鲁西北持续性暴雨非地转湿Q矢量分析

利用常规观测资料、NECP/NCAR提供的1°×1°FNL全球再分析资料,对2012年鲁西北一次持续性暴雨进行了湿Q矢量方法诊断分析。结果表明：此次持续暴雨出现在有利的环流背景下,降水区域集中并有明显的中尺度特征,湿Q矢量方法是分析强降水落区很好的工具;925～850 hPa湿Q矢量散度与强降水落区有较好的对应关系,但暴雨并不总是出现在湿Q矢量散度负值区中心,有时出现在湿Q矢量散度梯度大的负值区一侧;700 hPa湿Q矢量涡度正值中心与散度负值重叠的区域是中尺度低值系统发展有利的区域,与未来6～12 h暴雨落区有很好的对应;湿Q矢量锋生函数差值预报强降水落区明显优于锋生函数。     

陕北榆林市一次暴雨过程的诊断分析

利用FY-2C卫星tbb资料、常规资料以及NCEP 1°×1°的6h分析资料,对2006年9月20日夜陕西省榆林市的一次暴雨过程进行诊断分析。结果表明：700 hPa存在一支较强的偏南气流,该气流北伸的位置与暴雨的落区有关;tbb的最低值与暴雨中心对应较好;暴雨前期,850hPaθse场呈典型的“Ω”型;850hPa和700hPa的西南气流为暴雨提供了充足的水汽;强烈的上升运动触发不稳定能量释放,有利于强降水天气的发生发展;暴雨发生时,暴雨区基本位于或接近于螺旋度的大值区。     

2010年9月河南暴雨过程Q矢量分析

应用Q矢量理论对2010年9月河南省暴雨过程进行诊断分析,结果表明:850 hPa湿Q矢量的正负散度区,分别对应下沉和上升气流区,负散度绝对值大值区与暴雨落区对应;利用850 hPa湿Q矢量散度纬向剖面图可分析出中低层低值系统的移动;Q矢量锋生函数正值区与强降水落区对应,但其值与暴雨强度并非呈线性增长关系,其值逐日演变...     

2011年7月29日山西大暴雨过程的多尺度特征

利用1°×1°的NCEP再分析资料、红外辐射亮温（TBB）、多普勒雷达和气柱水汽总量等资料,对2011年7月28-29日发生在山西境内的区域性暴雨进行多尺度特征分析。结果表明：（1）乌拉尔山阻高崩溃,西风槽东移、副高进退是此次暴雨发生的环流特征;（2）850 hPa低涡切变和700 hPa暖式切变线及地面冷锋是暴雨发生的中α尺度触发系统;（3）〉30 dBZ的雷达回波呈南北向位于地面冷锋与700 hPa切变线之间,雷达回波随地面冷锋和700 hPa切变线的东移而东移;（4）低空低涡切变受500 hPa强盛西南气流的引导向东北移动,暴雨落区始终与低涡切变相伴随;（5）暴雨过程山西境内共有9个中β尺度对流云团活动,山西西南部的暴雨主要由5个中β尺度对流云团的相继移入并在自动站极大风速风场切变线附近触发对流发展所致;山西东南部的大暴雨则是3个中β尺度对流云团合并发展的结果,中γ尺度气旋是导致局地大暴雨发生的直接影响系统;（6）暴雨发生在气柱水汽总量空间分布图中水汽锋的南部和东部及靠近气柱水汽总量的大值区一侧,水汽锋的形成比降水开始提前17 h,比暴雨发生提前24 h以上,对暴雨的短期、短时预报有指示意义。     

低空急流与山西大暴雨的统计关系及流型配置

利用山西省气象信息中心归档的109个测站1957—2008年的暴雨观测资料、高低空常规气象观测资料及山西省水文站的部分暴雨监测资料,研究了低空急流与山西省区域性暴雨、大暴雨以及特大暴雨的特征。结果表明:1957—2008年的192个暴雨日(区域性暴雨)、118个大暴雨日、10个特大暴雨日,有偏南风(或偏东风)最大风轴相伴出现的分别有165,110和10次,分别占其总次数的86%,93.2%和100%,表明其预示性极强;当山西大暴雨中有台风介入时,台风一般沿25°N以南西行,在其北侧与副热带高压之间形成强的东到东南风带,经鄂西北、豫西一带受西风槽或高原低值系统前部的偏南气流阻挡折向西北使副热带高压西北侧的西南气流加强,形成中尺度低空西南急流;当无台风介入时,热带辐合区一般在17°N以南,高原低值系统活跃,副热带高压与高原低值系统之间形成的天气尺度西南低空急流常常伸向黄河中游,大暴雨的落区主要在太原以南地区;根据高、低空急流的位置以及有、无台风介入,归纳出的6种大暴雨预报模型基本涵盖了山西大暴雨的落区与中、低空急流的关系,但中、低空急流的类别、位置不同以及经、纬向副热带高压、500hPa急流、西风槽、高原槽和台风等的不同配置,可使大暴雨的落区和强度不同。     

