利用气温垂直分布的统计特征讨论地面气温在大气温度遥感反演中的应用

本文用经验正交函数法分析了南京气温垂直分布的统计特征及地面气温对正交展开的影响,提出利用经验正交函数展开法进行大气温度廓线遥感反演的一种改进方法。     

论大气模式的垂直离散(Ⅰ)──存在问题、资料处理、坐标和基函数的选择

对常用大气模式中的垂直离散问题进行了讨论。指出了在积分静力方程和计算垂直平流、垂直扩散等时存在的问题，提出了可以采取的措施和改进办法。还对垂直坐标和基函数的选择进行了讨论。     

全球大气垂直环流间的相关分析

利用三维分解方案对全球大气环流进行分解,得到全球大气垂直环流分量,计算各大气垂直环流活动中心之间以及赤道中太平洋大气垂直环流与全球大气垂直环流的相关系数,分析表明,全球大气垂直环流活动中心的季节变化具有明显的一致性,南半球热带垂直环流和亚洲季风环流关系密切;赤道中太平洋地区纬向垂直环流与热带大气经向垂直环流有较强的同步变化特征,与青藏高原上空大气纬向环流关系密切     

西风急流发展过程中的垂直运动

在大气环流的研究中自从发现西风急流以后,许多气象学者便进一步探求它的构造,他们认为西风急流附近具有一个显著的垂直环流,开于这种垂直环流有着不同的说法:1947年以 Rossby 氏为首的芝加哥大学气象系的研究报告[1]中,首先指出由于大规模的侧面混合作用,在急流附近得出一个逆转的垂直环流,在急流南方有向南向下的下降气流,在急流北方有向北向上的上升气流。1949J.Namias 与 F.Clapp[2]提出南北气流相遇的理论,得出一个正环流,在急流北方的冷气中是下降运动,在南方的     

大气垂直运动廓线特征及其与云和辐射的关联性分析：以CMIP6三个模式为例

基于第六次耦合模式比较计划(CMIP6)的3个全球气候模式结果,利用经验正交分解方法和参数方法分析了模式模拟的热带地区大尺度大气垂直运动廓线特征并揭示其与云和辐射量的关系。结果表明,基于EOF分解方法,3个模式均可较好地再现热带大气垂直运动特征,即热带大气垂直运动90%以上的方差可由两个主导的垂直结构模态解释,其中EOF1表征大气的整体上升或下沉,EOF2表征一个由深厚的中层辐合辐散占主导的垂直运动廓线。在此基础上定义了一对更为简洁易用的参数(ω和dω),此对参数可较好地描述EOF分解所揭示出的垂直运动廓线特征。利用新定义的参数发现,在西太平洋暖池区域,高云在"上重"下沉区域为低值,中云云量在"下重"上升运动区域为高值。大气层顶对外长波短波辐射均表现出对运动廓线结构的依赖。研究为评估气候模式对云和辐射模拟提供了一组有效因子。     

风廓线雷达估测降水云中大气垂直速度的一种方法

利用UHF频段风廓线雷达垂直波束探测降水云时返回信号功率谱中可能同时出现的大气垂直运动谱和降水粒子谱的双峰谱现象,对北京延庆445 MHz风廓线雷达(CFL-08)在2009 2011年降水期间的垂直波束探测数据进行了双峰谱识别,获取的双峰谱数据经过处理,可得到降水返回信号回波强度ZR和静止大气降水下降的平均速度WT数据。采用最小二乘法拟合ZR和WT,发现两者函数关系与返回信号所在高度有关:WT=3.75H-0.085Z0.006H+0.066R,为降水时垂直指向的多普勒雷达获取降水中大气垂直平均运动速度VA提供了有效的方法。     

