层状云微物理参数反演及其辐射效应的个例研究

利用毫米波云雷达、微波辐射计联合反演方法,对2015年11月11日安徽寿县的一次层状云过程的云参数进行了反演,将所得云参数加入到SBDART辐射传输模式中,进行辐射通量计算,并将计算的地面辐射通量与观测的地面辐射通量进行了对比分析。研究表明:1)利用毫米波雷达和微波辐射计数据联合反演的云参数比较可靠;2)利用SBDART模式并结合反演的云参数,可以准确实时地计算地面及其他高度层的长短波辐射通量;3)在反演的云参数中,光学厚度对地面各种辐射通量的影响是最大的,云层的光学厚度越大,到达地面的太阳短波辐射越小,地面反射短波辐射也越小。另外云底温度越高,云体向下发射的红外长波辐射越大。地面向上的长波辐射是地面温度的普朗克函数,随地面温度而变;4)云对地面的短波辐射强迫为负值,对地面有降温的作用。云对地面的长波辐射强迫是一个正值,对地面有一个增温的作用;5)云对地面的净辐射强迫随时间变化很大,它的正负与太阳高度角和云参数有关。     

一次沙尘暴过程中沙尘气溶胶对云物理量和辐射强迫的影响

利用MOD IS Aqua卫星反演和装载在Aqua上的CERES仪器观测资料,讨论了我国北方地区2004年3月26~28日沙尘暴过程中沙尘气溶胶对云物理特性和辐射强迫的影响。初步结果表明,沙尘气溶胶明显改变了云的物理特性,使云滴变小,含水量及光学厚度减少,减弱了云的净辐射强迫,云的冷却效应受到了抑制,相当于大气层顶沙尘气溶胶的增温作用。     

中国地区云对地-气系统辐射强迫温度效应的气候研究

文中利用地球辐射平衡试验 (ERBE)和国际卫星云气候计划 (ISCCP)提供的地 气系统行星反射率、射出长波辐射 (OLR)和云量资料 ,计算了中国地区年、月平均总云量对地 气系统短波辐射、长波辐射以及净辐射强迫的温度效应和敏感性系数 ,并讨论了云对各辐射分量强迫的温度效应与总云量的关系。结果表明 :地 气系统云辐射强迫温度效应与总云量间具有较明显的曲线相关。云辐射强迫温度效应及其敏感性系数具有明显的时空变化特点。就中国全国平均而言 ,各月地 气系统云辐射强迫净温度效应一般表现为降温作用。     

青藏高原云对地气系统净辐射强迫的气候研究

利用地球辐射平衡试验（ＥＲＢＥ）和国际卫星云气候计划（ＩＳＣＣＰ）提供的地气系统行星反射率、长波射出辐射（ＯＬＲ）和云量资料,计算了青藏高原地区云对地气系统净辐射的强迫,并讨论其与总云量及地气系统晴天净辐射的关系。结果表明：高原各季净辐射云强迫与总云量有较好的非线性关系,其中以暖季更明显;各月净辐射云强迫与地气系统晴天净辐射的曲线相关很明显,各条曲线均存在一个与净辐射云强迫零值相对应的晴天净辐射值     

有云大气中太阳辐射传输的数值试验研究

本文应用Hense等的二流近似辐射模式,分析了云对地气系统太阳辐射能收支与大气加热率的影响,讨论了不同光学厚度的云的反射率与吸收率,并把模式应用于高原模式大气,分析了高原地区云对太阳辐射收支的影响。计算中包括云滴与气溶胶的吸收作用。气溶胶衰减系数的垂直分布取了两种类型,分别对应于能见度为23km与8km。结果表明,光学厚度为10—100的云层的加热率可达7—8℃/天,云滴和气溶胶的吸收作用是增加云层加热率的一个重要机制。云层的复盖对近地层加热率的影响极大。不同光学厚度的云的反射率的变化范围为0.24—0.90,与一些作者给出的观测结果比较符合。云的吸收率变化范围为0.07—0.25,飞机观测表明云的吸收率可达0.30—0.40。云有如此大的吸收率的原因尚需进一步深入研究。云天地面总辐射与晴天(可能)地面总辐射的比值(Q_c/Q_o)主要决定于云的光学厚度(对应于云的光学厚度从1增加到100,比值Q_c/Q_o则从80％降到10％),其次是太阳天顶角。比值Q_c/Q_o受气溶胶、海拔高度、云的高度的影响很小,可作为表示云对地面总辐射影响的一个参数。     

