Maintenance and development of the Ural high and its contribution to severe cold wave activities in winter 2020/21

2020年底至2021年初,连续两次强寒潮入侵中国东部地区,导致大范围强降温.本文研究这两次寒潮的特征和形成机理.主要结果如下:从2020年12月中旬到2021年1月中旬,乌拉尔山地区维持一宽阔的高压脊.脊前北风的维持和加强导致局地斜压性增加,导致下游横槽槽底等高线梯度加大,冷平流加强,西伯利亚高压加强和向南扩张.准定...     

南京"2003.2.10"寒潮降温降雨(雪)天气过程初步分析

对2003年2月10日至11日发生在南京的一次寒潮降温降雨(雪)的主要影响系统，如阻塞高压、高空槽、横槽、中低层暖式切变线、地面冷锋以及地面暖低压倒槽等进行了描述和分析，并对某些物理量进行了分析。分析得出：这次寒潮降温降雨(雪)天气是在高空500hPa乌拉尔山阻塞高压崩溃、巴尔喀什湖至准噶尔盆地的横槽转竖，冷空气从西北路径东移南下，中低层冷槽与暖式切变线接合以及地面冷锋切入暖低压倒槽等天气系统的作用下发生的，并归纳出此类天气预报的指示系统，对于做好寒潮天气预报具有指导作用。     

Blocking features for two types of cold events in East Asia

Cold air outbreaks (CAOs) always hit East Asia during boreal winter and have significant impacts on human health and public transport. The amplitude and route of CAOs are closely associated with blocking circulations over the Eurasian continent. Two categories of CAOs are recognized, namely, the ordinary cold wave events (CWEs) and the extensive and persistent extreme cold events (EPECEs), with the latter having even stronger impacts. The blocking features associated with these two types of CAOs and their differences are investigated in this study on the intraseasonal timescale. What these two CAOs do have in common is that they are both preceded by the intensification and recurrence of a blocking high over the midlatitude North Atlantic. The difference between these events is primarily reflected on the spatial scale and duration of the corresponding blocking high. During the CWEs, blocking occurs around the Ural Mountains, and exhibits a regional feature. The resulting cold air temperature persists for only up to 8 days. In contrast, during the EPECEs, the blocking region is quite extensive and is not only confined around the Ural Mountains but also extends eastward into Northeast Asia in a southwest–northeast orientation. As a result, the cold air tends to accumulate over a large area and persists for a much longer time. The blocking activity is primarily induced by an increased frequency and eastward extension of the synoptic anticyclonic Rossby wave breaking (AWB). Compared with the CWEs, characterized by a regional and short-lived synoptic AWB frequency, the EPECEs tend to be accompanied by more recurrent and eastward extensions of the synoptic AWB.     

Influence of Major Stratospheric Sudden Warming on the Unprecedented Cold Wave in East Asia in January 2021

An unprecedented cold wave intruded into East Asia in early January 2021 and led to record-breaking or historical extreme low temperatures over vast regions.This study shows that a major stratospheric sudden warming(SSW)event at the beginning of January 2021 exerted an important influence on this cold wave.The major SSW event occurred on 2 January 2021 and subsequently led to the displacement of the stratospheric polar vortex to the East Asian side.Moreover,the SSW event induced the stratospheric warming signal to propagate downward to the mid-to-lower troposphere,which not only enhanced the blocking in the Urals-Siberia region and the negative phase of the Arctic Oscillation,but also shifted the tropospheric polar vortex off the pole.The displaced tropospheric polar vortex,Ural blocking,and another downstream blocking ridge over western North America formed a distinct inverted omega-shaped circulation pattern(IOCP)in the East Asia-North Pacific sector.This IOCP was the most direct and impactful atmospheric pattern causing the cold wave in East Asia.The IOCP triggered a meridional cell with an upward branch in East Asia and a downward branch in Siberia.The meridional cell intensified the Siberian high and low-level northerly winds,which also favored the invasion of the cold wave into East Asia.Hence,the SSW event and tropospheric circulations such as the IOCP,negative phase of Arctic Oscillation,Ural blocking,enhanced Siberian high,and eastward propagation of Rossby wave eventually induced the outbreak of an unprecedented cold wave in East Asia in early January 2021.     

