冬季西太平洋副高异常变化对我国气温的影响及其与前期北太平洋海温的关系

利用1951-2005年全国160个站气温资料、西太平洋副高特征指数和北太平洋海温资料,分析了冬季西太平洋副高强度和位置异常变化对我国气温的影响及其与前期北太平洋海温的关系,结果发现:冬季西太平洋副高强度和西伸脊点与我国气温分别存在着很好的正、负相关关系;前期北太平洋海温距平场呈现厄尔尼诺和拉尼娜分布型及赤道东太平洋海温异常变化,对冬季西太平洋副高强度和位置具有很好的预测指示意义.     

冬季西太平洋副高异常变化对我国气温的影响及其与前期北太平洋海温的关系

利用1951-2005年全国160个站气温资料、西太平洋副高特征指数和北太平洋海温资料,分析了冬季西太平洋副高强度和位置异常变化对我国气温的影响及其与前期北太平洋海温的关系,结果发现:冬季西太平洋副高强度和西伸脊点与我国气温分别存在着很好的正、负相关关系;前期北太平洋海温距平场呈现厄尔尼诺和拉尼娜分布型及赤道东太平洋海温异常变化,对冬季西太平洋副高强度和位置具有很好的预测指示意义。     

海温对春季冷暖环流的遥相关及影响我国南方春温的过程

利用1950～1998年太平洋海温资料进行分析,得出太平洋海温对春季冷暖环流的遥相关,并得出海温影响大气冷暖环流的过程,进一步分析得到太平洋海温影响亚欧中高纬环流及西太平洋副高的时间.从而得出太平洋海温影响我国南方春温的过程为:前2年10月到前一年3月赤道东太平洋海温持续暖(冷)→前1年3月西太平洋副高持续强(弱)→春...     

春季赤道东太平洋海温异常对西太平洋副高的影响

首先给出西太平洋副高脊线、面积和西伸指数的定义 ,在此基础上讨论赤道东太平洋海温异常与西太平洋副高的年际变化关系 ,并进一步分析了春季赤道东太平洋海温异常对西太平洋副高季节变化的影响。结果表明 ,春季赤道东太平洋海温异常与夏季副高位置和强度的年际变化及季节变化都有密切关系。从春季到夏季 ,春季海温偏暖年副高偏南、偏强、偏西 ;偏冷年副高偏北、偏弱、偏东 ,冷年 6月副高北跳较暖年显著 ,进入秋季后南撤更为迅速     

春季赤道东太平洋海温异常对西太产副高的影响

首先给出西太平洋副高脊线、面积和西伸指数的定义,在些基础上讨论赤道东太平洋海温异常与西太平洋副高的年际变化关系,并进一步分析了春季赤东太平洋海温异常对西太平洋副高季节变化的影响。结果表明,春季赤道东太平洋海温异常与夏季副高位置和强度的年际变化及季节变化都有密切关系。从春季到夏季,春季海温偏暖年副高偏南、偏强、偏西;偏冷年副高偏北、偏北、偏东,冷年６月副高北跳较暖年显著,进入秋季后南撤更为迅速。     

春季赤道东太平洋海温异常与东亚夏季风的关系

定义了新的东亚季风指数,分析表明该季风指数能够更好地反映西太平洋副高的季节变化和年际变化。以此为基础讨论了春季赤道东太平洋海温异常、夏季西太平洋副高及东亚夏季风三者之是的关系,指出春季赤道东太平洋海温偏暖年,夏季西太平洋副高偏南、偏强、偏西,东亚夏季风偏弱,长江流域夏季多雨,华南、河套及其以东地区少雨;春季赤道东太平洋海温偏冷年则反之。     

北太平洋海表温度与500hPa西太平洋副高和极涡相互作用的统计分析

本文采用斜交PROMAX因子分析方法分析了1954—1986年北太平洋逐月海表温度与500hPa西太平洋副高和极涡环流指数(7个因子)的相互关系,指出(1)500hPa西太平洋副高和极涡指数与北太平洋海温的相关值存在明显的年变化,以赤道太平洋区最敏感,(2)赤道东太平洋海表温度的变化与10个月前的极涡中心强度、同期和1—3个月前西太平洋副高面积、强度、位置变化有联系,(3)500hPa西太平洋副高面积和强度的变化受到前3—5个月赤道东太平洋和3个月前赤道中太平洋海表温度的影响,500hPa西太平洋副高位置与前3—5个月赤道东太平洋海表温度有联系.     