两种垂直分层方法对GPS水汽层析结果的影响

利用北京房山地区9个全球定位系统测站组成的实验站网,研究GPS水汽层析网格的划分方法,采取垂直均匀和垂直非均匀两种分层方法,分析GPS层析网格垂直分层对水汽层析结果的影响。结果表明：均匀和非均匀垂直分层方法得到的GPS水汽层析结果是可靠的,均可以与探空水汽结果进行比较。但垂直非均匀分层更符合大气水汽的实际分布特征,层析解算精度更高,尤其对测站高度差较小的GPS站网,尽量选择垂直非均匀分层方法。垂直均匀和垂直非均匀分层方法均可以为北京地区GPS层析网格垂直划分提供参考。     

大气垂直运动方程若干问题讨论

本文对大气垂直运动方程的尺度分析和小量可否忽略重新进行了讨论，认为如同存在水平地转平衡一样，在大气垂直方向应当存在垂直地转平衡。并提出在大气垂直方向可能存在更高阶平衡：一级平衡为静力平衡，二级平衡为静力偏差和垂直柯氏力的垂直地转平衡，可能还存在第三级平衡，即垂直地转偏差和重力异常的平衡，最后，重力异常偏差的最级有可能与大气行星波垂直加速度和引潮力垂直分量已处于同一量级。     

对流降水云中大气垂直运动反演及个例试验

为深入认识对流降水云结构及动力特征,基于降水频段调频连续波5520 MHz垂直指向雷达(VPR-CFMCW),使用地面至15 km高度的反射率因子及径向速度,建立对流降水云中大气垂直运动的反演方法,分析对流垂直结构及大气垂直运动随高度分布的演变特征.对在广东龙门测站探测的2019年4月20-22日前汛期4次对流降水进行...     

全球月平均高度距平场正斜压性的分析(Ⅱ)——与遥相关型的联系

利用欧洲中心全球客观分析的7层月平均位势高度距平资料,计算了几种大气环流遥相关型指数与各层位势高度距平的相关系数分布。发现:大气环流异常的正压、斜压性的地理差异与遥相关型的垂直结构关系密切。综合经验正交函数分析,结果亦然。     

热带有限区数值预报模式中的自由振荡

本文按照广东省热带海洋气象研究所的热带有限区数值预报模式(TL-6)的空间离散方案导出了相应的热带大气运动的水平与垂直结构方程,并具体计算了垂直与水平模态。与关于热带大气运动的解析结果相似,本文所计算的正规模态中,重力波与Rossby波的频率分离特性也十分清楚。根据计算结果探讨了赤道地区Kelvin波与混合Rossby重力波的识别问题。最后讨论了用这组正规模态进行气象场滤波的问题。      

An application of equivalent modons to atmospheric blocking

Certain consistent features are demonstrated between a particular strong, vortex pair atmospheric blocking pattern over the eastern North Atlantic Ocean and Europe during January 1963 and an equivalent modon solution of the inviscid equivalent barotropic equation. Modons are uniformly translating, shape preserving, non-linear analytic solutions. The equivalent barotropic model for the atmosphere is derived as a lowest-order truncation of an expansion and projection of the quasigeostrophic equations with the empirical orthogonal pressure modes of the troposphere. The horizontal and vertical structure of the blocking pattern, as well as its intensity, are consistent with the modon dispersion relation. On the other hand, there remain some uncertainties about whether the pressure profile of the mean zonal wind is consistent with modon requirements and whether a stationary theoretical solution adequately reflects the essential dynamics of a fluctuating and regenerative blocking pattern.     

Horizontal and Vertical Co2 Advection In A Sloping Forest

A system measuring the horizontal and vertical advection was devised and installed in a sloping forest at the Vielsalm site, Belgium. The measurements showed that under stable conditions a flow regime established below the canopy: air flowed horizontally along the slope and entrained the air above the canopy vertically. This movement occurs during stable nights characterised by strongly negative net radiation. It creates negative air concentration gradients in both the vertical and horizontal directions. The advection fluxes associated with these movements are opposite and of a similar order of magnitude. This implies that the horizontal advection cannot be ignored in the carbon budget equation at night. Unfortunately, the large variability of, and considerable uncertainty about, advection fluxes does not enable one to produce estimates of the source term from these equations. Advection measurement systems should be improved in order to enable such estimates to be made. Particular attention should be paid to the estimation of the vertical velocity above the canopy and to the vertical profiles of the horizontal velocity and horizontal CO₂ gradient below the canopy.     

