短期集合预报技术在梅雨降水预报中的试验研究

数值预报的误差来源于初始场和模式的误差,集合预报技术是减小这些误差的有效方法。该文以MM5模式作为试验模式框架,模式的积云参数化方案分别取Anthes-Kuo、Grell、Kain-Fritsch和Betts-Miller方案,边界层参数化方案分别取MRF和Eta方案,通过组合4种积云参数化方案和两种边界层参数化方案产生8个集合成员,对1999年华东地区梅雨期间3个降水个例进行48 h集合预报试验。结果显示不同集合成员的预报结果各不相同,积云参数化方案对降水的影响比边界层参数化方案对降水的影响大;不同集合成员预报降水的偏差也各不相同,大多存在湿偏差,量级小的降水的湿偏差程度比量级大的降水的湿偏差程度小;对于不同个例,各成员中预报效果相对较好的成员是不同的,集合平均后可以得到一个比较稳定的预报结果;从集合预报结果中还能得到客观化和定量化的降水概率预报,它能对可能发生的天气现象发出信号。     

一次特大暴雨的集合预报试验

利用NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料,采用WRFV2.2模式对2008年6月12-13日的一次广西特大暴雨天气过程进行了包括积云对流参数化方案、边界层参数化方案、陆面过程参数化方案的集合预报试验.结果表明:模拟降水对WRF模式不同的物理过程表现出不同的敏感性,对积云对流参数化方案最敏感,降水离散度最大;对陆面过程参数化方...     

一次短期集合预报试验

数值模式中物理过程描述不准确是造成数值预报误差的主要来源之一,采用数值模式中不同物理过程的集合预报方案是减小模式预报误差的有效方法。本文结合一个典型的夏季东北冷涡型降水天气过程,选用不同的积云对流参数化方案、显式降水方案、辐射方案以及模式采用不同的地表分辨率构成10集合预报成员,进行了48h的预报。结果显示集合预报在总体预报效果上比各个集合成员的预报效果好,简单的集合平均就可以提高模式形势场和降水要素场的预报准确率。在集合平均提高预报准确率的同时,采用天气系统移动路径图、面条图以及降水概率预报等方法,可以增强小概率事件的预报能力。     

山西省夏季三类典型强降水的集合预报试验

利用我国自主研发的多尺度通用的新一代同化与数值预报系统--GRAPES模式,通过对4种积云参数化方案的比较,确定集合预报成员,对山西省夏季3类典型强降水过程进行了集合预报试验.试验结果表明:(1)对所模拟的个例,Betts-Miler-Janjic对流调整方案和Kain-Fritsch对流参数化方案优于对流调整方案和郭氏参数化方案;(2)积云参数化方案对降水的影响比边界层参数化方案对降水的影响大,不同个例对2种不同积云参数化方案和3种不同边界层参数化方案的6种组合的反应敏感程度也各不相同;(3)不同集合成员对降水的预报结果各不相同,其预报偏差也各不相同;(4)对于不同的天气系统,不同的方案其预报效果是不同的;(5)通过集合平均,降水预报偏差明显减小,降水预报偏大的情况得到改善,且其24～36 h预报效果最好.     

2004年西南地区多物理集合预报系统试验及初步检验

利用美国PSU/NCAR的高分辨率中尺度非静力MM5模式,选择不同的积云对流参数化方案和边界层方案,构造西南地区多物理集合预报系统,于2004年8月16～9月30日进行了准业务试验.对四川区域短期降水集合预报结果的检验表明,利用双线性插值方法获得的站点预报值较利用临近格点的降水平均值更具有实际参考价值;对比分析表明,对于小雨到暴雨量级的降水,集合预报优于大部分集合预报成员,对大于100mm以上的极端降水预报能力有待提高;分析显示,以Anthes-Kuo和Kain-Fritsch积云对流参数化方案构造的集合预报成员对四川区域暴雨以上量级的预报效果不明显,因而对集合预报系统中参数化方案的选取,集合预报成员的构成,还有待进一步试验分析与优化.     

