石阡大暴雨环境场及强降水形成原因分析

2014—2015年石阡出现了5次历史罕见的大暴雨天气过程,其总雨量多,强度大,灾害严重。该文针对这5次大暴雨过程从地形、天气背景、卫星、雷达回波特征等方面进行分析,得出:1石阡暴雨集中出现在地形低洼地带及迎风坡站点;2低层偏东风、中高层偏西南风的垂直分布,形成近地面低层辐合、边界层辐散的垂直环流结构,是造成石阡局地暴雨增强的重要原因;3在遵义北部或西部生成的低涡切变线是造成石阡暴雨的主要影响系统;4雷达回波特征直接反映了暴雨云团的生成地及移动发展方向,对短时暴雨的预报有较好的指示意义;5对流云顶温度TBB值的大小可以反映雨强的大小,当对流云团逐渐移进石阡其梯度逐渐增大时,雨强逐渐增大。     

太行山地形对一次河北暴雨过程影响的数值研究

应用MM5模式对2000年7月5日河北省中南部的暴雨个例进行数值模拟及诊断分析,探讨了太行山脉对于河北省暴雨的影响.结果表明:降水分布在太行山东部迎风坡上,且强降水中心与喇叭口地形相对应,地形雨特征明显.在高分辨率模式模拟中,地形资料越精细,对迎风坡地形暴雨特征模拟能力越好.本次个例中低层东风越大,造成的迎风坡降水越强.近地面层受地形影响,气流表现为局地环流特征,随山脉的起伏,各物理场均有波动的特征.     

四川盆地西北部9月两次低温暴雨过程对比分析

利用常规气象资料和NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料对2001年9月18日和2013年9月18日四川盆地西北部的两次暴雨天气过程进行对比分析。分析结果表明：两次暴雨均发生在无低涡且低温条件下,受西风槽东移的影响,最大降水发生在龙门山迎风坡,地形作用对两次暴雨形成有重要的影响;四川盆地内的水汽来源既可以来源于孟加拉湾,在有台风配合的情况下也可以来自于东海;2001年9月18日暴雨中低层低空急流为暴雨提供了有利的热力、水汽和动力辐合条件;2013年9月18日暴雨中地形造成的低层强烈辐合和南亚高压造成的高层强辐散为强降水提供了有利条件;对于低温条件下盆地西北部的暴雨需注意副高对西风槽的阻挡作用,同时需注意低层偏东风分量的大小。     

地形影响下海河流域北系强降水成因分析

利用区域自动站观测和NCAR/NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料,对比2012-2014年海河流域北系4次强降水过程成因,重点分析地形对强降水过程的影响。分析结果表明,4次强降水过程均属于低槽类暴雨,高空槽是影响流域北系强降水的主要影响系统,副热带高压、低层辐合系统对暴雨强度、位置及持续时间存在明显影响。此外,除能量及水汽的积聚外,地形对海河流域北系降水强度有明显增幅作用。风场与地形相配合的地形抬升是降雨增幅的动力因子。在水平方向上,呈"V"形分布的上升运动区,对应燕山山脉迎风坡坡度较大地区;在垂直方向上,地形强迫引起的低层上升运动中心与天气系统抬升引起的中高层上升运动中心逐渐合并加强。地形阻挡导致的水汽通量辐合也是迎风坡降雨增幅的重要因子,低层地形引起的水汽辐合明显强于中层天气系统引起的水汽辐合。     

低层偏东气流对贵州梵净山东侧强降水的作用

利用常规观测资料、地面加密自动站资料、雷达探测资料与NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料等,对低层偏东气流影响下贵州铜仁梵净山东侧4次强降水天气过程进行了分析,重点探讨了在低层偏东气流与地形共同作用下的强降水形成机制,并归纳低层偏东气流影响下的梵净山东侧强降水概念模型。结果表明:(1)高空槽、低层切变线、地面中尺度辐合线是影响梵净山东侧强降水的主要天气系统;(2)低层浅薄偏东气流对梵净山东侧强降水起着关键作用,当低空气流u分量随高度减小时,地形迎风坡气流辐合上升,而气流v分量随高度增加时,地形迎风坡会产生与山脉垂直的水平涡管,在地形抬升作用下涡管向上凸起形成两个涡管环流圈,涡度垂直分量使山脚附近上升气流加强而有利于山脚产生强降水;(3)梵净山东侧强降水区的形成存在三种机制,即迎风坡山脚多次触发对流形成雨量叠加效应、地面中尺度辐合线自身触发组织对流、回波沿地面中尺度辐合线东移形成“列车效应”,三种机制产生的降水带与地面中尺度辐合线走向一致。     

鲁中山区地形对一次台风暴雨影响的数值试验

利用中尺度数值预报模式MM5和30″×30″的高分辨率地形资料,对一次暴雨天气过程进行数值模拟和无地形的对比数值试验,分析鲁中山区地形对暴雨的影响。结果表明,鲁中山区的地形强迫抬升和阻挡作用促使山区迎风坡对流层低层水平辐合和上升运动加强,有利于对流云的发展,对整个鲁中山区的降水量起增幅作用,而使鲁西地区降水量减少。同时,地形抬升和阻挡作用使迎风坡对流层低层水汽凝结加快,而整个山区对流层上层空气相对湿度和饱和度增大。     