中国地区大气气溶胶辐射强迫及区域气候效应的数值模拟

利用太阳直接辐射日总量和日照时数等多年观测资料,反演了中国地区大气气溶胶0.75 μm光学厚度的年、月平均值,分析了我国大气气溶胶状况的时空分布特征。据此,在中国区域气候模式中考虑气溶胶的辐射影响,模拟中国地区气溶胶直接辐射强迫的大小及气候响应的季节变化特征。计算结果表明: 我国大气气溶胶光学厚度多年平均分布状况是以四川盆地为大值中心向四周减少;长江中下游武汉附近和南疆盆地为另两个大值中心;青藏高原为气溶胶低值区;我国绝大部分地区春季气溶胶光学厚度值最大,各地气溶胶光学厚度最小值出现的季节则有所不同。气溶胶辐射强迫介于-5.3～-13 W/m2之间;辐射强迫具有春、夏季大,秋、冬季小,冬季南方偏大,夏季北方偏大的特征。气溶胶辐射强迫的分布与其光学厚度的分布基本一致。由于气溶胶的影响,中国大陆地区地面气温均有所下降,四川盆地到长江中下游地区以及青藏高原北侧到河套地区降温最为明显,分别可达-0.4℃和-0.5℃。气候响应具有明显的季节特征。地面气温的变化除与辐射强迫的大小有关外,还受大气环流的影响。     

东亚地区云和地表反照率对硫酸盐直接辐射强迫的影响

文中利用区域气候模式深入探讨了东亚地区云及地表反照率对硫酸盐直接辐射强迫的影响 ,同时定量估算了东亚地区云区气溶胶的直接辐射强迫 ,讨论了硫酸盐对地表和大气短波辐射平衡产生的不同影响。研究表明 :云对气溶胶的直接辐射强迫具有很强的减弱作用 ,这种减弱作用不仅取决于云覆盖份数 ,而且取决于云的光学厚度。就区域平均而言 ,文中模拟的东亚地区气溶胶直接辐射强迫为 - 0 .0 97W /m2 ,占总直接辐射强迫的 10 .4%左右。表明云对硫酸盐直接辐射具有很强的减弱作用 ,在估算其总的直接辐射强迫时 ,云区的贡献不可忽视。较高的地表反照率会减弱硫酸盐的直接辐射强迫 ,而较低地表反照率则会增加硫酸盐的辐射强迫。硫酸盐气溶胶对大气辐射平衡影响非常小 ,但对地表辐射平衡产生重要影响 ,影响程度与大气几乎一致。     

NCC/IAP T63海气耦合模式对云滴有效半径的敏感性分析

利用NCC/IAP T63海气耦合模式研究了模拟对云滴有效半径的敏感性。结果表明,可变水云粒子有效半径的引入（REL和REL_CAM3方案）导致对流层中下部云消光光学厚度的明显变化,但REL和REL_CAM3之间的变化位置不同、符号相反;而引入可变的冰云粒子有效半径后（REI方案）,对流层中上部的云消光光学厚度明显减小。云辐射强迫的变化主要受REI方案的影响,长波和短波云辐射强迫均以减小为主;从全球平均来看,大气顶云辐射强迫的变化对冰云有效半径的变化更加敏感,尽管量级还有明显差距,各种方案均正确模拟出了大气顶净云辐射强迫的符号。大气顶净辐射的变化与净云辐射强迫的变化基本一致,总体以减少为主。对于地表气温的变化,REL和REI方案总体上有着较为一致的分布,夏季以降温为主,冬季的欧亚大陆中部和北美北部增温明显。此外,大陆地表气温的变化主要受地表热量输送的影响,而热带海洋上空却表现出明显的不一致性。同时引入可变的水云和冰云粒子（RIW和RIW_CAM3方案）,云的消光光学厚度和辐射强迫相对单独引入主要呈线性响应,但地表气温表现出明显的非线性特征,非线性最明显的地区主要位于大陆地区。       

青藏高原云对地气系统长波射出辐射(OLR)强迫的气候研究

利用地球辐射平衡试验（ＥＲＢＥ）和国际卫星云气修计划（ＩＳＣＣＰ）提供的地气系统长波射出辐射（ＯＬＲ）和云量资料,计算并讨论了青藏高原地气系统各季和年平均总云量对ＯＬＲ的强迫及其所产生的温室效应,揭示了高、低示了高、低云对ＯＬＲ强迫的特点。结果表明：高原的ＯＬＲ云强迫与总云量、高云量都有较好的相关关系,且季节变化明显;ＯＬＲ云强迫和云温室效应的地理分布与高原总云量的分布较为一致;云强迫的年变化一同     