2004年西南地区多物理集体合预报系统试验及初步检验

利用美国PSU／NCAR的高分辨率中尺度非静力MM5模式，选择不同的积云对流参数化方案和边界层方案，构造西南地区多物理集合预报系统，于2004年8月16～9月30日进行了准业务试验。对四川区域短期降水集合预报结果的检验表明，利用双线性插值方法获得的站点预报值较利用临近格点的降水平均值更具有实际参考价值；对比分析表明，对于小雨到暴雨量级的降水，集合预报优于大部分集合预报成员，对大于100mm以上的极端降水预报能力有待提高；分析显示，以Anthes-Kuo和Kain-Fritsch积云对流参数化方案构造的集合预报成员对四川区域暴雨以上量级的预报效果不明显，因而对集合预报系统中参数化方案的选取，集合预报成员的构成，还有待进一步试验分析与优化。     

MCC降水过程集合预报不同物理过程扰动方案的对比试验研究

利用WRF模式,从模式的不确定性角度来构造中尺度的集合预报,重点对比分析了不同物理参数化方案、物理过程随机扰动方案、积云对流参数化敏感参数扰动方案对中尺度对流复合体降水集合预报的影响。试验结果表明:3种物理过程扰动方法都可以反映中尺度对流复合体降水预报的不确定性特征,其预报效果比控制预报好。物理过程随机扰动方案集合平均的降水落区及强度最接近实况,并且其降水的ETS评分要高于其他2种方案。从均方根误差与离散度的角度来看,3种方案中物理过程随机扰动的均方根误差要小于其他2种方案,而其离散度要大于其他2种方案,物理过程随机扰动方案要优于其他2种方案。     

CWRF对青藏高原气温和降水模拟效果的综合评估

利用CWRF(Climate-Weather Research and Forecasting model)对中国区域气候的31 a多物理集合模拟试验,分析了该模式对青藏高原气温和降水的模拟效果及其对水平分辨率和物理过程参数化方案的敏感性。结果表明:1)CWRF降尺度全面改善了全球模式对高原气温和降水的模拟,使气温年循环的均方根误差减小近1℃,月降水量年循环的均方根误差减小10~40 mm,同时显著提高了各月气温和降水与实测资料年际变化的相关系数,最高提升0.6;2)模式分辨率对降水模拟有显著影响,不同分辨率模拟降水差异高达60 mm(54%),模拟偏差随分辨率提高先降低后上升,转折在30 km左右;3)物理过程参数化方案对气温和降水模拟影响显著,不同方案模拟的各月平均气温相差1~4℃,夏季各月降水量相差20~100 mm,其中对气温模拟影响最大的是辐射方案,对降水影响最大的是积云方案。本文为CWRF局地优化对物理参数化及水平分辨率等如何选择提供了依据。     

两种短期降水集合预报方案的对比试验

将MM5V3作为试验模式,利用初值扰动和物理参数化方案,分别对东南沿海地区2004年7—9月的短期降水进行了模拟,并运用均方根误差法对模拟试验效果进行了评估检验,以比较两种方案的集合预报效果。结果表明,对于汛期短期降水预报而言,两种方案的预报效果都有一定的改进。相对于初值误差而言,积云对流过程在汛期降水过程中起着更为重要的作用,因而物理参数化方案扰动的集合预报效果,总体优于基于初值扰动的集合预报效果。研究还发现,模式物理参数化方案扰动的集合预报效果在9月出现了明显的下滑,这主要由于7—8月对流活动旺盛,而9月对流活动随热力因素减弱而减弱的原因所致。     

长江中下游地区梅雨期降水的集合预报试验

本文利用MM5模式,通过改变模式的积云参数化方案、边界层过程和云微物理方案,构造了一个15个成员的集合预报系统,对2001年长江中下游地区梅雨期降水做了集合预报试验。试验表明,集合预报与决定预报相比,可以有效地提高梅雨降水的预报准确度;在不同分辨率条件下集合预报相对于决定预报的提高程度是不同的,分辨率越低,集合预报的价值越大。尽管如此,集合预报还具有的内在缺陷是对小雨高估、大到暴雨低估。试验也揭示了,MM5模式本身对于降水有过分预报的倾向,粗网格模式配置对细网格内降水产生重大影响。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Information for Authors

正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.