风与工业企业总图设计

现代工业,特别是化学、冶金、动力等工业生产,总要向大气中排放一定量的烟尘和废气,往往造成大气污染。风起着输送、扩散有害气体和烟尘的作用;所以工程设计人员在设计工作中,必须考虑工程所在地区风的变化规律,对风的状况进行全面的分析和     

飞机增雨催化剂水平输送与扩散速率的研究

研究了飞机增雨中催化剂的水平输送与扩散速率，为设计播云间距，估算影响区大小，位置，影响时间提供科学的定量依据。根据飞机人工增雨作业个例，利用层状云中催化剂输送扩散的三维时空变模式，对播云催化剂水平输送和扩散速率进行了模拟研究。结果表明，云中催化剂水平输送仅与风场有关，1h的平均值达到65km，催化剂扩散速率与风、温、湍流有关，1h平均为0.82m/s。     

我国东部巨盐核分布及盐碱土源的初步探讨

从盐核地区分布的观点来看,盐核源地和气象条件对盐核的分布和变化都是很重要的,关于大气盐核与气象条件和海洋源地的关系,过去已有较多研究,而对陆上源地的研究却很少。在我国北方和邻国地面复盖着广阔盐碱土,它如同海面,在风的作用下,将土壤盐粒带入空中大气并扩散传播,从而影响我国东部盐核分布。本文利用我国东部地面和高空巨盐核观测资料,结合地面盐核源地和850hpa气     

一种可变烟团轨迹模式的计算方案

本文简要阐述了烟团轨迹模式及其在区域空气污染物输送与扩散估算中的应用特点,介绍了目前流行的对各种大气过程模拟处理的途经。运用作者组建的一种模式,选取适当模式参数和气象资料,对一个450×450平方公里范围的区域空气污染物的输送和扩散作了模式计算,算例表明了模式运用的可取性。为进一步了解此类模式性能,作了模式及其参数的灵敏度检验,结果表明:空气污染物的沉积速率、化学转化率、输送风场等对浓度估算结果影响显著,而热力混合层等因子的影响则不甚灵敏。     

北京地区一次尘暴气溶胶的化学组成及其来源

讨论了1990年4月25日北京地区出现的一次强尘暴过程的气溶胶特征，探讨了尘暴的来源，从对形成尘暴的气象背景以及尘暴气溶胶中元素资料和稀土元素分布模式的分析，认为该次尘暴气溶胶主要是由形成大风地区及其途经地区的尘土微粒混合组成的。     

气象卫星资料在飞机人工增雨效果评估中的应用

在2000年3月14日飞机人工影响天气作业过程中，极轨气象卫星实时遥感探测提供了人工增雨情况的一些证据。分析了作业后催化剂扩散情况，并且就风对催化剂的输送，地面增雨效果进行了探讨。初步结果：（1）本次过程在作业1小时23分钟后，最大自由运动扩散宽度11km，催化剂自由运动扩散区约为2508km^2，在云顶形成约1505km^3的塌陷区。（2）卫星资料分析，风的输送作用区约为7500km^2，为自由运动扩散区的3倍，是催化剂扩散的主要因素。     

一次强沙尘暴过程的动量下传诊断分析

动量下传对沙尘暴的发生发展起着十分重要的作用.选取2002年3月18-22日发生在我国华北地区的一次强沙尘暴过程,利用中尺度气象模式MM5V3.7输出的高分辨率动力协调资料,应用位涡理论详细探讨了沙尘暴发生发展的动量下传过程.结果表明:①蒙古气旋是此次强沙尘暴的主要影响系统;大风与干燥低湿是风蚀起沙的前提条件.②沙尘暴过程中,位涡沿等熵面下滑是高、低层动量交换的重要环节,揭示了沙尘暴动量下传的物理机制.     

黄山地区复杂地形下污染气体输送过程的数值模拟

使用新一代大气化学传输模式WRF—Chem,模拟了黄山地区2008年4月26日和5月2日不同天气背景下污染气体的输送过程。结果表明：晴天条件下,污染气体的垂直输送主要是通过山谷风环流,将山底污染物垂直向山顶输送,黄山周边地区输送对光明顶污染物体积分数影响较小,气溶胶粒子的主要来源是新粒子生成;云雾天气下,污染物的垂直输送主要是通过边界层内的湍流扩散,夜间近距离输送对光明顶污染物体积分数贡献较大,气溶胶粒子的主要来源是地面输送。     

深对流云输送对于对流层O3、NOx在分析的作用

利用一个冰雹云模式与云化学输送模块耦合而成的三维对流云化学／输送模式, 研究对流云对重要的大气污染物臭氧 （Ｏ３）、氮氧化物 （ＮＯｘ, 包括ＮＯ 和ＮＯ２） 的输送作用。模式较好地体现了一个单体积云的发展过程及其特征。云化学／输送模式的结果表明, 云内强烈的垂直输送能在３０ ｍ ｉｎ 左右, 把低层低体积分数的Ｏ３和高体积分数的ＮＯ２快速、有效地输送到对流层的上部, 造成化学物种的再分布。而在云顶附近, 由于对流穿透了对流层的顶部,造成了上层高体积分数Ｏ３的向下侵入,说明云的对流活动除了能把边界层内的污染物向上输送, 其夹卷作用还可以造成平流层和对流层化学物质的交换。     

NO_x的准两年周期变化及其与臭氧准两年周期振荡的关系 II.模拟研究

利用NCAR的包含化学、辐射、动力相互作用的二维模式就纬向风的准两年周期振荡 (简称QBO)对平流层微量元素分布的影响进行数值模拟试验。模拟中 ,输入纬向风QBO的值 ,计算出NOx、臭氧浓度和各种气象要素的垂直经向分布 ,并与不考虑QBO强迫的数值模拟结果进行对比。在第I部分HALOE资料分析的基础上 ,进一步讨论了在纬向风QBO的影响下NOx浓度垂直分布的变化及其准两年周期振荡 ,并研究了NOx的QBO与臭氧QBO的关系。结果表明 :模拟六年平均的NOx混合比分布与观测结果基本一致 ,并且在纬向风场QBO强迫下 ,NOx混合比扰动有明显的准两年周期振荡 ;与臭氧的QBO比较 ,发现在2 8km以下 ,NOx的QBO与臭氧QBO同位相 ,而在 2 8km以上 ,它们则是反位相 ,与HALOE资料的观测结果基本吻合。文中对模拟得到的由于风场QBO引起的余差环流输送作用做了进一步的分析 ,并讨论了在不同高度的气层中余差环流的输送作用与NOx破坏作用在臭氧QBO形成中的相对重要性     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;