The development of a powerful Mongolian cyclone on 14–15 March 2021: Eddy energy analysis

Intense and extensive dust, caused by a strong Mongolian cyclone, hit Mongolia and northern China on 14–15 March 2021. In this study, the development process of this cyclone is analysed from the perspective of high-frequency eddy energetics. During the low-frequency circulation field of early March of 2021, an amplified polar vortex intruding towards central Asia and a ridge straddling eastern and northeastern Asia worked in concert to comprise a strong baroclinic zone from central Asia to Lake Baikal. Under these favourable conditions, on 13 March, a migratory trough triggered the Mongolian cyclone by crossing over the Sayan Mountains. The downwards transfer of kinetic energy from the eddy at 850 hPa played a key role in the intensification and mature stage of the cyclone. This mechanism was primarily completed by the cold air sinking behind the cold front. The frontal cyclone wave mechanism became crucial once the cyclone started to rapidly develop. The authors emphasize that the anomalously large growth of high-frequency available potential energy, which characterized this super strong cyclone, was obtained by extracting energy first from the time-mean available potential energy and then from the low-frequency available potential energy. The interannual temperature anomaly pattern of “north cold south warm” facilitated the additional time-mean available potential energy, and the temperature anomaly pattern of “northwest cold southeast warm” conditioned the extra low-frequency available potential energy. The analysis results suggest that the interaction between high- and low-frequency waves was also important in the development of the intense cyclone.摘要2021年3月14-15日, 强蒙古气旋引起的大范围强沙尘天气袭击了蒙古国和中国北方地区. 本文从高频涡动能量学的角度分析了这一超强气旋的发展过程. 2021年3月初, 加强的极涡向中亚伸入, 并与横跨东亚和东北亚的一个大型脊协同作用, 由此形成了从中亚到贝加尔湖地区的强大斜压带. 在这一有利的低频环流条件下, 3月13日一个移动性小槽越过萨彦岭后触发了蒙古气旋. 850 hPa涡旋动能的下传在气旋的加强和成熟阶段起到了关键作用. 而这一机制主要由冷锋后侧的冷空气下沉过程完成. 一旦气旋开始快速发展, 锋面气旋波机制就变得至关重要.我们强调, 高频涡动有效位能是首先从时间平均有效势能中提取能量, 然后从低频有效位能中汲取能量而剧烈增长的, 这正是该超强气旋的鲜明特征. “北冷南暖”的近地面温度气候异常型为时间平均有效位能的增多和向高频涡动有效位能的转换提供了条件, 而“西北冷东南暖”的温度异常型则有利于低频有效位能的增加和向高频涡动有效位能的转换. 分析结果表明, 高低频波之间的相互作用对蒙古气旋的增强也很重要.     

秋季喀拉海海冰对2020和2021年12月京津冀冷暖反相的影响

2020/2021和2021/2022年冬季京津冀气温呈明显相反的季节内变化特征,前者前冬气温异常偏低后冬偏高,而后者前冬气温极端偏高后冬转冷。这两年前冬冷暖反相的直接原因是亚洲冬季风环流异常。2020年12月欧亚地区为典型的经向环流,西伯利亚高压偏强,乌拉尔山高压脊亦偏强,造成京津冀上空对流层中低层气温一致性偏低,而2021年12月环流形势相反。这两年冬季均处在拉尼娜背景下,但夏秋季喀拉海海冰异常有明显差异,可能是京津冀这两年前冬气温异常相反潜在的外强迫信号。统计和个例分析结果均表明,喀拉海海冰偏多易导致前冬西伯利亚高压偏弱,青藏高原地区海平面气压和亚洲大陆中纬度地区500 hPa位势高度均为正距平,不利于冷空气活动,造成2021/2022年前冬京津冀气温偏高,反之海冰偏少造成2020/2021年前冬偏冷。     