青藏高原云对地气系统短波吸收辐射强迫的气候研究

利用地球辐射平衡试验（ＥＲＢＥ）和国际卫星云气候计划（ＥＳＣＣＰ）提供的总云量、得星反射率资料,计算并分析了青藏高原地气系统年、月平均云对太阳短波吸收辐射的强迫,揭示了其与总云量的关系。结果表明：高原的短事射云强迫与总云量有较好的非线性相关,呈幂指数形式,且季节变化明显;短波辐射云强迫的地理分布与高原云的分产好,高原主体和北部是短波辐射云强迫的低值区,高原东南部和西部边缘迎风部位为强迫的高值区。     

The Impacts of Optical Properties on Radiative Forcing Due to Dust Aerosol

There are large uncertainties in the quantitative assessment of radiative effects due to atmospheric dust aerosol. The optical properties contribute much to those uncertainties. The authors perform several sensitivity experiments to estimate the impacts of optical characteristics on regional radiative forcing in this paper. The experiments involve in refractive indices, single scattering aibedo, asymmetry factor and optical depth. An updated dataset of refractive indices representing East Asian dust and the one recommended by the World Meteorology Organization （WMO） are contrastively analyzed and used. A radiative transfer code for solar and thermal infrared radiation with detailed aerosol parameterization is employed. The strongest emphasis is on the refractive indices since other optical parameters strongly depend on it, and the authors found a strong sensitivity of radiative forcing on refractive indices. Studies show stronger scattering, weaker absorption and forward scattering of the East Asian dust particles at solar wavelengths, which leads to higher negative forcing, lower positive forcing and bigger net forcing at the top of the atmosphere （TOA） than that of the WMO dust model. It is also found that the TOA forcings resulting from these two dust models have opposite signs in certain regions, which implies the importance of accurate measurements of optical properties in the quantitative estimation of radiative forcing.     

关于硝酸盐气溶胶光学特征和辐射强迫的研究进展

在过去的20多年里,中外对硫酸盐气溶胶做了大量的研究,对它在大气中的排放、含量、光学特征和辐射强迫有了深入的认识;由于硝酸盐气溶胶在大气中平均含量比硫酸盐低很多,因此过去人们对硝酸盐的研究没有给予重视。然而,近年来的研究表明,硝酸盐气溶胶的散射性质在某些波段甚至强于硫酸盐;同时,由于未来对人为硫酸盐前体物的减排,硫酸盐气溶胶排放会大幅度减少,而硝酸盐气溶胶的排放却增长迅速,其在人为气溶胶中所占的比重越来越高,将会导致其在未来造成的辐射强迫有可能超过硫酸盐,使得其在地区范围内和季节尺度上成为重要的辐射强迫和气候影响因子。中国是硝酸盐气溶胶排放量较大的地区,硝酸盐对未来中国气候和气候变化的影响显得越来越重要。因此,就近年来有关硝酸盐气溶胶的排放和在大气中的浓度变化、光学厚度分布特征及其辐射强迫的研究进展做了回顾和介绍,并对其未来的研究做了展望。     

Satellite remote sensing of the optical depth and mean crystal size of thin cirrus and contrails

Summary Crystal size and optical depth of optically thin cirrus clouds and contrails over the North Sea and Adriatic Sea on the 18^th of October 1989 are retrieved by comparison of NOAA AVHRR/2 brightness temperatures of channel 4 (9.97 µm–11.56 µm) and channel 5 (11.075 µm–12.76 µm) with one dimensional radiative transfer calculations. Measured brightness temperatures in all three infrared channels and their differences show higher values for contrails than for cirrus. The radiative properties of young contrails are consistent only, if smaller crystal size than those given for natural cirrus are adopted for the calculations. However, there is a continuous transition in radiative parameters between clouds classified as natural cirrus or contrails. For the test areas ice clouds are classified with respect to optical depth and mean crystal size. Finally infrared fluxes and heating rates in the spectral range 4 µm–40 µm are calculated for an atmosphere with a 500 m thick contrail or cirrus uncinus. At given ice content a far stronger atmospheric warming is found for a contrail with relatively small ice crystals: up to 80 K/day at cloud base for an ice content of 0.05 gm^–3 compared to 10 K/day for a cirrus uncinus with large crystals.With 11 Figures     