黄土高原一次引发短时致洪暴雨MCC的特点及成因

利用MICAPS资料、多普勒天气雷达资料和NCEP资料等,对2013年7月25日黄土高原一次引发短时致洪暴雨MCC的特点及成因进行了分析。结果表明:300hPa天气尺度反气旋和500hPa天气尺度西南气流是MCC在对流层中上层的直接影响系统,700hPa α-中尺度横切变和850hPa副热带高压西侧α-中尺度低涡是MCC在对流层低层的直接影响系统;地面湿焓场低值舌的活动是MCC触发机制之一;地面湿焓场≥40℃高值中心区和MCC生成区相对应;MCC生成区在径向速度场上出现西南低空急流的生成和维持、逆风辐合区的生成和维持,低层辐合和高层强辐散的配置,为MCC的生成及暴雨的形成提供了动力条件;冷暖平流的配置也为MCC生成和东移发展创造了有利条件;空间剖面图上看到的湿螺旋度高值带对MCC生成发展和东移具有指示意义。      

一次副热带高压边缘切变线暖区暴雨特征分析

利用常规气象观测资料、NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料以及卫星和雷达资料,对2018年6月25—26日副热带高压(简称“副高”)边缘切变线暖区暴雨的大尺度环流背景、雨带的移动与传播、中尺度特征以及温湿特征等方面进行分析。结果表明：此次暖区暴雨过程是在副高稳定维持,500 hPa西风槽东移,并有低空急流配合,低空暖切变线触发不稳定能量释放的有利背景下产生的;暴雨落区位于700 hPa暖切变线和925 hPa暖切变线之间;暴雨期间,小尺度对流单体在鲁南地区触发,云顶亮温tbb≤-60 ℃,并沿引导气流向东北方向移动;强降水区域有多个强回波中心持续影响,有明显的“列车效应”,强回波持续时间长;红外云图能很好地反映天气系统的发生、发展和消亡,而水汽图像上色调暗区不明显,冷空气活动较弱;低层暖湿气流强烈发展,是造成此次暖区暴雨过程层结不稳定的主要原因;暴雨的水汽源地是孟加拉湾和南海,且强降水期间,随着西南暖湿气流的增强,水汽通量有一个跃增现象;云顶tbb≤-70 ℃覆盖的区域、水汽通量散度负值中心可以作为暖区暴雨落区预报的参考点。     

2013年4月29—30日景德镇地区锋面暴雨过程分析

利用常规气象观测资料、NCEP 1°×1°格点数据以及FY-2E相当黑体亮温（TBB）资料,对2013年4月29—30日景德镇地区锋面暴雨产生的原因进行了初步分析。结果表明,500 hPa槽前负变高大值区诱使低层低值系统发展,850 hPa低涡沿切变线快速东移,配合西南急流的发展北伸,为暴雨区水汽辐合抬升提供了有利条件。伴随着冷锋南下,近地面层冷平流的侵入使得暖湿空气抬升,对流不稳定性增加,上升运动加强,是造成此次强降水的触发机制。景德镇上空不断有对流单体经过、东移,是造成景德镇地区出现暴雨的直接原因,强降水大多出现在TBB低值附近或其梯度区。此次暴雨过程水汽主要来自超低空急流输送,925 hPa水汽通量散度与暴雨落区、强度对应关系较好。     

曲靖市2006年6月两次中-β尺度暴雨天气成因分析

2006年6月7-8日和6月22-23日,曲靖市发生了中-β尺度的暴雨天气。利用这两次过程的Micaps10×10格点资料和多普勒雷达资料对中-β尺度的暴雨天气系统形成机制以及雷达回波演变及特征分析。结果表明:500hPa中高纬度环流为稳定的两槽一脊,中低纬有天气系统影响时,如果有足够的水汽和足够强的上升、下沉运动,且正负速度强中心在一个高度,绝对数值相近,加上水汽通量散度不均匀分布,此时,极易发生中-β尺度强降水。同时研究发现“逆风区”是暴雨识别、暴雨落区预报的有用判据,在“逆风区”及其移动路径附近,往往会带来短时集中强降水。     

2017年7月26日榆林区域性大暴雨过程分析

利用高空气象观测资料、物理量、地面逐时降雨量、卫星云图FY-2G等资料,对2017年7月25—26日榆林市一次区域性大暴雨过程成因进行了分析,结果表明：此次大暴雨过程是在高空冷槽、强盛的副热带高压、低空西南急流、东南气流共同影响下产生,暴雨落区位于副高588 dagpm 西北侧的辐合区;700 hPa西南急流和850 hPa东南气流为强降水的产生提供了充沛水汽,长时间充沛的水汽输送和较强的水汽辐合是区域性大暴雨产生的重要原因之一;低层暖湿气流携带大量水汽和不稳定能量影响陕北地区,在中层冷空气触发下产生强对流,强降水出现在能量锋区中;陕北地区500～850 hPa深厚辐合层产生的强上升运动是暴雨发生的动力条件,暴雨落区和强度与上升运动相对应;中尺度对流复合体MCC的发展东移是造成此次大暴雨过程的主要原因。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

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正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted     

A Brief Introduction to Marine Meteorological Science Experiment Base at Bohe Town,Maoming City,Guangdong Province

<正>With the support of specialized funds for national science institutions,the Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology,China Meteorological Administration set up in October 2008 an experiment base for marine meteorology and a number of observation systems for the coastal boundary layer,air-sea flux,marine environmental elements,and basic meteorological elements at Bohe town,Maoming city,Guangdong province,in the northern part of the South China Sea.     

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AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.