热带海温异常影响华北夏季降水的机制研究

利用正压涡度方程模式对赤道东太平洋和赤道西太平洋暖池区海温异常影响华北夏季降水的机制进行了研究,结果表明:(1)赤道东太平洋海温升高,西太平洋副高会前期加强,位置异常偏北,后期位置偏东;华东25°N以南多低槽活动,华北上空低槽活动少;华北东部盛行南风,长江中下游盛行北风扰动,不利于水汽向华北输送。这些形势都不利于华北降水。(2)西太平洋暖池区海温降低,副高减弱,不利于华北降水;华北上空多低槽活动,是有利于降水的形势;渤海、朝鲜半岛盛行北风,而贝加尔湖及其东南方向为强南风,冷暖空气不易交汇,华北降水稀少。(3)西太平洋暖池海温降低对华北降水的影响不象赤道东太平洋海温异常那样显著。(4)极涡变化和热带海温异常之间的对应关系不确定。     

热带海温异常影响夏季环流的机制研究

利用正压涡度方程模式对赤道东太平洋和赤道西太平洋暖池区海温异常影响夏季大气环流的机制进行了研究,结果表明:太平洋海温异常会对大气环流产生明显的影响,我国上空环流受其直接影响较小,大气对赤道东太平洋海温升高的响应比对西太平洋暖池海温降低响应明显.西太平洋暖池海温降低和赤道东太平洋海温升高都使极涡明显减弱,对中低纬度大气高度场的影响相反.赤道东太平洋海温升高,中低纬度地区槽脊活动表现不明显,而西太平洋暖池海温降低,会使大气高度场产生明显的槽脊扰动.西太平洋暖池海温降低和赤道东太平洋海温升高,会使涡度场、经向风形成沿驻波波列传播的扰动场.西太平洋暖池海温降低和赤道东太平洋海温升高同时发生时,经向风场使北半球所有的地方都产生了扰动(两条波列路径仍然清楚),沿纬圈和经向都呈有规律的正负相间的分布,扰动表现为驻波特征.     

不同季节西太平洋副高与前期北太平洋海温关系的比较分析

利用1951-2006年西太平洋副高特征指数资料和北太平洋海温资料,分析了各季节副高强度和西伸脊点指数与其前期各季节赤道东太平洋和西风漂流区两大海区海温的相关关系,并就各季节相关程度进行比较,着重海温对副高的影响作用,为副高预测提供依据。     

Coupling ocean–atmosphere intensity determines ocean chlorophyll-induced SST change in the tropical Pacific

Phytoplankton pigments (e.g., chlorophyll-a) absorb solar radiation in the upper ocean and induce a pronounced radiant heating effect (chlorophyll effect) on the climate. However, the ocean chlorophyll-induced heating effect on the mean climate state in the tropical Pacific has not been understood well. Here, a hybrid coupled model (HCM) of the atmosphere, ocean physics and biogeochemistry is used to investigate the chlorophyll effect on sea surface temperature (SST) in the eastern equatorial Pacific; a tunable coefficient, α, is introduced to represent the coupling intensity between the atmosphere and ocean in the HCM. The modeling results show that the chlorophyll effect on the mean-state SST is sensitively dependent on α (the coupling intensity). At weakly represented coupling intensity (0 ≤ α < 1.01), the chlorophyll effect tends to induce an SST cooling in the eastern equatorial Pacific, whereas an SST warming emerges at the strongly represented coupling intensity (α ≥ 1.01). Thus, a threshold exists for the coupling intensity (about α = 1.01) at which the sign of SST responses can change. Mechanisms and processes are illustrated to understand the different SST responses. In the weak coupling cases, indirect dynamical cooling processes (the adjustment of ocean circulation, enhanced vertical mixing, and upwelling) tend to dominate the SST cooling. In the strong coupling cases, the persistent warming induced by chlorophyll in the southern subtropical Pacific tends to induce cross-equatorial northerly winds, which shifts to anomalous westerly winds in the eastern equatorial Pacific, consequently reducing the evaporative cooling and weakening indirect dynamical cooling; eventually, SST warming maintains in the eastern equatorial Pacific. These results provide new insights into the biogeochemical feedback on the climate and bio-physical interactions in the tropical Pacific.

