基于网格数据的内蒙古决策气象服务技术研究与实现

智能网格气象产品包括智能网格预报和cldasV2.0实况分析产品,将智能网格气象产品应用于决策气象服务,可提高内蒙古决策气象服务精细化水平。利用智能网格产品建立内蒙古地区决策气象服务敏感性分析启动阈值,采用动态数据库sql语句对智能网格格点预报数据和格点实况数据进行检测,当检测达到阈值后,自动启动制作决策气象服务材料。基于WebGis的Openlayers技术实现智能网格格点气象要素数据可视化动态展示和图形下载,根据需求设计自治区、盟市、旗县三级不同层级色斑图和格点图下载及预报图和实况图的自动生成；采用Postgres分布式集群数据库快速统计方法实现cldas2.0实况数据统计、计算和查询。     

基于雷达资料的上海地区暴雨面雨量计算及应用

根据上海地区小时雷达资料的定量降水估测(quantitative precipitation estimation,QPE)网格产品和经过质量控制的自动站雨量资料进行暴雨面雨量计算方法研究,计算方法为:将暴雨区内自动站周围9个网格点的QPE平均值作为自动站的雷达估测雨量,计算各测站雨量与雷达估测雨量的差值,用克里金插值方法将差值场插值到雷达降水估算产品相同的网格点上,再将网格点上残差插值数据加上网格点上雷达估测雨量,得到各网格点用自动站订正后的雷达估测小时雨量资料。文中24个典型暴雨各测站订正后QPE与实测雨量的平均绝对误差比订正前减小了27%;两个典型暴雨主要降水阶段经国家气象站资料订正后QPE与实测雨量的平均误差比订正前减小了33%～39%,暴雨过程总雨量经国家气象站资料订正后减小了34%～59%。根据以上方法得到的网格点雨量计算和绘制上海地区2007—2015年24个典型暴雨降水区域的小时面雨量值和图、过程面雨量值和图、行政区和水利片面雨量值和图。最后基于.NET Framework 4.0基础架构软件开发平台,使用Microsoft Visual Studio 2012和Microsoft Visual Studio软件开发工具制作"基于雷达资料暴雨面雨量自动化计算查询系统",供业务科研人员实时查询和计算。     

民航气象数据库资料在MICAPS工作平台上的应用

民航气象数据库自1999年正式运行以来,为航空气象预报提供了丰富的数值预报格点产品和图形产品,但格点数据GRIB码属变网格资料,需解码到标准网格点上,另外在数据库工作站上显示图形不直观某些要素也不能迭加,考虑到这点,民航西南空管局气象中心把民航数据库资料GRIB解码应用到MICAPS工作站上,解决了上述问题,使民航气象数据库资料得到了更广泛和直观的应用.     

气象要素场等值线图自动绘制

根据业务的特殊性研制的气象要素等值线图绘制软件,通过把离散站点自动连接成符合Delaunay特性的不规则三角形网格,自动生成的等值线符合人们手工绘制等值线规则,可以绘制气象要素和北太平洋海温等值线分布图,绘制海陆边界并填充颜色。通过自定义的坐标系,很好地解决了屏幕坐标与实际坐标之间的转换、地图投影的实现等问题。程序具有丰富的绘图功能,可以根据需要手工绘制各种矢量图形对象和插入图像对象,能修改对象属性,包括随意移动位置、改变大小等,可以设置各种对象的显示顺序,能设置对象为Alpha混合透明显示。图形对象实现矢量级别的无级缩放,实现精细打印功能,满足日益发展的业务需求。     

民航气象数据库资料在MICAPS工作平台上的应用

民航气象数据库自1999年正式运行以来，为航空气象预报提供了丰富的数值预报格点产品和图形产品，但格点数据GRIB码属变网格资料，需解码到标准网格点上，另外在数据库工作站上显示图形不直观某些要素也不能迭加，考虑到这点，民航西南空管局气象中心把民航数据库资料GRIB解码应用到MICAPS工作站上，解决了上述问题，使民航气象数据库资料得到了更广泛和直观的应用。     

