关于夏季南亚高压的进一步研究Ⅰ.与我国西北地区降水关系的统计分析

为了进一步统一分析夏季１００ｈＰａ南亚高压脊线和中心位置与西北地区降水的关系，利用１９７０～１９８５年７～８月逐日历史天气图及降雨量等资料，统计了南亚高压脊线和中心活动的基本特征；划分了逐日东、西部型及带状型南亚高压及持续的东、西部型南亚高压过程，还区分了西北区东、西部的多雨、少雨日。结果表明：南亚高压脊线和中心位置（特别是持续的东、西部型南亚高压过程）与西北区东、西部多雨和少雨过程有密切联系     

关于夏季南亚高压的进一步研究：I.与我国西北地区降水关系的统计分析

为了进一步统一分析夏季１００ｈＰａ南亚高压脊线和中心位置与西北地区降水的关系，利用１９７０～１９８５年７～８月逐日历史天气图及降雨量等资料，统计了南亚高压脊线和中心活动的基本特征，划分了逐日东，西部型及带状型南亚高压及持续的东，西部型南亚及压过程，还区分了西北区东，西部的多雨，少雨日，结果表明：南亚高压脊线和中心位置（特别是持续的东，西部东型南亚高压过程）与西北区东，西部多雨和少雨过程有密切联系。     

全球大气运动应遵循的拓扑定理

地面天气图上的等压线斑图是空间压力曲面的廓线。全球压力曲面是凸凹不平的球面。压力曲面的峰、谷和通道（pass）对应于天气图上的高压中心、低压中心和鞍点（saddle;两个高压或两个低压间的通道）。尽管空间压力曲面的凸凹不平的位置随时间变化,相应的天气图上的高低压位置也不断变化,天气也随之变化,但是全球压力曲面的欧拉示性数（Euler characteristic）却是一个拓扑不变数,这个不变量就是球面的欧拉示性数为2。拓扑学的莫尔斯（Morse）定理,用大气学科的语言讲就是天气图上的（高压数目）+（低压数目）-（鞍点数目）=2。若将其推广到任何闭合曲面、任何奇点,则广义上称为庞加莱（Poincare）-霍普夫（Hopf）定理。显然,这个定理对天气预报有重大意义。本文列出了经向流、纬向流、单圈环流和三圈环流等例子。广大气象学工作者不但要知道大气运动应遵守流体力学的纳维-司托克斯（Navier-Stokes）方程,还要知道全球大气运动要遵循拓扑上的庞加莱-霍普夫定理。     

驻马店主汛期大暴雨时间分布及影响系统

利用本区1960－2000年历史资料和天气图资料，对驻马店市主汛期（6－8月）出现的大暴雨进行分型统计，得出大暴雨的时间分布特征、起止时间、维持时间及主要影响系统。     

分段多次填图程序设计及对原程序的几点改进

分段多次填图程序设计及对原程序的几点改进李惠敏，马志强（赤峰市气象局）地面天气图是天气预报的基本资料和重要依据。提供准确、及时、清晰的地面天气图，无疑是搞好天气分析预报的重要环节。微波线路的开通以及实现计算机自动填图，很大程度上提高了地面天气图的质量...     

丰、歉梅雨年热带大气环流的异常特征

运用欧洲中期数值天气预报中心的格点资料，天气图和ＯＬＲ资料，计算和分析了１９８０－９１９２年中丰（５年）、歉（５年）和正常（３年）梅雨年各年梅雨中低纬度地区的各种场和距平场，主要天气活动，发现：它们的平均流场和距平场、垂直线环流、副高脊线和ＩＴＣＺ位置、相对湿度场、垂直运动场以及ＯＬＲ场均有重大差异。     

高低压中心、槽线识别的初步试验

利用经过截取处理的欧亚范围的欧洲格点数据，通过运算转化为屏幕网格资料，采用逐点追踪方法绘制等压线，运用统计识别法和模糊识别技术，结合实测风场订正，对高低压中心和槽线进行分析识别。试验结果表明，计算机能基本准确的识别出高低压中心及槽线，且速度比人工快得多，从而可做为人工智能工作站的一相接口，并为天气图的客观化和自动化分析作了初步尝试。     

2003年6月19～20日河南省强风暴天气分析

从大尺度天气形势、省区域小天气图、物理量场、层结稳定度等方面，分析了2003年6月19～20日河南区域强风暴天气过程的成因，并从反射率因子和平均径向速度场上分析了雷达回波的演变和典型特征，特别是超级单体回波典型特征及移动特征、外流边界(弧状云线)回波特征等，找出了两次过程的异同点。     

多形集在数据库文件中的作用

多形集在数据库文件中的作用王侠飞，王晓明（吉林省气象台）１问题的提出在吉林省智能暴雨预报系统中（以下简称预报系统），通过计算机对天气图形的识别，采集一些表征天气系统特征的数据，如高低中心、槽线脊线、切变线、冷暖平流以及锋区急流等等，这些特征数据与一定...     

