超声波自动雨量计的电路工作原理

介绍了超声波自动雨量计的电路构成及自动测量降雨量的电路实现过程.     

118型传真机自动对相电路原理

用于接收气象卫星云图的118型传真机,如要实现自动接收,关键是将传真机由手工对相改为自动对相,即需在传真机里增加一个自动对相电路。本文简要介绍了此电路的设计思想及其工作原理。     

延时启动电源电路设计

为了保证雷达高温季节正常工作,就需要确保机房空调不间断运转.本文设计了一个电路,能够使空调在线路来电时自动启动正常运转,达到雷达业务开机的温度环境要求并保证空调安全运行,而且经济、结构简单.     

观测场照明电路造成自动站温度异常故障分析

1引言 到目前为止,吉林省已经建成投入使用的Ⅰ型自动气象站（以下简称自动站）有5个,Ⅱ型自动站有51个,为提高天气预报准确率和气象服务时效性奠定了坚实的基础。自动站正常工作,做好技术保障是非常重要的。本文讨论一起DYYZ-Ⅱ型自动站由于观测场照明电路引起温度数据异常的处理方法,供自动站维修人员参考。     

路面状况传感器稳定光源驱动电路设计

介绍了红外遥测式路面状况传感器的激光二极管的控制电路,主要包括驱动芯片、脉宽控制恒流源电路、温度检测及补偿电路.电路具有功率稳定性好、连续可调的特点.经试验验证,该电路减小了光谱的温度漂移,提高了激光二极管发光功率的稳定性.     

气象警报接收机关机电路的改进

随着无线电台越来越多，VHF频段互相干扰的问题日益严重，直接影响气象警报接收机的正常使用。现用的气象警报接收机检测噪声电平自动关机电路基本上已失去作用。每当广播结束后，接收机不能自动关机，喇叭不断发出令人烦恼的噪音，用户反映甚为强烈，这曾令广播系统一度陷入困境。为解决这一问题，根据原接收机的特点，以LM567为主件，设计出音频关机电路，彻底解决上述问题。下面就此电路的组成及工作原理作一介绍。臼2否很接收机关机电法图LM567是锁相环（PLL）音频泽码器，8脚双列直插塑料封装，其内部原理框图及引脚功能见图1。其5…     

市级通信质量控制系统设计

陕西省一市和市一县通信租用两条2Mbit／s线路，电信SDH电路是主线路，移动SDH电路是备份线路。两条电路采用OSPF动态路由协议交换路由信息，当电信SDH电路出现故障，能够自动启用移动SDH电路，保证网络畅通。待电信SDH电路恢复正常，通信自动切换到电信SDH电路。     

123-1B型传真机自动对相电路故障一例

引起123-1B型传真收片机自动对相故障的原因较多,除了对相电路本身外,由于对相所要的发机相位信号自收报电路经监听电路中的前置放大,显示电路中的选频放大,监听电路中的检波放大,最后进入自动对相电路,对相所要的收机相位来自凸轮开关HZ.因此与收报电路、监听电路、显示电路及凸轮也有关.采用替换法可以迅速把故     

CINRAD/SA天气雷达灯丝电源改进电路

针对SA雷达发射机灯丝电源在实际应用过程中进行了跟踪,对出现的电源驱动电路板被烧焦的故障原因和处理办法进行了阐述。现有的SA雷达发射机灯丝电源存在保护性设计缺陷,经常出现破坏性的故障,特别是电源在驱动信号不稳的情况下,两个半桥驱动开关管被击穿,引起驱动电流过大,并烧焦电路板。通过对电路实际维修以及分析,发现此问题是可以克服的,只要适当增加灯丝电源的自我保护功能,并对控制电路进行部分改进,在驱动信号不稳引起电源输出异常时,电源快速收到雷达系统发出的响应信号,自动掐断强电电源,阻止了大电流在驱动信号非稳定期持续经过驱动电路,减少对开关管的冲击,避免随后产生破坏性故障。改进后灯丝电源在部分雷达上进行试用,效果非常理想。     

热敏电阻变频式测温电路

本文介绍一种测温用的热敏电阻频率转换电路的工作原理。该电路十分简单,精度高,成本低,提高热敏电阻测温的分辩率,与任何型号微计算机连接的接口简单且无附加误差。通过实测的温度一频率数据分析,两者具有很高的相关性。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Information for Authors

正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.