Climatic effects of air pollutants over china: A review

Tropospheric ozone(O3) and aerosols are major air pollutants in the atmosphere. They have also made significant contributions to radiative forcing of climate since preindustrial times. With its rapid economic development, concentrations of air pollutants are relatively high in China; hence, quantifying the role of air pollutants in China in regional climate change is especially important. This review summarizes existing knowledge with regard to impacts of air pollutants on climate change in China and defines critical gaps needed to reduce the associated uncertainties. Measured monthly, seasonal, and annual mean surface-layer concentrations of O3 and aerosols over China are compiled in this work, with the aim to show the magnitude of concentrations of O3 and aerosols over China and to provide datasets for evaluation of model results in future studies. Ground-based and satellite measurements of O3 column burden and aerosol optical properties, as well as model estimates of radiative forcing by tropospheric O3 and aerosols are summarized. We also review regional and global modeling studies that have investigated climate change driven by tropospheric O3and/or aerosols in China; the predicted sign and magnitude of the responses in temperature and precipitation to O3/aerosol forcings are presented. Based on this review, key priorities for future research on the climatic effects of air pollutants in China are highlighted.     

硫酸盐和烟尘气溶胶辐射特性及辐射强迫的模拟估算

利用已有的硫酸盐和烟尘气溶胶折射指数资料，精确计算了这两种气溶胶从太阳短波到红外谱段的辐射特性。然后，在LLNL化学输送模式(CTM)模拟的硫酸盐和烟尘气溶胶资料及改进的气溶胶参数化基础上，在国内首次用GCM估算了这两种气溶胶引起的全球辐射强迫。结果表明:(1)西欧是全球最大的硫酸盐辐射强迫中心，最大值出现在夏季，达-5.0W/m2；(2)烟尘强迫的最大中心出现在夏季的南美和非洲中南部，为4.0W/m2；(3)南半球大陆人为气溶胶的强迫不容忽视；(4)某些地区人为气溶胶的强迫在量值上可与CO2等温室气体引起的强迫相比拟。     

硫酸盐气溶胶辐射强迫的数值模拟研究

利用IAP/LASG GOALS 4.0海气耦合模式,"显式"考虑了硫酸盐气溶胶的直接作用,并且引入德国马普气象研究所的三维浓度分布资料,模拟计算了硫酸盐气溶胶的辐射强迫.主要结果为:全球气溶胶年平均的辐射强迫为-0.29 W m-2,在IPCC TAR给定的范围内,空间分布上具有明显的地域性,几个大值地区分别为东亚、西欧和北美,它们的中心值均超过-1.5 W m-2,南美、澳大利亚以及非洲南部的辐射强迫介于-0.2～-0.4 W m-2之间,而海洋和偏远的大陆地区,则基本上不受人为硫酸盐气溶胶的影响;计算的东亚地区硫酸盐气溶胶的平均辐射强迫为-0.75 W m-2,约为全球平均的2.5倍,为北半球平均的1.6倍.文中还讨论了全球硫酸盐气溶胶对温室气体辐射强迫的减缓作用.     

黑碳气溶胶辐射强迫全球分布的模拟研究

利用一个改进的辐射传输模式,结合全球气溶胶数据集（GADS）,计算晴空条件下冬夏两季黑碳气溶胶的直接辐射强迫在对流层顶和地面的全球分布。计算结果表明,与温室气体引起的整层大气都是正的辐射强迫不同,黑碳气溶胶的辐射强迫在对流层顶为正值,而在地面的辐射强迫却是负值。作者从理论上解释了造成这种结果的原因。对北半球冬季和夏季而言,在对流层顶黑碳气溶胶的全球辐射强迫的平均值分别为0.085W/m2和0.155 W/m2,在地面则分别为-0.37 W/m2和-0.63 W/m2。虽然气溶胶的辐射强迫主要依赖于其本身的光学性质和在大气中的浓度,太阳高度角和地表反照率对黑碳气溶胶的辐射强迫会产生很大的影响。研究指出:黑碳气溶胶在对流层顶正的辐射强迫和在地面负的辐射强迫的绝对值都随太阳天顶角的余弦和地表反照率的增加线性增大;地表反照率对黑碳气溶胶辐射强迫的强度和分布都有重要影响。黑碳气溶胶的辐射强迫分布具有明显的纬度变化特征,冬夏两季的大值区都位于30°N~90°N之间,表明人类活动是造成黑碳气溶胶辐射强迫的主要原因。     