中国南极考察的业务天气预报

中国南极考察活动的业务天气服务始于１９８４年，这种天气服务包括为南极长城站、中山站以及南大洋考察提供天气预报及服务。中国气象人员在南极现场利用南极气象中心发出的传真天气图（实况和预报），极轨气象卫星云图，并考虑当地单站气象要素演变及统计预报结果进行天气预报，为中国南极考察活动作出了贡献。     

用地理信息系统改进热带气旋的客观定位精度

基于地理信息系统(Geographic Information System，简称GIS)技术，初步建立了一个能集成多种数据资料和多种算法的热带气旋(Tropical Cyclone，简称TC)客观定位系统。其中不同卫星及同一卫星不同波段资料(如Quikscat洋面风场、云顶亮温等)的矢量及栅格信息的叠加和分析功能，有助于从多个侧面揭示TC的结构特征；而多种定位方法(如云图形态分析法、云顶亮温极值法、洋面风场涡度极值法、数学形态学算法等)的客观化及其综合运用的实现，不仅可以减小TC定位过程中的随机(人为)误差，而且能提高TC定位工作的效率。利用该系统对编号为0203，0209，0212，0417和0419的5个TC进行的定位试验结果表明:利用该系统进行TC定位的精度与目前业务定位精度相当，具有良好业务应用前景。     

Formation and Development of a Mountain-induced Secondary Center inside Typhoon Morakot(2009)

The structural evolution of Typhoon Morakot(2009) during its passage across Taiwan was investigated with the WRF model. When Morakot approached eastern Taiwan, the low-level center was gradually filled by the Central Mountain Range(CMR), while the outer wind had flowed around the northern tip of the CMR and met the southwesterly monsoon to result in a strong confluent flow over the southern Taiwan Strait. When the confluent flow was blocked by the southern CMR, a secondary center(SC) without a warm core formed over southwestern Taiwan. During the northward movement of the SC along the west slope of the CMR, the warm air produced within the wake flow over the northwestern CMR was continuously advected into the SC, contributing to the generation of a warm core inside the SC. Consequently, a well-defined SC with a warm core, closed circulation and almost symmetric structure was produced over central western Taiwan, and then it coupled with Morakot's mid-level center after crossing the CMR to reestablish a new and vertically stacked typhoon. Therefore, the SC inside Morakot was initially generated by a dynamic interaction among the TC's cyclonic wind, southwesterly wind and orographic effects of the CMR, while the thermodynamic process associated with the downslope adiabatic warming effect documented by previous studies supported its development to be a well-defined SC. In summary, the evolution of the SC in this study is not in contradiction with previous studies, but just a complement, especially in the initial formation stage.     

北极涛动与北大西洋涛动的低频变化特征

本文主要利用小波分析方法研究北极涛动(AO)和北大西洋涛动(NAO)的低频变化和周期特征。结果表明:AO在1965年以前有准两年周期振荡,1975年后转为准8 a周期和准16 a周期;NAO也存在相似的周期转变,但其准8 a周期出现在60年代末到1976年前后,并且没有明显的准16 a周期;AO和NAO准8 a周期的交叉小波能谱在1975年前后达到极大值,这与北半球气候突变时间基本吻合。另外,AO和NAO模态的北大西洋中心在1975年后表现出不同程度的东移,AO中心移到地中海地区,且太平洋中心明显增强,使其纬向对称的环形模态较突变前更显著。     

2010年国内外3种数值预报在东北地区的预报检验

对中国国家气象中心T639数值预报、德国降水预报和欧洲中心（ECMWF）数值预报中对中国东北地区的降水、温度和环流模式的预报结果,分别进行检验。结果表明：降水预报中,德国降水预报对中国东北地区的晴雨预报、一般性降水预报效果较好,但T639数值预报的漏报率明显低于德国降水预报,而T639数值预报中24-120 h暴雨预报的TS评分明显高于德国降水预报。温度预报中,T639数值预报对中国东北地区温度预报72 h内基本可用;欧洲中心（ECMWF）数值预报在96 h内效果较好。对于24 h的温度预报准确率,T639数值预报稍高于ECMWF数值预报结果。环流模式方面：48h内T639预报效果好于ECMWF,72 h以后ECMWF预报效果好于T639。     

The Anomalous European Climates Linked to Different Euro-Atlantic Blocking

The impact on temperature and precipitation anomalies over the European continent of the different action centers of blocking events in the Euro-Atlantic sector was investigated. It was found that the position of the blocking action center in the Euro-Atlantic region seems to dominate European climates. When the center of the blocking action is in the Greenland region, there is a strong negative temperature anomaly over Central and Northern Europe, as well as a strong positive precipitation anomaly over southern Europe. However, there tends to be a strong negative temperature anomaly in the west （east） part of Europe when the center of the blocking action is shifted to the Eastern Atlantic and west Europe （east Europe）. In particular, when the blocking action center is closer to the European continent, the fall in temperature becomes more evident over Central and south Europe than over other regions. Moreover, it was found that when the region where the blocking action center exists changes from the Eastern Atlantic and west Europe region to the east Europe region, the existing region of dominant positive precipitation anomalies varies from southwest Europe to southeast Europe and the Middle East.     