初值化

数值天气预报模式的数值积分需要有包含因变量三维分布的初始条件.对于短期预报和中期预报来说,初始条件是根据某一特定时刻在全球所收集的观测资料得到的.这些资料需经过自动或手工处理,把气压(或温度)、水平风速和比湿的观测值内插到网格点上,成为网格点值.天气分析的这种自动过程称为客观分析.这样分析得的气压(或温度)和水平风速场通常并不适合作为原始方程模式的初始条件.如果气压和水平风速场在初始时刻未经过调整,则在数值积分过     

用GrADS实现东莞市地面气象要素的可视化显示

利用G rADS气象图形显示和分析系统软件,解决了地图底图的制作、格点网格的选取、边界的处理、汉字的显示以及图标的制作等G rADS绘图技术的难点,建立了东莞地面气象要素图形可视化显示系统。该系统可以应用于决策服务和其它的地市。     

Grads绘图软件在乡镇雨量网绘图中的应用

Grads绘图软件具有操作简单,功能强大,显示快捷,出图类型多样,图形美观等特点,是气象部门广泛使用的一种数据处理和图形显示软件系统。它可读取格点或站点气象资料,并进行加工处理,可实现等值线、流线、填图、地图、曲线等气象图形的绘制和显示,它还提供了一种解释型描述语言,可实现高级功能的开发,对气象数据进行计算、图形显示及输出。进行数据处理时,所有数据均被视为纬度、经度、层次、时间、物理量的五维场,而数据既可以是格点资料,也可以是站点资料(离散点资料)。同时Grads软件能较好地与其它编程软件进行集成,可以形成后台资料处理、图形绘制,前台人工交互、显示图形、打印输出,方便了台站各种资料的绘制,通过装入点阵汉字字库还可解决软件绘制图形时的中文标注的问题。     

气象场等值线自动绘制

文章介绍了气象场等值线的自动绘测，其中初始场资料的预处理是以极射投影为天气图底图，采用四点线性插值法把经纬度网格资料内插到直角坐标系中的矩形网格上，等值线的绘制采取矩形网格法，等值线的光滑处理使用三次B样条函数。     

气象资料稀少地区的客观分析方法

1 引言 天气图自动分析系统实时地接受来自于欧亚范围内的大量离散点观测资料,将这些不规则分布的离散点资料采用高斯加权函数等方法插值到事先规定好的矩形网格点上,根据网格点资料绘制天气图。但对于高原、海洋等资料稀     

Implementation of the Semi-Lagrangian Advection Scheme on a Quasi-Uniform Overset Grid on a Sphere

The semi-Lagrangian advection scheme is implemented on a new quasi-uniform overset （Yin-Yang） grid on the sphere. The Yin-Yang grid is a newly developed grid system in spherical geometry with two perpendicularly-oriented latitude-longitude grid components （called Yin and Yang respectively） that overlapp each other, and this effectively avoids the coordinate singularity and the grid convergence near the poles. In this overset grid, the way of transferring data between the Yin and Yang components is the key to maintaining the accuracy and robustness in numerical solutions. A numerical interpolation for boundary data exchange, which maintains the accuracy of the original advection scheme and is computationally efficient, is given in this paper. A standard test of the solid-body advection proposed by Williamson is carried out on the Yin-Yang grid. Numerical results show that the quasi-uniform Yin-Yang grid can get around the problems near the poles, and the numerical accuracy in the original semi-Lagrangian scheme is effectively maintained in the Yin-Yang grid.     