中国冬季地面气温10～30d低频变化及其与乌拉尔山环流的关系

基于国家气象信息中心冬季(12月—次年2月)逐日气温和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,采用非滤波方法提取10~30 d低频成分,分析了1979—2011年中国低频气温及与之关联的大气环流特征,着重讨论了乌拉尔山环流对中国冬季地面低频气温的影响。结果表明:1)全国气温第一模态呈现全国大部偏冷(暖)的空间分布型;典型年气温10~30 d低频方差贡献率占30%以上。2)北大西洋到极地、乌拉尔山及贝加尔湖地区环流异常与中国冬季气温异常显著相关。当极涡偏弱或北大西洋涛动(North Atlantic Oscillation,NAO)正异常,乌拉尔山地区高压脊偏强时,有利于地面贝加尔湖附近的冷高压加强,使中国冬季气温偏冷;反之亦然。3)中国冬季低频气温与乌拉尔山环流密切相关,且当乌拉尔山环流异常超前约15 d时,两者相关关系最好。即乌拉尔山高度场的加强有利于乌拉尔山高压脊及西伯利亚高压加强,对应东亚冬季风加强,导致中国冬季气温偏低。     

2011/2012年冬季寒潮低频特征及其与500 hPa低频系统的耦合关系

利用NCEP/NCAR的逐日再分析资料和国家气象信息中心的常规观测站温度资料,首先分析了2011/2012年冬季中国低温异常过程中的两次典型寒潮过程和全国828个站平均温度低频振荡的变化特征,然后分析了温度场低频振荡随位相的演变,最后采用SVD（Singular Value Decomposition）方法研究了北半球中高纬度对流层中层低频环流系统配置对温度低频变化的影响。结果表明：1）2011/2012年冬季的寒潮和强降温过程是在全国区域平均温度存在较强的10～30 d低频振荡的背景下发生的,中国的北方和东南部地区温度的低频振荡较强是导致其降温显著的主要原因之一。2）SVD分析的第一模态显示,亚洲-西太平洋中低纬度与中高纬度的南北两支低频波列在东亚地区耦合,使我国中东部和东南部地区处于沿偏东路径南下的强冷空气中;第二模态显示,沿着喀拉海-乌拉尔山东侧-我国西部的低频波列引导源地冷空气沿西北路径南下相继影响我国西北和东北地区。这两个模态驱动了强度大、范围广的低频温度由升高向降低变化的振荡,是导致2011/2012年冬季寒潮发生和极端低温事件出现的环流系统。     

2011/2012年冬季我国异常低温特征及可能成因分析

2011/2012年冬季,我国大部气温异常偏低,全国平均气温仅有-4.8℃,为1986年以来最低值,同时我国内蒙古、新疆、西藏和陕西一些地区日最低气温均突破历史极值。本文利用1951—2010年的中国台站气温资料及NCEP再分析资料对冬季气温异常偏低的原因分析后表明,2011/2012年东亚冬季风异常偏强造成了我国气温大范围异常偏低。异常偏强的东亚冬季风环流系统也表现为:对流层低层西伯利亚地区为异常冷高压控制,对流层中高层从乌拉尔山到贝加尔湖地区上空阻塞异常偏强,东亚大槽异常偏深。进一步的分析表明,2011年冬季时期赤道中东太平洋地区出现的La Nina事件可能是造成东亚冬季风系统异常的原因之一。     

