L-矩估计方法在极端降水研究中的应用

本文引进具有高精度优良特性的L-矩参数估计方法,应用Gumbel分布模式拟合我国东部地区的极端降水量。结果表明,参数的L-矩估计法使Gumbel分布拟合极端降水的优度有较大的提高,同时在给定重现期条件下估计极值分位数具有良好的效果。相对而言,对短样本序列,L-矩估计比常规矩估计具有明显的优势。     

环渤海地区极端降水事件概率分布特征

利用环渤海地区60个测站1961～2008年逐日降水资料,采用L-矩参数估计方法对各站超临界值日极端降水拟合广义帕雷托分布。结果表明,广义帕雷托分布能够很好地拟合环渤海地区日极端降水的概率分布,其尺度参数、形状参数与极端降水重现期的地理空间分布密切相关,重现期50、100年一遇的日极端降水空间分布基本一致,山东南部、河北西南部、辽宁西部与河北东北部等区域具有较高极端降水值。     

山西省主汛期极端变化降水特征

利用环渤海地区60个测站1961～2008年逐日降水资料,采用L矩参数估计方法对各站超临界值日极端降水拟合广义帕雷托分布。结果表明,广义帕雷托分布能够很好地拟合环渤海地区日极端降水的概率分布,其尺度参数、形状参数与极端降水重现期的地理空间分布密切相关,重现期50、100年一遇的日极端降水空间分布基本一致,山东南部、河北西南部、辽宁西部与河北东北部等区域具有较高极端降水值。     

浙江省极端降水事件分布及其概率特征

以浙江省内时间序列较长,空间分布较为均匀的24个站的降水资料为基础,应用边缘分布函数来确定极端降水的阈值,进而分析能较好表征极端降水事件的各类极端降水指数的发生发展规律和时空分布特征。结果表明,极端降水事件在浙西北地区发生更为频繁,浙南地区发生日数较少,而极端降水平均强度的高值分布在浙江南部,低值位于东北部,极端降水日数各区域均表现出增多趋势,同时其分布也有一定的时间周期规律可循;极端降水平均强度除了浙中西部地区外也表现出不同程度的增强趋势。采用L-矩参数估计方法,应用Gumbel概率分布函数能较好的拟合各站点的降水极值,通过设定重现期求得降水极值的理论值,从其空间分布特征可发现,降水极值总体上呈现出由浙南向浙东北地区减小的趋势,且南北差异较大。     

青藏高原夏季极端降水概率分布特征

基于国家级地面气象站基本气象要素日值数据集的均一化降水序列计算了1961—2014年青藏高原中东部71个站夏季极端降水指数,选取二参数和三参数的Weibull分布、广义极值分布、皮尔逊Ⅲ型分布(Gamma分布)、对数逻辑斯特分布拟合其极值,分析了青藏高原中东部夏季极端降水的极值分布特征。结果表明:青藏高原夏季极端降水由东南向西北递减,大值中心位于四川东部地区,西藏东南部有一较大值中心,小值中心位于青海西北部。通过极值分布函数对极端降水指数的拟合,发现不同的指数适用的函数不同,需采用多种概率分布模式进行对比,并结合实际物理意义加以选择最适合的拟合分布函数。利用Gumbel分布计算夏季极端降水指数的多年一遇水平、50年一遇和100年一遇水平,均呈现出完全一致的空间分布特征:东南降水多,西北降水少;根据滑动t检验,强降水量和极强降水量均于2006年突变,由Gumbel分布估计突变后青藏高原中东部的极端降水有所增加。     

中国南方夏半年湿期概率特征及其极值风险分析

以中国南方诸代表站近40 a(1965—2004年)夏季(5—9月)逐日降水资料为研究对象,探讨了夏半年各站湿期游程及其极端值的概率分布最佳模式。在对各站湿期游程分别验证指数分布的基础上,作耿贝尔(Gumbel)极值分布和广义帕雷托分布(GPD)拟合,进而对两者的拟合效果进行比较。并由此对湿期长度估计其不同重现期(如20 a一遇、50 a一遇和100 a一遇)的极端湿期长度的分位数概率。经K-S方法的统计检验,证明GPD分布拟合效果较好,能更加精确的模拟出中国南方夏季的极端连雨日数及其概率。     

