Hilbert方法在大气边界层湍流特征分析中的有效性

介绍一种新的建立在经验模态分解(EMD)方法基础上的非线性、非平稳数据分析技术一Hilbert分析技术,并首次将其应用于大气边界层(PBL)湍流数据的分析,初步探讨了其在PBL湍流研究中的有效性.通过对城市与森林冠层上湍流资料的能量分布特征和统计平稳度进行分析、比较,结果表明:Hilbert谱分析能有效地对PBL湍流信号进行分析.它的边缘谱分析能够有效地探测PBL湍流信号的能量分布特征,统计平稳度分析也能有效地给出PBL湍流信号平稳性的定量化测量,这些将有助于建立合适的数据质量控制方法,以及对现有空气质量与扩散模式中扩散参数的计算加以改进.文中个例分析中,城市和森林冠层上空的湍流有一定相似性,湍流混合都比较充分,但森林冠层上湍流信号的能量更多地集中在大尺度湍涡,且扰动风速的高频部分具有更强的间歇性.对于相近高度的湍流信号来说,多数情况下,森林冠层上相同尺度的湍涡表现得比城市冠层上更不稳定,但湍涡的含能量要更低.     

沿海地区大气边界层扩散特征探讨

利用辽东湾近地层三轴风速仪资料分别计算不同稳定度的大气扩散参数及湍流强度。并将不同情况下的大气扩散参数及湍流强度进行了比较。结果表明：在地形相对平坦的辽东湾,在不同的稳定度下,σy和σx值均略大于同级布里格斯公式的计算值。在不稳定条件(C、B类)下,湍强值重大。     

沿海地区大气边界层扩散特征探讨

利用辽东湾近地层三轴风速仪资料分别计算不同稳定度的大气扩散参数及湍流强度。并将不同情况下的大气扩散参数及湍流强度进行了比较。结果表明 :在地形相对平坦的辽东湾 ,在不同的稳定度下 ,σy 和σz值均略大于同级布里格斯公式的计算值。在不稳定条件 (C、B类 )下 ,湍强值最大。     

不同下垫面的大气边界层湍流扩散特征

利用海洋、戈壁、城郊和城市4种不同下垫面上的湍流观测资料,运用多尺度湍流概念和方法计算分析了风速谱和扩散参数等湍流特征量。结果表明:下垫面的粗糙度对大气边界层湍流特征影响很大,随着粗糙度的增大,速度谱的峰值频率向高频方向移动,扩散参数增大。     

footprint方法在湍流扩散分析中的应用

引入通量footprint分析方法,结合广西白龙核电厂拟建厂址的湍流实测资料,分析了观测站点不同方向上的通量footprint,并由此确定了水平扩散尺度及水平扩散时间,最终估算了水平扩散参数。与环境评价导则中推荐的扩散时间计算所得的水平扩散参数进行了对比分析。结果表明,离岸流的扩散参数比向岸流大,有利于湍流扩散,从而证明扩散参数具有偏保守性和局地扩散的特性。分析表明,footprint方法在湍流扩散参数分析中具有实际的应用价值。     

跃变型扩散的实验研究

本文为一次沿海岸边翻越二维山丘的扩散实验.结果表明:在一定条件下,假若两层空气的湍流强度和尺度的比值不大,当烟羽从上层侵入到下层较强混合气层时,不一定产生燻烟型扩散,仅表现为扩散参数在一定水平距离上的跃变.本文同时介绍了两组风洞实验的结果,其目的在于说明扩散参数跃变存在的事实.     

辽东湾地区大气边界层扩散特征探讨

利用辽东湾地区近地层三轴风速仪资料,分别计算了不同稳定度下的大气扩散参数及湍流强度。并对不同情况下的大气扩散参数及湍流强度进行了比较。结果表明,在地形相对平坦的辽东湾地区,在不同的稳定度下,σy和σx值均略大于同级Briggs公式的计算值,但小于地形相对复杂的本溪地区。在不稳定条件(C、B类)下,湍强值最大。     

山区城市大气污染物传输扩散的数值模拟

利用Monte-Carlo模式预测了山区城市（贵阳市）的SO2地面浓度分布。为实现城市面源的数值模拟，对Monte-Carlo模式的浓度计量和水平扩散等方面做了改进。作为模式的输入参数，风场得自于对三维观测数据的客观分析，湍流的参数化公式按现场超声风速仪实测数据进行了调整和校核。其风廓线不完全遵循一般规律，在距地面50—500m之间，常出现一极值风层；该地区具有典型的山区小风扩散特征，稳定时u、v湍谱峰值明显地移向低频，水平扩散明显偏大。对模式做了理论和实验校核。在均匀湍流场条件下，和解析结果一致；冬季日平均浓度的预测值和监测值的相关系数为0.96。数值模拟结果表明:贵阳市冬季大气污染物的传输扩散主要依赖于强不稳定的天气条件和极值风层的扩散和通风作用。     

一个对流边界层中的随机扩散模式

通过对对流边界层(CBL)湍流结构的分析,首次提出用两种不同尺度的湍流模拟CBL中的铅直扩散.在此基础上发展了一个随机扩散模式,并用它模拟了典型对流条件下两种高架连续点源的扩散.与Willis水槽模拟和Lamb等人数值模拟以及CONDORS计划外场试验的结果的比较表明,本模式能成功地模拟CBL中的横向积分浓度.与其它数值模式相比,还具有输入参数少、计算量极小和更加简单实用的优点.     