任意正交曲线坐标系下的海洋模式动力框架的发展与评估

本文发展了一个可以适用于任意水平正交曲线坐标系的海洋模式动力框架,并将其应用于中国科学院大气物理研究所大气科学和地球流体力学数值模拟国家重点实验室发展的气候系统海洋模式LICOM2.0（LASG/IAP Climate system Ocean Model,version2.0）。在经纬网格坐标系下,新的动力框架与LICOM2.0原有的动力框架模拟结果完全一致。基于新的动力框架,海洋模式可采用能够准确描述北冰洋地形的三极网格,克服了LICOM2.0经纬网格版本必须将北极点处理为孤岛的缺陷,从而显著改进了模式对于北冰洋环流和北大西洋经圈翻转流函数（AMOC）的模拟能力。此外,引进三极网格还可以避免模式网格距随纬度增加而急剧减小带来的计算不稳定,在LICOM2.0的三极网格版本中,模式不需要采用任何空间滤波方案仍然能够保证计算的稳定性,从而与LICOM2.0的经纬网格版本相比,极大地提高了模式的并行效率,这一点在当水平分辨率提高到0.1度时表现得尤为明显,海洋模式的并行加速比可以从经纬网格版本的5.8左右提高到三极网格版本的15.0左右。     

多普勒雷达资料同化的稀疏化方式对暴雨过程的影响研究

利用中尺度非静力WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting)模式及其三维变分同化系统,对2007年7月淮河流域的一次强降雨过程进行多普勒雷达径向速度资料的三维变分同化试验,重点考察雷达资料的不同稀疏化方式对同化结果以及对暴雨数值模拟的影响。结果表明:同化多普勒雷达径向速度资料使得模式初始风场包含了更丰富的中尺度特征信息,有效调整了初始场的环流结构,能够改善模式对暴雨过程的模拟效果;以不同的稀疏化处理方式同化多普勒雷达径向速度资料对分析场会产生不同的影响,进而影响模式的降水预报效果,本次试验中当极坐标网格径向分辨率取10 km的时候降水过程的预报效果最好。     

Implementation of CMA-GFS 3D-Var System on the Yin-Yang Grid

The global three-dimensional variational (3D-Var) data assimilation is implemented on a new quasi-uniform overset (Yin-Yang) grid on sphere. As a quasi-uniform spherical grid, it covers the sphere by overlapping two perpendicularly oriented grid components which is nothing but low latitude region of the usual latitude-longitude grid. Based on this characteristic of the Yin-Yang grid, it enables us to implement the regional 3D-Var system efficiently and accurately on the Yin or Yang component grid, respectively. The global analysis could update directly from the regional analysis since they have the same configurations like the precondition of eigenvalue decomposition for vertical direction, recursive filtering for horizontal direction, minimization method and observation operator and so on. However, the balance equation and vector wind are needed to be paid more attention on the Yin grid analysis due to its coordinate transformation. How to spread the observation information near the boundary of Yin and Yang grid is a key to the 3D- Var analysis. Extending double the horizontal correlation length distance in the overset boundary of Yin and Yang grid has successfully solved the problem. The results show that the analysis on the Yin-Yang grid is reasonable and similar to the result on the latitude-longitude (LAT-LON) grid. This paper provides a promising strategy for the development of a 3D-Var global system for overset grids.     

自适应网格在大气海洋问题中的初步应用

自适应网格法是80年代兴起的通过求解椭圆型方程的边值问题来数值生成网格的一种新方法。它是在任意形状的区域上求偏微分方程的数值解的一种非常有效的工具。该方法抛弃了等距均匀的差分网格，代之以能够自动地适应所研究问题中解的特征的疏密程度不均的曲线网格。如在边界上计算网格与实际边界相重合，在区域内部可任意调节网格点的疏密程度等。本文扼要地介绍了自适应网格的原理及其构造方法。并将其应用于生成南海区域的计算网格以及数值预报台风路径的自适应网格。     