Study on Ozone Change over the Tibetan Plateau

This paper reviewed the main results with respect to the discovery of low center of total column ozone (TCO) over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) in summer, and its formation mechanism. Some important advances are summarized as follows: The fact is discovered that there is a TCO low center over the TP in summer, and the features of the background circulation over the TP are analyzed; it is confirmed that the TP is a pathway of mass exchange between the troposphere and stratosphere, and it influences the TCO low center over the TP in summer; models reproduce the TCO low center over the TP in summer, and the formation mechanism is explored; in addition, the analyses and diagnoses of the observation data indicate that not only there is the TCO low center over the TP in summer, but also TCO decrease trend over the TP is one of the strong centers of TCO decrease trend in the same latitude; finally, the model predicts the future TCO change over the TP.     

利用云导风矢量的台风中心自动定位

文中提出了一种利用云导风矢量图进行台风中心自动定位的方法。云导风矢量通过对具有一定时间间隔的两幅相关卫星云图进行模板匹配而得出。模板匹配就是根据已知模式的图像在一幅陌生图像中寻找对应于该模式的子图像的过程。根据气象知识 ,台风云系运动的特点是中心平移量大而自旋很弱 ,且台风中心与台风云系整体的移动方向一致 ,因此求出云导风矢量图中与台风整体移动矢量大小和方向一致的矢量集合的最密集区 ,经过数学形态学处理后便得到台风中心     

全球变化背景下北半球冬季MJO传播的年代际变化

利用1979~2013年实时多要素MJO（Madden-Julian Oscillation）监测（RMM）指数,美国NOAA逐日长波辐射资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料等,分析了全球变化背景下北半球冬季MJO传播的年代际变化特征。从全球平均气温快速增暖期（1985~1997）到变暖趋缓期（2000~2012）,MJO 2~4位相频次减少,5~7位相频次增多,即MJO对流活跃区在热带印度洋地区停留时间缩短、传播速度加快,而在热带西太平洋停留时间加长、传播明显减缓。进一步分析发现,以上MJO的年代际变化特征与全球变化年代际波动有关。当太平洋年代际涛动（PDO）处于负位相时,全球变暖趋缓,热带东印度洋—西太平洋海温异常偏暖,使其上空对流加强,垂直上升运动加强,对流层低层辐合,大气中的水汽含量增多,该区域的湿静力能（MSE）为正异常。当MJO对流活跃区位于热带印度洋地区时,MJO异常环流对季节平均MSE的输送在强对流中心东侧为正、西侧为负,有利于东侧MSE扰动增加,使得MJO对流扰动东移加快;而当MJO对流活跃区在热带西太平洋地区,MJO异常环流对平均MSE的输送形成东负西正的形势,东侧MSE扰动减小,不利于MJO快速东传。因此,全球变化背景下PDO引起的大气中水汽含量及MSE的变化可能是MJO传播年代际变化的重要原因。     

MOIST POTENTIAL VORTICITY DIAGNOSIS OF A MEIYU FRONTAL HEAVY RAIN PROCESS SIMULATION DURING SUMMER, 1991

In this paper,the heavy rain process from June 30 to July 2,1991,has been simulated by MM4.and three-dimensional moist potential vorticity distribution of the simulation results has been calculated.It is shown that moist potential vorticity is an important physical variable to reveal heavy rain structure and dynamic mechanisms.Negative moist potential vorticity corresponds to the Meiyu front-wind shear line system and the negative center corresponds to the heavy rain center.Negative moist potential vorticity mainly attributes to the effects of meridional baroclinic term and convective unstable term.The former is favourable to the maintenance of zonal precipitation and the latter is the mechanism of the heavy rain center propagating along the rain belt.The heavy rain is contributed by the cooperative effects of conditional convective instability,baroclinic instability and upper air inertial instability.     

MOIST POTENTIAL VORTICITY DIAGNOSIS OF A MEIYU FRONTAL HEAVY RAIN PROCESS SIMULATION DURING SUMMER,1991

In this paper,the heavy rain process from June 30 to July 2,1991,has been simulated by MM4.and three-dimensional moist potential vorticity distribution of the simulation results has beencalculated.It is shown that moist potential vorticity is an important physical variable to reveal heavyrain structure and dynamic mechanisms.Negative moist potential vorticity corresponds to the Meiyufront-wind shear line system and the negative center corresponds to the heavy rain center.Negativemoist potential vorticity mainly attributes to the effects of meridional baroclinic term and convectiveunstable term.The former is favourable to the maintenance of zonal precipitation and the latter is themechanism of the heavy rain center propagating along the rain belt.The heavy rain is contributed bythe cooperative effects of conditional convective instability,baroclinic instability and upper air inertialinstability.