冬季大范围持续性极端低温事件与欧亚大陆大型斜脊斜槽系统研究进展

本文总结了近年来关于我国冬季大范围持续性极端低温事件（EPECE）及其对应的欧亚大陆大型斜脊斜槽系统的研究成果。EPECE和普通寒潮是冬季影响我国的两类不同时间尺度大型冷空气活动,对它们的异同点进行梳理和深入理解是非常必要的。最新研究进展可概括为如下:（1）基于极端低温站点的范围和极端低温过程的持续性特点,客观界定了我国冬季EPECE。近年来的研究表明,欧亚大陆大型斜脊斜槽系统是冬季EPECE形成和维持的主要关键环流系统。同时,鉴于大型斜脊斜槽系统的重要应用意义,建立了客观识别方法。（2）从前兆信号、环流演变、阻塞高压和反气旋式波破碎活动的角度,揭示了EPECE和普通寒潮事件之间的关键区别。全国类EPECE的发生具有一周之前的前兆信号,而普通寒潮并不存在这么早的前兆信号。EPECE以从乌拉尔山到东北亚的广阔区域的阻塞高压活动为关键特征,而普通寒潮则主要以区域性阻塞高压为其主要特征。这两类事件对应的阻塞高压活动的差异可由天气尺度波破碎活动的差异加以解释。（3）最新的研究解释了大型斜脊斜槽系统形成和维持的动力学机理。基本流场对位涡扰动的正压作用是大型斜脊斜槽系统的形成和维持最重要的动力学机制。基本流场通过变形场作功和线性平流使大型扰动维持和向下游发展。与阻塞高压不同,非线性作用并非大型斜脊斜槽系统维持的主要原因。     

我国南方两次低温雨雪事件天气成因对比分析

2018年和2021年末我国南方分别发生了一次大范围的低温雨雪天气,对生活、生产造成了严重影响,因此对比分析这两次低温雨雪天气成因具有重要意义。结果表明：两次过程期间,对流层中层中高纬阻塞流场显著,阻高位于贝加尔湖西侧,脊前偏北气流在下游横槽后部堆积,使得西伯利亚高压强度增强。东传的Rossby波在阻高区域发生能量频散,利于阻高减弱、崩溃,横槽转竖引导槽后冷空气南下,导致地面强烈降温,同时在西伯利亚高压东侧和南侧,低频风温度平流是造成强降温的主要原因。低纬南支槽活跃,向北的暖湿空气与中高纬南下的冷空气汇合,造成我国南方大范围的低温雨雪、冻雨天气。与2018年过程相比,2021年过程持续时间较短,降水范围小,关键区降温幅度更大,是因为2021年过程期间Rossby波能量频散更快,阻高维持时间较短,冷空气从中高纬地区直接南下侵袭我国,而2018年冷空气在贝加尔湖附近发生堆积、西折,向南渗透时势力减弱。     

Relationship between the Late Spring NAO and Summer Extreme Precipitation Frequency in the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River

The relationship between the late spring North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and the summer extreme precipitation frequency (EPF) in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River Valley (MLYRV) is examined using an NECP/NCAR reanalysis dataset and daily precipitation data from 74 stations in the MLYRV. The results show a significant negative correlation between the May NAO index and the EPF over the MLYRV in the subsequent summer. In positive EPF index years, the East Asian westerly jet shifts farther southward, and two blocking high positive anomalies appear over the Sea of Okhotsk and the Ural Mountains. These anomalies are favorable to the cold air from the mid-high latitudes invading the Yangtze River Valley (YRV). The moisture convergence and the ascending motion dominate the MLYRV. The above patterns are reversed in negative EPF index years. A wave train pattern that originates from the North Atlantic extends eastward to the Mediterranean and then moves to the Tibetan Plateau and from there to the YRV, which is an important link in the May NAO and the summer extreme precipitation in the MLYRV. The wave train may be aroused by the tripole pattern of the SST, which can explain why the May NAO affects the summer EPF in the MLYRV.     