Analysis of mesometeorological temperature fields

Summary An objective procedure of a three-dimensional temperature analysis in a topography following (zeta) coordinate system is presented. Temperature data from various conventional sources (ground stations, RAWIN, synoptic analysis) are interpolated into the grid points of the zeta system (the horizontal grid distance is 1 km, vertical resolution is 11 levels up to 2500 m) by a topography variability considering horizontal interpolation. As the correlations between the synop and also the upper air data from pairs of stations on different sides of a mountain barrier show a rapid decrease (Lanzinger and Steinacker, 1989), the Euclidic distances between the points with measurements and the grid points are corrected according to the variability of the gird points are corrected according to the variability of the topography between the two points. If the topography between the two points is flat, or if there is only a valley, the Euclidean distance is used as an interpolation distance. In case of a ridge between the two poinst the interpolation distance is increased according to the topography height variation and the stability of the air mass. In the vertical interpolations a synthetic temperature profile is used made of the data from Rawin, the measurements from meteorological tower and the measurements from some meteorological stations located at high altitude.The grid point temperature values are adjusted to satisfy quasi-stationarity condition, considering advective and diabatic changes of the temperature. A variational formalism in a weighted least square sense in the zeta coordinate system is developed and the boundary conditions are specified. The results (3-D temperature fields and the fields of local derivative of temperature) for a large pre-alpine basin (the Ljubljana basin in the central part of Slovenia, Yugoslavia, 50×50 km) are presented and the usefullness of the adjustement procedure is discussed.With 5 Figures     

基于双线性内插值的CD雷达垂直剖面算法

该文针对贵州CD型号新一代多普勒天气雷达反射率因子,采用C#编程,经坐标转换后处理成三维网格数据,基于双线性内插值法,实现任意方向雷达反射率因子垂直剖面制作,结合贵阳雷达分析,结果表明双线性内插值法放大后的图像质量较高,解决了因垂直剖面图像较小不利于显示及放大的问题。     

近百年中国降水的测站资料和格点化资料对比

将Hulme的全球陆地格点化降水资料在中国陆地区域内同测站值进行了对比分析。结果表明,格点化资料能较好地描述降水场的大尺度特征,40多个格点值序列代表了全国近200个测站记录,并具有较高的时空覆盖率。当仅对中国区域内的降水进行分析时,为使资料的代表性更好,需对位于国界附近和沿海地区格点的序列值进行必要的修正。     

Properties of High-Order Finite Difference Schemes and Idealized Numerical Testing

Construction of high-order difference schemes based on Taylor series expansion has long been a hot topic in computational mathematics, while its application in comprehensive weather models is still very rare. Here, the properties of high-order finite difference schemes are studied based on idealized numerical testing, for the purpose of their application in the Global/Regional Assimilation and Prediction System(GRAPES) model. It is found that the pros and cons due to grid staggering choices diminish with higher-order schemes based on linearized analysis of the one-dimensional gravity wave equation. The improvement of higher-order difference schemes is still obvious for the mesh with smooth varied grid distance. The results of discontinuous square wave testing also exhibits the superiority of high-order schemes. For a model grid with severe non-uniformity and non-orthogonality, the advantage of high-order difference schemes is inapparent, as shown by the results of two-dimensional idealized advection tests under a terrain-following coordinate. In addition, the increase in computational expense caused by high-order schemes can be avoided by the precondition technique used in the GRAPES model. In general, a high-order finite difference scheme is a preferable choice for the tropical regional GRAPES model with a quasi-uniform and quasi-orthogonal grid mesh.     

基于新型LE水平跳点网格的阴阳网格平流方案设计

为了模拟球面平流传输过程,本文基于球面阴阳重叠网格设计了一种两时间层半拉格朗日平流方案.该方案在球面坐标下采用新型的LE水平跳点网格,同时针对阴阳网格重叠区,采用了不同插值方法进行比较分析,且进行了相关的理想数值试验对方案设计效果进行评估.数值试验表明方案设计是成功的,阴阳网格重叠区平流对插值方案比较敏感;半拉格朗日方案能较好地模拟球面刚体平流和变形涡旋的结构、位置及演变过程,并具有较好的数值稳定性和较高的数值精度.