ANALYSIS ON EFFECT OF SOUTH ASIA HIGH ON MID-SUMMER EXTREME DROUGHT AND FLOOD IN SICHUAN-CHONGQING REGION

NCEP/NCAR data are utilized to analyze an extreme flood year （1998） and an extreme dry year （2006） in the Sichuan-Chongqing region （SCR） and the results are as follows. The positive divergence of South Asia High （SAH） is stronger in the flood year; the position of the ridge line of SAH is southward compared with the annual average; Western Pacific Subtropical High （WPSH） extends westward and its ridge line is southward. In the drought year, the positive divergence of SAH is weaker, its ridge line is northward, and the position of WPSH is also northward. As shown in the dynamics, in drought （flood） years, negative （positive） vorticity advection in the upper atmosphere can cause the atmosphere to ascend （descend）, and anomalous circulation of SAH displays divergence （convergence）, and anomalous circulation of the lower atmosphere shows convergence （divergence）. Thermal structure of the atmosphere shows that there is warm （cold） temperature advection in the lower atmosphere, and the vertical distribution of diabetic heating causes SAH＇s local circulation to display convergence （divergence） and affects vertical motion of the lower atmosphere circulation eventually. To some extent, the two extreme years in the SCR is closely related to the vertical motion of atmosphere circulation and the variation of such vertical motion is caused by differences of interactions between SAH and lower atmosphere circulations.     

Tschebyscheff 函数在大气模式垂直离散问题中的应用

文章就常用全球谱模式中的垂直离散问题进行了讨论，给出了用Tschebyscheff函数积分静力方程、连续方程，以及计算垂直平流、垂直扩散等的方法。还对某些气象要素在垂直方向微商呈现间断的问题进行了分析，指出了其中存在的问题和应采取的措施。     

大气臭氧垂直分布变化的模拟研究

利用包括垂直平流、扩散和化学过程的一维平流层—对流层的大气化学模式，通过增加NOx的地面源，发现由于NOx地面源的增强，引起对流层下部臭氧浓度增加，夏季臭氧浓度的增加远大于冬季；通过扩散系数和垂直风速的敏感性试验比较，看出由平流层向对流层输送臭氧的过程中，平流过程的影响可能更重要。     

一次有冷空气侵入的梅汛期大暴雨过程诊断分析

利用常规观测资料、NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料及雷达资料,对2014年6月浙江中部地区一次有冷空气侵入的梅汛期大暴雨过程进行了诊断分析。结果表明:短波槽携带冷空气与西南暖湿气流交汇所形成的低涡切变是大暴雨过程主要影响系统;冷空气侵入使垂直方向上形成上冷下暖的不稳定结构,在暴雨区域上空始终对应有配合垂直上升运动中心的低层辐合中心,同时800-900 h Pa的干冷平流向低层的输送对暴雨维持有重要作用。冷空气侵入加剧了低层大气的对流性不稳定,大暴雨的产生与低层大气对流性不稳定的加剧和不稳定能量的释放有密切关系。湿位涡正压项(MPV1)表明大气处于对流不稳定状态,斜压项(MPV2)由负转正发展使垂直涡度得到较大增长,从而为暴雨提供了很好的垂直动力条件。根据雷达速度图上高低层冷暖平流及实况反射率回波,可以初步判断降水的强弱和发展趋势。     