基于GRAPES模式的广州地区大气输送扩散参数及其对PM2.5预报的应用

利用2010年11月—2011年11月广州地区PM2.5逐时监测资料以及GRAPES模式计算的四种大气输送扩散参数预报值,分析评估模式描述四种大气输送扩散参数的性能及其预报广州地区PM2.5浓度的可行性,结果表明:GRAPES模式不同时刻起报的地面通风系数、平均通风系数和湍流动能的预报稳定性与一致性较好,而垂直交换系数相对较差。垂直交换系数、地面通风系数、平均通风系数和湍流动能的量级分别为101、103、103和10-1～100。PM2.5浓度与大气输送扩散参数呈显著负相关,其中PM2.5与14时起报的垂直交换系数相关性最好。使用临界成功指数CSI对PM2.5浓度进行预报检验,得到垂直交换系数对PM2.5的预报稳定性较好,垂直交换系数能大概判别PM2.5为“污染”与“清洁”情况,临界成功指数部分可达70%。垂直交换系数与PM2.5浓度存在显著的超前滞后相关,预报PM2.5浓度是否为“污染”与“清洁”可同时参考原序列及滞后序列的预报效果。      

The partitioning of attached and detached eddy motion in the atmospheric surface layer using Lorentz wavelet filtering

Townsend's attached eddy hypothesis states that the turbulent structure in the constant stress layer can be decomposed into attached and detached eddy motion. This paper proposes and tests a methodology for separating the attached and detached eddy motion from time series measurements of velocity and temperature. The proposed methodology is based on the time-frequency localization and filtering capabilities of the orthonormal wavelet transforms. Using a relative entropy statistical measure, the optimal wavelet basis is identified first. The turbulence time series measurements are then transformed into the wavelet domain where the contribution of specific events in the time-frequency domain is identified. The filtering scheme utilizes a recently constructed Lorentz thresholding methodology that successfully eliminates all wavelet coefficients associated with the detached eddy motion. While this filtering scheme lacks the compression efficiency of the classical Donoho and Johnstone's universal thresholding model, it conserves the higher-order statistics and important turbulence interactions related to the Reynolds stresses. Following the filtering scheme, the attached eddy motion time series is re-constructed by an inverse wavelet transform of the non-zero wavelet coefficients. The proposed partitioning methodology for attached and detached eddy motion is tested using 56 Hz triaxial sonic anemometer velocity and temperature measurements above a uniform dry lake bed in Owens valley, California, for a wide range of atmospheric stability conditions. Validation that the wavelet filtered time series represents the attached eddy motion is also discussed in the context of conservation of turbulence energy and surface fluxes.     

Detecting Near-Surface Coherent Structure Characteristics Using Wavelet Transform with Different Meteorological Elements

In the present study, three wavelet basis functions (Mexican-hat, Morlet, and Wave) were used to analyze atmospheric turbulence data obtained from an eddy covariance system in order to determine effect of six meteorological elements (three-dimensional wind speed, temperature, and CO2 and H2O concentrations) on the time scale of coherent structures. First, we used the degree of correlation between original and reconstructed waveforms to test the three wavelets’ performance when determining the time scale of coherent structures. The Wave wavelet’s reconstructed coherent structure signal best matched the original signal; thus, it was used for further analysis of the time scale, number, and time cover of the meteorological elements. We found similar results for all elements, though there was some internal variation, suggesting that coherent structures are not inherently dependent on these elements. Our results provide a basis for proper coherent structure detection in atmospheric turbulence and improve the understanding of similarities and differences between coherent structure characteristics of different meteorological elements, which is helpful for further research into atmospheric turbulence and boundary layers.     