四川省两次区域性寒潮天气过程对比分析

本文利用NCEP 1°×1°逐6小时再分析资料和实况观测资料,运用天气分析和物理量诊断的方法,对四川省两次冬季区域性寒潮天气过程进行了对比分析,结果表明:(1)两次过程均属于中亚横槽型寒潮(N型),前期欧亚中高纬度地区环流径向度加大,乌拉尔山阻高强烈发展,后期横槽转竖东移引导冷空气南下,南下冷空气与南支槽前西南气流交汇入侵四川盆地,造成寒潮过程;(2)过程发生前,盆地大部地区基础温度较历史同期偏高,利于气温进一步下降;(3)西南急流能够将水汽不断向盆地内输送,连续的降水对气温下降起到了加强作用,是造成强降温的原因之一;(4)850hPa强冷平流是寒潮过程的关键因素,冷平流的移动路径和强度中心与过程降温地区有很好的对应。      

冬季乌拉尔山阻塞与东亚冬季风的联系分析

利用美国国家环境预报中心和美国大气科学研究中心(NCEP/NCAR)1948/1949~2012/2013年的逐日再分析资料,从年际变化和季节内演变两种时间尺度分析了冬季乌拉尔山阻塞与东亚冬季风的联系。结果表明,从年际变化角度,东亚冬季风综合指数(EAWMII)与冬季乌拉尔山阻塞频数显著相关,且两者的线性趋势与周期一致。当乌拉尔山阻塞频繁发生时,对流层中层西伯利亚反气旋异常,东亚大槽加深;对流层低层表现为贝加尔湖及东亚沿岸北风显著加强,中亚和东亚大部分地区地表温度降低,东亚冬季风较常年加强。乌拉尔山阻塞的由强盛到崩溃的过程对应着西伯利亚高压由加强到减弱东移的季节内演变,850 h Pa风场对应为异常北风由贝加尔湖以北逐渐影响至低纬度菲律宾以东的演变特征。     

鲁西北罕见的秋季连阴雨环流特征分析

利用常规天气图资料和NCEP提供的1°×1°FNL分析场资料等,分析了2007年9月26日至10月7日鲁西北秋季连阴雨期间大尺度环流及物理量特征.分析表明,连阴雨期间,亚欧上空大型环流相对稳定,乌拉尔山附近维持一稳定的阻塞高压,西太平洋副热带高压异常偏强,低纬地区热带气旋活动频繁,南亚高压和副热带急流位置明显偏北,亚洲中纬度多短波槽东移,700hPa鲁西北及其北侧多维持切变线,与副热带高压西北侧的西南暖湿气流在黄河中、下游一带持续相互作用,形成了长达12天的阴雨天气.     

一次北半球中高纬度地区冬季气象灾害分析

利用NOAA和NCDC原始资料,诊断分析了2007—2008年一次冬季大规模冰冻雨雪灾害天气,重点讨论了各地的阻塞高压(下称阻高)与这次灾害性天气产生原因之间的联系,并通过Rossby波的传播和发展对阻高的影响,分析了阻高产生的原因及在这次天气过程中的作用。结果表明,乌拉尔山阻高和鄂霍次克海阻高的共同作用,阻挡了来自极地冷气流的大股南下,使得来自北方的小股冷空气被阻高分离,南支气流南下与来自副热带高压的暖湿气流交汇,造成降温和持续性降雪,而随着冷平流的输入使阻高原地崩溃,东欧暖平流使阻高西侧新生高压脊发展成新的阻高。北美阻高随着地形作用也导致2007年底美国大部分地区和加拿大东部地区遭受暴风雪的袭击。Rossby波的传播与演变促使了阻高的形成,极涡南移过程中也造成这些地区的大雪和暴雪,阻高的调整(崩溃和重建)导致强冷空气的爆发。     