Critical influence of the pattern of Tropical Ocean warming on remote climate trends

Evidence is presented that the recent trend patterns of surface air temperature and precipitation over the land masses surrounding the North Atlantic Ocean (North America, Greenland, Europe, and North Africa) have been strongly influenced by the warming pattern of the tropical oceans. The current generation of atmosphere–ocean coupled climate models with prescribed radiative forcing changes generally do not capture these regional trend patterns. On the other hand, even uncoupled atmospheric models without the prescribed radiative forcing changes, but with the observed oceanic warming specified only in the tropics, are more successful in this regard. The tropical oceanic warming pattern is poorly represented in the coupled simulations. Our analysis points to model error rather than unpredictable climate noise as a major cause of this discrepancy with respect to the observed trends. This tropical error needs to be reduced to increase confidence in regional climate change projections around the globe, and to formulate better societal responses to projected changes in high-impact phenomena such as droughts and wet spells.     

Clear-sky aerosol radiative forcing effects based on multi-site AERONET observations over Europe

Summary One of the great unknowns in climate research is the contribution of aerosols to climate forcing and climate perturbation. In this study, retrievals from AERONET are used to estimate the direct clear-sky aerosol top-of-atmosphere and surface radiative forcing effects for 12 multi-site observing stations in Europe. The radiative transfer code sdisort in the libRadtran environment is applied to accomplish these estimations. Most of the calculations in this study rely on observations which have been made for the years 1999, 2000, and 2001. Some stations do have observations dating back to the year of 1995. The calculations rely on a pre-compiled aerosol optical properties database for Europe. Aerosol radiative forcing effects are calculated with monthly mean aerosol optical properties retrievals and calculations are presented for three different surface albedo scenarios. Two of the surface albedo scenarios are generic by nature bare soil and green vegetation and the third relies on the ISCCP (International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project) data product. The ISCCP database has also been used to obtain clear-sky weighting fractions over AERONET stations. The AERONET stations cover the area 0° to 30° E and 42° to 52° N. AERONET retrievals are column integrated and this study does not make any seperation between the contribution of natural and anthropogenic components. For the 12 AERONET stations, median clear-sky top-of-atmosphere aerosol radiative forcing effect values for different surface albedo scenarios are calculated to be in the range of −4 to −2 W/m². High median radiative forcing effect values of about −6 W/m² were found to occur mainly in the summer months while lower values of about −1 W/m² occur in the winter months. The aerosol surface forcing also increases in summer months and can reach values of −8 W/m². Individual stations often have much higher values by a factor of 2. The median top-of-atmosphere aerosol radiative forcing effect efficiency is estimated to be about −25 W/m² and their respective surface efficiency is around −35 W/m². The fractional absorption coefficient is estimated to be 1.7, but deviates significantly from station to station. In addition, it is found that the well known peak of the aerosol radiative forcing effect at a solar zenith angle of about 75° is in fact the average of the peaks occurring at shorter and longer wavelengths. According to estimations for Central Europe, based on mean aerosol optical properties retrievals from 12 stations, the critical threshold of the aerosol single scattering albedo, between cooling and heating in the presence of an aerosol layer, is close between 0.6 and 0.76.     

A Review of Aerosol Optical Properties and Radiative Effects

Atmospheric aerosols influence the earth's radiative balance directly through scattering and absorbing solar radiation, and indirectly through affecting cloud properties. An understanding of aerosol optical properties is fundamental to studies of aerosol effects on climate. Although many such studies have been undertaken, large uncertainties in describing aerosol optical characteristics remain, especially regarding the absorption properties of different aerosols. Aerosol radiative effects are considered as either positive or negative perturbations to the radiation balance, and they include direct, indirect (albedo effect and cloud lifetime effect), and semi-direct effects. The total direct effect of anthropogenic aerosols is negative (cooling), although some components may contribute a positive effect (warming). Both the albedo effect and cloud lifetime effect cool the atmosphere by increasing cloud optical depth and cloud cover, respectively. Absorbing aerosols, such as carbonaceous aerosols and dust, exert a positive forcing at the top of atmosphere and a negative forcing at the surface, and they can directly warm the atmosphere. Internally mixed black carbon aerosols produce a stronger warming effect than externally mixed black carbon particles do. The semi-direct effect of absorbing aerosols could amplify this warming effect. Based on observational (ground-and satellite-based) and simulation studies, this paper reviews current progress in research regarding the optical properties and radiative effects of aerosols and also discusses several important issues to be addressed in future studies.