响。结果显示:1961～2009年我国SSR经历了先下降后上升的变化过程,其中1961～1990年SSR显著下降("变暗"),下降速率为-4.3%/10 a(7.87 W m–2(10 a)–1),各地SSR变化趋势比较一致;1990年后SSR开始上升("变亮"),上升速率为2.8%/10 a(2.4 W m–2(10 a)–1),各地SSR变化趋势不如前一阶段一致,但没有显著的地域分布特征。晴空条件的设置对1961～1990年各站点SSR变化特征影响不大,仍为大范围下降("变暗"),但对1990～2009年的结果影响显著。相比全天空条件的结果,晴空条件下1990～2009年我国SSR变化有明显的南北特征,南方地区以"变亮"为主,而北方地区大多继续"变暗",但"变暗"速度减缓。1961～1990年我国总云量总体呈小幅下降趋势,下降速率很慢,这一时期总云量与全天空SSR没有很好的对应关系;1990～2009年我国总云量总体呈小幅上升趋势,有显著的南北分布差异,北方地区以上升趋势为主,南方地区以下降趋势为主,期间云量与全天空情况下SSR有很好的对应关系。这些结果表明,在"变暗"阶段,云对SSR的作用不显著,而在"变亮"阶段,云的作用变得较为突出。     

用卫星资料计算我国东部地区晴空太阳辐射

根据光的多次散射理论的离散纵标法，利用我国东南沿海地区探空站的资料，计算出不同高度上分谱段的太阳直接辐射和向上，向下散射辐射，与相应时刻的卫星测值（可见光，红外通道S－VISSR计数值）进行逐步回归拟合，建立晴空状况下卫星测值与大气中各高度太阳直接辐射和攻射辐射的统计模式，并将拟合方法进行稳定性检验，据此可以利用卫星资料计算各高度分谱段的太阳直接辐射和散射辐射。     

Effect of Macrophysical Parameters of Clouds on Broadband Solar Radiation (295-2800 nm) at a Subtropical Location

The present study describes the effect of clouds(macro-physical parameters) on global solar radiation(G).Data from four years of hourly measurements of G on a horizontal surface were used.These data were collected at the South Valley University(SVU) meteorological research station(26.2°N,32.7°E,96 m above mean see level.In addition,the cloud modification factor for G(CMFG) was estimated in three cases:high-level,mid-level,and low-level clouds.For every level,the variation of hourly CMFG as a function of cloud amount(CA) was illustrated.A third-order polynomial between hourly values of CMFG and CA was established.Furthermore,the effect of CA in the attenuation of G relative to its corresponding value in cloudless conditions is discussed.For cloud cover > 88%,G was reduced by 54%,34%,and 28% by low-,mid-,and high-level clouds,respectively.     

1961-2007年云南太阳总辐射时空变化特征

根据云南省7个辐射站太阳总辐射资料和113个台站日照百分率资料,建立了1961-2007年全省太阳总辐射时间序列,运用旋转主分量方法将全省分为4个区,并在此基础上研究云南太阳总辐射的时空分布和变化特征。结果表明：云南太阳总辐射呈中部多,西南部次之,东部及西北部少的分布特征。1961-2007年呈波段减少的变化趋势,线性倾向率为-0.64%/10a,其中中部及东部显著减少,西南部略有增加。其间出现两次突变,一次是1986年的显著减少,另一次是1993年以后的回升。分析表明,相对湿度和云量是影响太阳总辐射变化的主要气象因子。     

复杂地形对计算地表太阳短波辐射的影响

首先利用数字高程数据(DEM)、大气辐射传输模式6S以及野外观测资料计算了复杂地形(青藏高原)上地表入射太阳辐射,然后计算不考虑地形产生的地表辐射的计算误差,对误差进行归一化后得到相对辐射误差.结果显示,相对辐射误差的标准差(即相对地表辐射计算误差绝对值的统计平均值) Se随太阳天顶角的增加呈指数增长,随高度标准差的增加几乎呈线性增长,随数字高程数据的分辨率(或卫星资料的分辨率)降低而降低.利用分步拟合方法拟合了Se随太阳天顶角、高度标准差和数字高程分辨率的变化.利用拟合方程可以计算任意地形条件下,不同分辨率的卫星(或数字高程)资料在不同太阳天顶角情况下,不考虑地形复杂性产生的平均地表入射太阳辐射的计算误差,结果表明,使用中分辨率的卫星(如MODIS)资料计算地表太阳净辐射时,需要考虑地形复杂性.     

EVALUATION OF MODELS FOR ESTIMATION OF NET RADIATION FOR ALPINE SLOPING SURFACES

This paper describes and tests two models for estimating net radiation(or the radiation balance)on sloping surfacesof alpine environments.They are an empirical method based on the linear relationship between net radiation and globalsolar radiation and a flux-by-flux method involving the estimation of all the individual components of radiation budgetindependently.The results show that the empirical method is capable of predicting hourly net radiation on sloping sur-faces to within about±53 W m~(-2) under all sky conditions.During clear sky conditions,it could predict net radiation onslopes to within±58 W m~(-2) or 16% of the measured values.The flux-by-flux method,although it did not perform aswell as the empirical method,performed adequately and could give estimates of net radiation on slopes with root meansquare error of less than 74 W m~(-2)(20%)and a mean bias error of 27 W m~(-2)(7%).     

Ultraviolet radiation in the background region over Northeast China

Measurements of broadband global solar and ultraviolet radiation (UV-KZ) by a Kipp & Zonen radiometer from 2005 to 2011 at three sites in the background region over Northeast China were used to investigate the characteristics of the temporal variability of UV-KZ radiation in Northeast China. The highest annual mean daily values of UV-KZ (0.53 MJ m^?2 d^?1) were observed at Sanjiang and Changbai Mountain. The lowest value (0.49 MJ m^?2 d^?1) was measured at Hailun due to the high aerosol burden and the long path of solar radiation. The diurnal variation in UV-KZ radiation on four clear days near the equinoxes and solstices exhibited bell-shaped curves, with a maximum at approximately noon. There was little difference in UV-KZ radiation between representative spring and autumn days except that the amount of UV-KZ radiation during the spring was higher than that during the autumn. The relationship between the maximum values of UV-KZ radiation and clearness index can be accurately demonstrated with three polynomial equations. An empirical estimation model suited for all weather conditions was developed using measurements collected at Hailun. The slope of the linear regression between the measured and modeled UV-KZ radiation was approximately 1, the intercept of the linear regression equation was near zero, and the relative error of the equation was less than 8.5 %. These validation results suggest that this model can accurately estimate the UV-KZ radiation based on more conventional measured radiation data. The empirical estimation model can also serve as a valuable method for the study of ecological processes in other regions.     

河北省太阳总辐射经验系数两种气候学计算方法的比较分析

利用河北省周边8个日射站逐月日照百分率资料和太阳总辐射资料,采用最小二乘法拟合经验系数a、b,然后分别通过纬度分区和反距离权重插值两种方法得到河北省142个测站的经验系数a、b,并据此求出河北省内四个具有辐射观测数据台站的总辐射值,对比分析了实测值与不同经验系数下总辐射估算值之间的差异。结果表明：纬度分区和反距离权重插值两种方法所建立的太阳总辐射量估算公式的模拟精度总体差别不大,但采用纬度分区法所得的经验系数,在计算太阳辐射年总量时与实际观测值更为接近,因此建议采用纬度分区法计算河北省各地太阳总辐射量。