Aspects of CO2 advection measurements

Observations of vegetation–atmosphere exchange of carbon dioxide (CO₂) by the eddy covariance (EC) technique are limited by difficult conditions such as nighttime and heterogeneous terrain. Thus, advective flux components are included into the net ecosystem exchange (NEE) budget. However, advection measurements are experimentally challenging and do not always help to solve the night flux problem of the EC technique. This study investigates alternative methods for the observation of horizontal advection, in particular horizontal concentration gradients, as well as different approaches to coordinate rotation and vertical advection. Continuous high-frequency measurements of the horizontal CO₂ concentration field are employed and compared to the often used discontinuous sequential sampling. Significant differences were found in the case of 30-min mean concentration values between the conventional discontinuous sampling approach and the complete observation of the time series by continuous sampling. Estimates of vertical advection rely on accurate estimates of vertical wind velocity ( $\emph{w}$ ). Therefore, different approaches to the planar fit coordinate rotation have been investigated. Sector-wise rotation was able to eliminate directional dependencies of mean $\emph{w}$ . Furthermore, the effect of the data set length used for rotation (window length) was investigated and was found to have significant impact on estimates of vertical advection, with larger window lengths yielding about 50% larger vertical advection. A sequential planar fit with controlled window length is proposed to give reproducible results. The different approaches to the measurement and calculation of horizontal and vertical advection presented are applied to data obtained during the exchange processes in mountainous region experiment at the FLUXNET site Waldstein–Weidenbrunnen (DE-Bay). Estimates of NEE including advection are compared to NEE from turbulent and storage flux alone without advection. NEE including vertical advection with sector-wise planar fit rotation and controlled window length and including horizontal advection from continuous gradient measurements, which were comprehensively bias corrected by a new approach, did compare well with the expected night flux error, with meteorological drivers of the fluxes and with soil chamber measurements. Unrealistically large and noisy values of horizontal advection from the conventional discontinuous sampling approach, which lead to unrealistic values of NEE, could be eliminated by the alternative approaches presented. We therefore suggest the further testing of those approaches at other sites in order to improve the accuracy of advection measurements and, subsequently, estimates of NEE.     

Horizontal variability and boundary-layer modeling

Micrometeorologists have traditionally set aside consideration of horizontal variability and have studied boundary-layer structure with horizontal homogeneity. The numerical forecasting of boundary-layer structures, over normally varying terrain and including normal disturbances such as fronts, requires selection of an appropriate horizontal scale.A simple analysis of steady-state balance between horizontal advection and vertical diffusion provides estimates of the vertical scale (or depth) of surface-induced features. The scale height is a function of the horizontal scale of the variations. Models neglecting important terrain scales of length below ~ 1000 km can predict down to levels of ~ 0.5 to 1 km while those that neglect important terrain scales below ~ 100 km can predict down to ~ 0.2 to 0.6 km. Below these levels, any predicted features will be dominated by the vertical diffusion so that they are solutions of a one-dimensional boundary-value problem.The boundary-induced advection effects dominate free atmosphere advection effects in the lowest few hundred meters as well. This means that if mesoscale advections are resolved and terrain influences are strong, the predictions in the layer ~ 0.2 to 0.8 km can provide mesoscale detail without mesoscale initial conditions above the surface, because the surface forcing will dominate the solution.     

华北地区平流雾过程湍流输送及演变特征

利用2006年2月在天津市南部地区开展的大气湍流观测资料, 分析了平流雾生消过程中湍流输送及演变特征。结果表明: 平流雾生消过程中, 大气稳定度参数数值主要集中在弱不稳定到弱稳定范围内, 且多呈现弱不稳定状态。雾前, 大气呈弱不稳定状态, 热量的垂直和水平输送短时加强, 且水平输送较垂直输送更显著; 雾生成初期, 大气呈弱稳定层结, 湍流动量和热量的垂直及水平输送均很弱; 雾中, 大气多呈弱不稳定状态, 稳定度参数、 动量、 热量及水平与垂直热通量之比值随时间均呈多峰形振荡, 随着雾的消散, 大气由弱不稳定逐渐演变为稳定状态; 雾后, 低层大气再次呈现弱不稳定层结特征, 动量和热量输送呈单峰形日变化特征。平流雾生消过程中, 热量的水平输送随不稳定度增强而迅速减小; 大气呈稳定层结时, 热量的水平输送显著大于垂直输送, 其比值约为2。同时, 摩擦速度、 水平与垂直热通量之比值呈多峰形振荡, 振幅分别可达1.2 m/s及50。