湍流不同尺度间的相互作用

湍流是由各种不同尺度的涡旋构成的。从整体上讲,存在Ｋｏｌｍｏｇｏｒｏｖ导得的惯性区结构函数的２／３次方定律和能谱的－５／３次方定律。这种幂律相关的湍流是由每种尺度上指数相关的局部相似的Ｂｒｏｗｎ运动所构成,从而从理论上解释了不同尺度之间的相互作用以及湍流系数Ｋ随尺度变化的规律,初步论证了大气不同层结下湍流系数的差别。结果对研究大气、海洋不同尺度间的相互作用有重要意义。     

Resolved-scale turbulence in the atmospheric surface layer from a large eddy simulation

Large eddy simulation has encountered difficulties in handling turbulence in the atmospheric surface layer due to deficiencies in sub-grid scale models. This paper addresses the possibility of resolving the turbulence in the upper part of the surface layer by a low-aspect ratio of grid spacing. Results show that resolved-scale shear stresses dominate over the sub-grid scale components so that effects due to the sub-grid scale model can be ignored in this region. The effects of the lower boundary condition on the resolved-scale turbulence in the upper part of the surface layer are discussed. It is concluded that the normalized mean velocity shear and resolved turbulence in the upper part of the surface layer are not affected by the specification of the lower boundary condition. In addition, the present work proposes a new independent model parameter, the Smagorinsky Reynolds Number (Re_SM), and demonstrates that this number determines the resolved turbulence in the upper part of the surface layer.     

Effect of Vertical Wind Shear on Concentration Fluctuation Statistics in a Point Source Plume

Measurements of concentration fluctuation intensity, intermittency factor, and integral time scale were made in a water channel for a plume dispersing in a well-developed, rough surface, neutrally stable, boundary layer, and in grid-generated turbulence with no mean velocity shear. The water-channel simulations apply to full-scale atmospheric plumes with very short averaging times, on the order of 1–4 min, because plume meandering was suppressed by the water-channel side walls. High spatial and temporal resolution vertical and crosswind profiles of fluctuations in the plume were obtained using a linescan camera laser-induced dye tracer fluorescence technique. A semi-empirical algebraic mean velocity shear history model was developed to predict these concentration statistics. This shear history concentration fluctuation model requires only a minimal set of parameters to be known: atmospheric stability, surface roughness, vertical velocity profile, and vertical and crosswind plume spreads. The universal shear history parameter used was the mean velocity shear normalized by surface friction velocity, plume travel time, and local mean wind speed. The reference height at which this non-dimensional shear history was calculated was important, because both the source and the receptor positions influence the history of particles passing through the receptor position.     

ON THE PDF MODELS FOR ATMOSPHERIC DIFFUSION IN BOUNDARY LAYER

In this paper, taking its turbulent exchange coefficient as a function of the Lagrangian timescale and standard variance of the turbulence in atmosphere, the atmospheric dispersion PDFmodels are obtained on the basis of atmospheric diffusion K-theory. In the model the statistics ofwind speed are directly used as its parameters instead of classic dispersion parameters. The bi-Gaussian PDF is derived in convective boundary layer (CBL), from the statistics of verticalvelocity in both of the downdraft and updraft regions that are investigated theoretically in the otherpart of this paper. Giving the driven parameters of the CBL (including the convective velocity scalew* and the mixing depth h_i) and the time-averaged wind speed at release level, the PDF model isable to simulate the distribution of concentration released at any levels in the CBL. The PDF'ssimulations are fairly consistent with the measurements in CONDORS experiment or the resultsbrought out by some numerical simulations.     

Mathematical model for hermitized atmospheric dispersion in low winds with eddy diffusivities as linear functions of down wind distance

Summary In the present paper, an attempt is made for generalized the atmospheric diffusion operator. This can be accomplished by employing the realizability procedure, to identify a surface operator, that ensures self-adjointness’ of the atmospheric diffusion operator. The dispersion modeling in low wind speeds assumes importance because of the high frequency of occurrence and episodic nature of these poor diffusion conditions. A steady-state mathematical model for hermitized model has been calculated for the dispersion of air pollutants in low winds by taking into account the diffusion in the three coordinate directions and advection along the mean wind. The eddy diffusivities have been parameterized in terms of downwind distance for near source dispersion (Arya, 1995). The constants involved in this parameterization are the squares of intensities of turbulence. An analytical solution for resulting advection-diffusion equation with the physically relevant boundary conditions has been obtained. The solution has been used to simulate the field tracer data collected at IIT Delhi in low wind convective conditions.     

Identification of motion parameters from spatio-temporal atmospheric temperature patterns

In near-calm conditions it is difficult to make direct measurements of atmospheric advection reliably and cheaply, particularly at many points over a large area. An alternative indirect method is examined using time-series measurements of atmospheric temperature (or any other convenient conserved field variable) at points on a spatial grid.System identification methodology is applied to analyze atmospheric temperature data obtained in such near-calm conditions during an experiment with a low-flying helicopter. A three-parameter numerical model of atmospheric advection has been identified in the temperature data, the advection parameters being an eddy diffusion coefficient and horizontal components of the wind velocity. It has been demonstrated by analysis of all the assumptions, and using simulated data, that in this case the standard least-square procedure can be applied to recover sensible parameter estimates, even though the model is of the error-in-variables type and parameters appear to change abruptly at certain moments of time (but by a reasonably small amount). The parameter estimates have been validated against independent data.