我国南方低温雨雪冰冻灾害期间阻塞高压异常特征分析

利用NCEP/NCAR 2.5°×2.5°再分析资料和PV-θ阻高指数,分析了2008年初我国南方发生的低温雨雪冰冻灾害。结果表明,欧亚大陆3个关键区的阻塞高压(简称阻高)在此次灾害发生的环流背景中起着非常重要的作用,并存在异常特征。与1950—2008年历史同期相比,2008年初乌拉尔山和贝加尔湖阻高发生的日数显著偏多,而鄂霍茨克海地区无阻高发生;乌拉尔山阻高的强度偏强,而贝加尔湖阻高的强度则偏弱;乌拉尔山地区最大PV-θ阻高指数发生的位置比大多数年份偏东,而贝加尔湖地区最大PV-θ阻高指数发生的位置比大多数年份偏西,这种位置的异常特征说明此次我国南方低温雨雪冰冻灾害期间欧亚大陆关键区阻高在位置上很集中。3个关键区的阻高在发生日数、强度以及位置上异常特征的共同配置,使得分裂出的小槽活动偏多,造成冷空气活动频繁并不断南下补给,加之此时的异常环流特征,共同造成这次低温雨雪冰冻灾害。     

Reversal of monthly East Asian winter air temperature in 2020/21 and its predictability

在全球变暖的背景下,近年来东亚冬季气温存在复杂的季节内变化.本文研究了2020/21年东亚冬季气温的月际转折及可预测性.结果 表明,2020/21年东亚冬季气温前冬(2020年12月-2021年1月中旬)偏冷,后冬(2021年1月中旬-2月)偏暖.西伯利亚高压强度在前冬和后冬也出现转折变化.在前冬,由于2020年9月巴...     

初夏东北冷涡活动异常与北半球环流低频变化

本文在典型个例分析的基础上, 揭示了初夏东北冷涡活动显著异常与北半球环流低频变化之间的联系及其可能机理。主要结果为: (1) 初夏东北冷涡活动显著异常与上游乌拉尔山附近和下游日本附近的持续性异常环流相对应。冷涡异常多年, 在向下游频散Rossby波能量和瞬变涡动强迫过程的共同作用下, 乌拉尔山附近盛行阻塞型环流。它一方面使极地冷空气向东北地区移动, 另一方面通过Rossby波能量的传播, 使东北冷涡活动加强。冷涡异常少年的环流情况则基本相反。 (2) 谐波分析和低频振荡分析表明, 在冷涡异常多 (少) 年的5～6月, 东北地区正 (负) 涡度位相占优, 这与北太平洋超长波槽西退 (东进) 相对应。长波在北太平洋-北美-大西洋地区呈驻波型, 与Rossby波能量传播匹配, 亦有利于乌拉尔山附近的异常环流得以长时间维持。 (3) 5月份, 乌拉尔山附近的异常环流信号对初夏东北冷涡活动的显著异常具有前兆性意义。     

Decadal variation of the Northern Hemisphere Annular Mode and its influence on the East Asian trough

We analyze the decadal variation of the stratosphere troposphere coupled system around the year 2000 by using the NCEP reanalysis-2 data.Specifically,the relationship between the Northern Hemisphere Annular Mode(NAM) and the tropospheric East Asian trough is investigated in order to find the effective stratospheric signals during cold air outbreaks in China.Statistical analyses and dynamic diagnoses both indicate that after 2000,increased stratospheric polar vortex disturbances occur and the NAM is mainly in negative phase.The tropospheric polar areas are directly affected by the polar vortex,and in the midlatitudes,the Ural blocking high and East Asian trough are more active,which lead to enhanced cold air activities in eastern and northern China.Further investigation reveals that under this circulation pattern,downward propagations of negative NAM index are closely related to the intensity variation of the East Asian trough.When negative NAM anomalies propagate down to the upper troposphere and reach a certain intensity(standardized NAM index less than 1),they result in apparent reinforcement of the East Asian trough,which reaches its maximum intensity about one week later.The northerly wind behind the trough transports cold air southward and eastward,and the range of influence and the intensity are closely associated with the trough location.Therefore,the NAM index can be used as a measure of the signals from the disturbed stratosphere to give some indication of cold air activities in China.