     

Blunt ocean dynamical thermostat in response of tropical eastern Pacific SST to global warming

Using an intermediate ocean–atmosphere coupled model (ICM) for the tropical Pacific, we investigated the role of the ocean dynamical thermostat (ODT) in regulating the tropical eastern Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) under global warming conditions. The external, uniformly distributed surface heating results in the cooling of the tropical eastern Pacific “cold tongue,” and the amplitude of the cooling increases as more heat is added but not simply linearly. Furthermore, an upper bound for the influence of the equatorially symmetric surface heating on the cold tongue cooling exists. The additional heating beyond the upper bound does not cool the cold tongue in a systematic manner. The heat budget analysis suggests that the zonal advection is the primary factor that contributes to such nonlinear SST response. The radiative heating due to the greenhouse effect (hereafter, RHG) that is obtained from the multi-model ensemble of the Climate Model Intercomparison Project Phase III (CMIP3) was externally given to ICM. The RHG obtained from the twentieth century simulation intensified the cold tongue cooling and the subtropical warming, which were further intensified by the RHG from the doubled CO₂ concentration simulation. However, the cold tongue cooling was significantly reduced and the negative SST response region was shrunken toward the equator by the RHG from the quadrupled CO₂ concentration simulation, while the subtropical warming increased further. A systematic RHG forced experiment having the same spatial pattern of RHG from doubled CO₂ concentration simulation with different amplitude of forcing revealed that the ocean dynamical response to global warming tended to enhance the cooling in the tropical eastern Pacific by virtue of meridional advection and upwelling; however, these cooling effects could not fully compensate a given RHG warming as the external forcing becomes larger. Moreover, the feedback by the zonal thermal advection actually exerted the warming over the equatorial region. Therefore, as the global warming is intensified, the cooling over the eastern tropical Pacific by ODT and the negative SST response area are reduced.     

Southern Hemisphere extra-tropical forcing: a new paradigm for El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation

The main goal of this paper is to shed additional light on the reciprocal dynamical linkages between mid-latitude Southern Hemisphere climate and the El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) signal. While our analysis confirms that ENSO is a dominant source of interannual variability in the Southern Hemisphere, it is also suggested here that subtropical dipole variability in both the Southern Indian and Atlantic Oceans triggered by Southern Hemisphere mid-latitude variability may also provide a controlling influence on ENSO in the equatorial Pacific. This subtropical forcing operates through various coupled air?Csea feedbacks involving the propagation of subtropical sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies into the deep tropics of the Atlantic and Indian Oceans from boreal winter to boreal spring and a subsequent dynamical atmospheric response to these SST anomalies linking the three tropical basins at the beginning of the boreal spring. This atmospheric response is characterized by a significant weakening of the equatorial Atlantic and Indian Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). This weakened ITCZ forces an equatorial ??cold Kelvin wave?? response in the middle to upper troposphere that extends eastward from the heat sink regions into the western Pacific. By modulating the vertical temperature gradient and the stability of the atmosphere over the equatorial western Pacific Ocean, this Kelvin wave response promotes persistent zonal wind and convective anomalies over the western equatorial Pacific, which may trigger El Ni?o onset at the end of the boreal winter. These different processes explain why South Atlantic and Indian subtropical dipole time series indices are highly significant precursors of the Ni?o34 SST index several months in advance before the El Ni?o onset in the equatorial Pacific. This study illustrates that the atmospheric internal variability in the mid-latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere may significantly influence ENSO variability. However, this surprising relationship is observed only during recent decades, after the so-called 1976/1977 climate regime shift, suggesting a possible linkage with global warming or decadal fluctuations of the climate system.     