太行山地形对华北暴雨影响的数值模拟试验

利用高分辨率区域气候模式RegCM3对华北地区1996年夏季降水进行了数值模拟,对照中国台站的实测资料,对模拟的夏季降水量日变化特征进行了比较,在此基础上,设计了太行山地形敏感性试验,模拟了太行山脉地形高度变化对1996年夏季发生在华北地区的3次典型暴雨过程的影响.研究结果认为,RegCM3模式能够较好地模拟1996年夏季华北地区雨带位置及主要降水过程,对3次典型暴雨过程中暴雨中心的落区及位置移动均有较好的表现,不足的是模拟的降水量偏大.地形敏感性试验结果发现,太行山地形对华北暴雨天气过程有着重要影响,但是对于不同型态的暴雨过程,地形的影响有不同表现.对于太行山区型暴雨,太行山地形的阻挡和抬升作用导致迎风坡和背风坡降水增加,而去掉地形后太行山两侧降水明显减少;对于回流型暴雨,降水系统从东北地区南部向西南方向移动,低层气流主要为偏东型气流,地形的存在对于降水系统的西移速度及降水落区均有重要影响,去掉地形后太行山东侧降水明显减少;对于东移型暴雨,降水从太行山南麓向东北方向移动,太行山脉对于环流形势的影响并不明显,因而仅影响降水强度,对降水位置影响不大.     

2018年北京“7.16”暖区特大暴雨特征及形成机制研究

利用京津冀区域加密自动气象站、SA多普勒天气雷达、L波段风廓线雷达、NCEP 0.25° 再分析资料及0.03° 高分辨率地形资料研究了北京2018年7月15—16日暖区特大暴雨特征和形成机制。结果表明:（1）这次暖区特大暴雨发生在副热带高压边缘的暖气团（θ_se高能区）中,无明显冷空气强迫,斜压性弱,有丰沛的水汽,850 hPa以下出现强水汽辐合。（2）暴雨的中尺度对流系统发展有3个过程:带状对流建立和局地强雨团影响、北京北部“列车效应”南部雷暴冷池出流造成对流加强和移动、平原地区线状对流重建。（3）暴雨发生前,低层西南风出现风速脉动,低空急流建立。首先在2500—3500 m高度形成低空急流,2 h后2500 m以下风速显著增大,5 h后急流厚度由边界层伸展到700 hPa。急流出口区降压,低层出现气旋性风场或切变,有利于垂直上升运动发展,触发和加强对流。（4）西南低空急流暖湿输送导致高温、高湿、高能的对流不稳定层结反复重建,这是对流发展加强的重要原因。（5）地面辐合线是对流触发并逐渐组织成带状对流系统的关键影响因素。地面辐合线方向、低空急流轴、回波移动方向三者几乎重叠是造成对流后向传播和“列车效应”的有利条件。（6）太行山和燕山地形对对流触发和暴雨增幅有重要影响。北京最大雨强≥40 mm/h站点中的77.4%位于西南部和东北部200—600 m海拔高度处。偏东风在华北西部太行山局地迎风坡触发对流,西南低空急流在北京北部迎风坡和喇叭口地形处辐合和抬升更为显著,造成局地特大暴雨。      

地形对海南岛冬季暴雨影响的数值试验

利用中尺度WRF模式,针对2013年12月14-15日海南岛东南沿岸(五指山山脉的迎风坡)出现的罕见暴雨过程,从地形角度出发设计了一组控制试验和两组敏感性试验,探讨地形对冬季暴雨的影响及可能机制。结果表明:WRF模式能够较合理地模拟出本次降水过程特征以及相关气象要素的变化过程。五指山脉可使对流层低层偏东风和东南风在山前加强、汇合形成辐合带并长时间维持,降水出现在辐合带上。在偏东气流影响下,地形促使其东侧出现有利于水汽抬升的"低层辐合、高层辐散"环流配置,同时阻挡了中低层暖湿气流向西输送,造成地形东侧水汽大量聚集,为暴雨发生发展提供动力条件和充足的水汽。地形均一试验进一步表明,地形高度及起伏共同作用对水平流场分布、垂直运动发展以及水汽输送等影响更为显著,对暴雨增幅作用更为明显,使得降水的分布形式更为复杂。     

“碧利斯”与“圣帕”引发湘东南特大暴雨雷达回波对比分析

利用多普勒天气雷达、常规气象观测等资料,从雷达气象学和中小尺度天气学出发,对引发湘东南特大暴雨的两次强热带风暴"碧利斯"与超强台风"圣帕"进行了对比分析.结果表明:两次过程均为东风带系统影响,地形增幅作用显著.螺旋带状、弥合加波阶段是造成强降水的主要时段.均有低质心暖性降水虽波特征,降水效率高."列车效应"是造成特大暴雨的关键,但形成方式不同:"碧利斯"主要由带状回波形成,而"圣帕"主要由回波在同一区域加强形成."碧利斯"回波强度、回波顶高均大于"圣帕"过程,对流更旺盛,范围小而雨强大,与西风带冷式切变线暴雨回波相似."圣帕"回波均匀,持续时间长,与西风带暖式切变线暴雨回波特征相似,回波移动缓慢,降水总量大.两次过程都有暖平流上叠加辐合风场的特征,形成了有利于强降水的环境背景.中γ尺度"大风核"造成有组织的次级环流,可能是"列车效应"形成和维持的主要原因.谱宽表明,受地面的摩擦作用,低层有强烈的湍流和乱流,有利于低压中心从低层减弱.中层为强而稳定的气流,有利于气旋强度的维持,形成长时间强降水.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

Information for Authors

正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

正Aims Scope Advances in Atmospheric Sciences(AAS)is an international journal on the dynamics,physics,and chemistry of the atmosphere and ocean with papers across the full range of the atmospheric sciences,co-published bimonthly by Science Press and Springer.The journal includes Articles,Note and Correspondence,and Letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.