四川盆地短历时强降水极值分布的研究

运用广义帕雷托分布(GPD)和广义极值分布(GEV),借助于L-矩的参数估计方法,对四川盆地12站的小时极端降水量进行拟合,并对两种模型的拟合效果进行比较。运用Hill图,结合统计量D*来确定GPD的最佳门限值是合适的,选出的样本是独立的。各站的小时极端降水概率分布均符合GPD和GEV,但GPD模型的拟合精度要优于GEV模型。利用两种模型推算出各站给定重现期的最大小时降水量,其中泸州50 a一遇和100 a一遇的降水极值分位数都超过了100 mm,除了遂宁站外,两种模型估计出的极值分位数的相对误差基本都在10%以下。通过分析,GPD推算的结果更加可靠。     

广东省热带气旋降水的时空分布特征和重现期估算

为了了解广东省热带气旋降水时空分布特征和估算重现期,利用客观天气图分析法,将热带气旋降水从站点降水观测资料中分离,在此基础上统计和分析了1951—2012年间热带气旋降水的时空分布特征,并基于Gumbel分布函数对热带气旋年总降水量(ATP)和年最大降水量(AEP)进行了重现期估算。结果表明:1951—2012年间广东省热带气旋降水呈减少趋势,1980年之前明显多于1980年之后。广东省热带气旋降水分布为北少南多,且极端热带气旋过程带来的降水量可超过热带气旋年均降水总量。拟合结果显示Gumbel分布函数可以较好地估算广东省热带气旋降水重现期;在相同的重现期下,ATP的空间差异较AEP大;重现水平越高的热带气旋过程产生的降水空间分布越不均匀。     

江门高温和降水的概率分布及极端事件重现水平

利用1961—2015年江门6个气象观测站逐年最高气温、汛期降水、最大日降水资料,采用线性倾向估计、广义极值分布(GEV)等统计方法,研究了江门年最高气温、汛期降水、最大日降水的概率分布及其极端事件的重现水平。结果表明:1)各站年最高气温概率均属Weibull分布,概率密度峰值对应气温恩平最大、上川岛最小;变化幅度恩平最大、台山最小。较低重现期(20年或以内)时,极端高温事件阈值恩平最高;重现期超过50年时,鹤山最高。2)各站汛期降水概率均属Weibull分布,概率密度峰值对应雨量及变化幅度恩平最大、鹤山最小;不同重现期,恩平极端降水事件阈值均显著高于其它台站,鹤山最低。3)鹤山、恩平和上川岛最大日降水概率属Frechet分布,开平和台山属Weibull分布,新会属Gumbel分布;各站日降水峰值概率比汛期降水峰值概率大一个量级。不同重现期,上川岛极端日降水事件阈值均显著高于其它台站。     

广义帕雷托分布在重庆暴雨强降水研究中的应用

引进广义帕雷托分布(GPD),借助于现代L-矩估计方法,模拟重庆地区极端降水事件,推算一定重现期的极端降水量分位数。模拟试验表明,基于超门限峰值法(POT)的GPD不但计算简便,而且基本不受原始序列样本量的影响,具有全部取值域的高精度稳定拟合(包括高端厚尾部),与GEV模拟结果相比,GPD具有更高精度和稳定性,更为实用。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

Information for Authors

正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted     

A Brief Introduction to Marine Meteorological Science Experiment Base at Bohe Town,Maoming City,Guangdong Province

<正>With the support of specialized funds for national science institutions,the Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology,China Meteorological Administration set up in October 2008 an experiment base for marine meteorology and a number of observation systems for the coastal boundary layer,air-sea flux,marine environmental elements,and basic meteorological elements at Bohe town,Maoming city,Guangdong province,in the northern part of the South China Sea.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.