Remote effects of tropical cyclone wind forcing over the western Pacific on the eastern equatorial ocean

An ocean general circulation model （OGCM） is used to demonstrate remote effects of tropical cyclone wind （TCW） forcing in the tropical Pacific. The signature of TCW forcing is explicitly extracted using a locally weighted quadratic least=squares regression （called as LOESS） method from six-hour satellite surface wind data; the extracted TCW component can then be additionally taken into account or not in ocean modeling, allowing isolation of its effects on the ocean in a clean and clear way. In this paper, seasonally varying TCW fields in year 2008 are extracted from satellite data which are prescribed as a repeated annual cycle over the western Pacific regions off the equator （poleward of 10°N/S）; two long-term OGCM experiments are performed and compared, one with the TCW forcing part included additionally and the other not. Large, persistent thermal perturbations （cooling in the mixed layer （ML） and warming in the thermocline） are induced locally in the western tropical Pacific, which are seen to spread with the mean ocean circulation pathways around the tropical basin. In particular, a remote ocean response emerges in the eastern equatorial Pacific to the prescribed off-equatorial TCW forcing, characterized by a cooling in the mixed layer and a warming in the thermocline. Heat budget analyses indicate that the vertical mixing is a dominant process responsible for the SST cooling in the eastern equatorial Pacific. Further studies are clearly needed to demonstrate the significance of these results in a coupled ocean-atmosphere modeling context.     

Remote Efects of Tropical Cyclone Wind Forcing over the Western Pacific on the Eastern Equatorial Ocean

An ocean general circulation model(OGCM)is used to demonstrate remote efects of tropical cyclone wind(TCW)forcing in the tropical Pacific.The signature of TCW forcing is explicitly extracted using a locally weighted quadratic least-squares regression(called as LOESS)method from six-hour satellite surface wind data;the extracted TCW component can then be additionally taken into account or not in ocean modeling,allowing isolation of its efects on the ocean in a clean and clear way.In this paper,seasonally varying TCW fields in year 2008 are extracted from satellite data which are prescribed as a repeated annual cycle over the western Pacific regions of the equator(poleward of 10 N/S);two long-term OGCM experiments are performed and compared,one with the TCW forcing part included additionally and the other not.Large,persistent thermal perturbations(cooling in the mixed layer(ML)and warming in the thermocline)are induced locally in the western tropical Pacific,which are seen to spread with the mean ocean circulation pathways around the tropical basin.In particular,a remote ocean response emerges in the eastern equatorial Pacific to the prescribed of-equatorial TCW forcing,characterized by a cooling in the mixed layer and a warming in the thermocline.Heat budget analyses indicate that the vertical mixing is a dominant process responsible for the SST cooling in the eastern equatorial Pacific.Further studies are clearly needed to demonstrate the significance of these results in a coupled ocean-atmosphere modeling context.     

我国南方盛夏气温主模态特征及其与海温异常的联系

利用NCEP/NCAR大气环流资料、HadISST海温数据以及中国160站气温数据等,通过EOF分解、线性相关等统计方法,分析了我国南方盛夏气温异常的主导模态及其所对应的关键环流系统和可能的海洋外强迫信号。结果表明:我国南方盛夏气温偏高有两种不同的分布模态,一是以江淮地区为中心的江淮型高温,二是以江南和华南为中心的江南型高温,导致这两种高温型发生的环流影响系统和海温外强迫因子均有显著差异。影响江淮型高温的关键环流系统是高低空正压结构的高度场正距平和偏弱的东亚副热带西风急流。而影响这两个关键环流系统的海洋外强迫因子包括热带印度洋至东太平洋的"-+-"海温异常分布型及北大西洋中纬度的暖海温异常。2016年盛夏江淮型高温的大气环流和海温异常均表现出典型江淮型高温年的特征,更好的证明了统计分析的结论。而江南型高温的关键环流系统主要是加强西伸的西太平洋副热带高压。其海洋外强迫因子包括前冬赤道中东太平洋的暖海温异常和春季-盛夏热带印度洋全区一致型暖海温异常,其中热带印度洋海温的影响更为持续和显著。     

Tropical Indian Ocean variability revealed by self-organizing maps

The tropical Indian Ocean climate variability is investigated using an artificial neural network analysis called self-organizing map (SOM) for both observational data and coupled model outputs. The SOM successfully captures the dipole sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) pattern associated with the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) and basin-wide warming/cooling associated with ENSO. The dipole SSTA pattern appears only in boreal summer and fall, whereas the basin-wide warming/cooling appears mostly in boreal winter and spring owing to the phase-locking nature of these phenomena. Their occurrence also undergoes significant decadal variation. Composite diagrams constructed for nodes in the SOM array based on the simulated SSTA reveal interesting features. For the nodes with the basin-wide warming, a strong positive SSTA in the eastern equatorial Pacific, a negative Southern Oscillation, and a negative precipitation anomaly in East Africa are found. The nodes with the positive IOD are associated with a weak positive SSTA in the central equatorial Pacific or positive SSTA in the eastern equatorial Pacific, a positive (negative) sea level pressure anomaly in the eastern (western) tropical Indian Ocean, and a positive precipitation anomaly over East Africa. The warming in the central equatorial Pacific appears to correspond to El Niño Modoki discussed recently. These results suggest usefulness of SOM in studying large-scale ocean–atmosphere coupled phenomena.     

The role of atmospheric teleconnection in the subtropical thermal forcing on the equatorial pacific

The equatorial response to subtropical Pacific forcing was studied in a coupled climate model.The forcings in the western,central and eastern subtropical Pacific all caused a significant response in the equatorial thermocline,with comparable magnitudes.This work highlights the key role of air-sea coupling in the subtropical impact on the equatorial thermocline,instead of only the role of the ＂oceanic tunnel＂.The suggested mechanism is that the cyclonic （anticyclonic） circulation in the atmosphere caused by the subtropical surface warming （cooling） can generate an anomalous upwelling （downwelling） in the interior region.At the same time,an anomalous downwelling （upwelling） occurs at the equatorward flank of the forcing,which produces anomalous thermocline warming （cooling）,propagating equatorward and resulting in warming （cooling） in the equatorial thermocline.This is an indirect process that is much faster than the ＂oceanic tunnel＂ mechanism in the subtropical impact on the equator.     

冬季太平洋海温变化对中国5月降水的影响

本文采用EOF-CCA方法研究了12-2月份北太平洋海温场与中国5月降水指数之间的相关关系。研究结果表明：12月海温与中国5月降水有较好的相关关系。赤道东太平洋和日本以东洋面的海温与中国东部地区的降水正相关，与中国华南、云南和西部地区的降水负相关。相反，东北太平洋、菲律宾以东洋面和墨西哥以西洋面的海温与中国东部地区的降水负相关，与中国华南、云南和西部地区的降水正相关。上述5个海区的太平洋前期海温对中国5月降水有影响的海温关键区。前期海温异常将影响到5月中高纬度的西风带波动和低纬西太平洋副热带高压的强度、位置、从而导致中国5月降水空间分布的异常。     

An analysis on the physical process of the influence of AO on ENSO

The influence of the spring AO on ENSO has been demonstrated in several recent studies. This analysis further explores the physical process of the influence of AO on ENSO using the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data over the period 1958–2010. We focus on the formation of the westerly wind burst in the tropical western Pacific, and examine the evolution and formation of the atmospheric circulation, atmospheric heating, and SST anomalies in association with the spring AO variability. The spring AO variability is found to be independent from the East Asian winter monsoon activity. The spring AO associated circulation anomalies are supported by the interaction between synoptic-scale eddies and the mean-flow and its associated vorticity transportation. Surface wind changes may affect surface heat fluxes and the oceanic heat transport, resulting in the SST change. The AO associated warming in the equatorial SSTs results primarily from the ocean heat transport in the face of net surface heat flux damping. The tropical SST warming is accompanied by anomalous atmospheric heating in the subtropical north and south Pacific, which sustains the anomalous westerly wind in the equatorial western Pacific through a Gill-like atmospheric response from spring to summer. The anomalous westerly excites an eastward propagating and downwelling equatorial Kelvin wave, leading to SST warming in the tropical central-eastern Pacific in summer-fall. The tropical SST, atmospheric heating, and atmospheric circulation anomalies sustain and develop through the Bjerknes feedback mechanism, which eventually result in an El Niño-like warming in the tropical eastern Pacific in winter.