宁夏枸杞花期霜冻指标试验研究

2019年3—5月利用人工霜冻模拟箱进行枸杞现蕾期、初花期和盛花期霜冻指标试验,模拟-8~-1℃、持续1~6 h的32组不同低温和持续时间处理组合,根据室内霜冻模拟试验冻后观测结果,将受冻症状划分为3个级别,并统计每个级别的受冻率,制定霜冻等级判断标准,建立基于低温、持续时间、受冻级别和受冻率的霜冻指标;利用2018年3—5月13个点次的大田霜冻试验结果和25个枸杞种植区自然霜冻调查结果验证霜冻指标。结果表明:枸杞霜冻与低温及其持续时间密切相关,温度越低、持续时间越长,霜冻越重;现蕾期抗冻性最强,初花期抗冻性明显较现蕾期弱,盛花期一定程度上较初花期弱。利用霜冻指标判断的结果与实际灾害情况符合率较高,具有较强的实用性,可作为枸杞花期不同阶段的霜冻灾害预报及评估依据。     

巴旦杏春季低温霜冻灾害气象指标分析

以3个当地主栽品种（莎车1号、莎车14号和莎车18号）为试材,在春季巴旦杏花蕾期至开花期,利用高精度冰箱进行花蕾、花朵和叶低温霜冻害模拟试验,结合历史灾情资料分析春季低温霜冻的强度与发生时段,确定巴旦杏晚霜冻冻害气象指标。结果表明,在开花期若遇到-4．0℃低温且持续2h,会出现轻度冻害;-4．0℃低温若持续4h,莎车1号（纸皮）、莎车14号（叶尔羌）和莎车18号（晚丰）3个品种均会发生冻害,减产幅度达到20％左右;若-6．0℃的低温霜冻持续达2h,3个品种都会发生严重冻害。     

巴旦木春季低温霜冻灾害的气象指标分析

摘要：以3个当地主栽品种（莎车1号、莎车14号和莎车18号）为试材,在春季巴旦杏花蕾期至开花期,利用高精度冰箱进行花蕾、花朵和叶低温霜冻害模拟试验,结合历史灾情资料分析春季低温霜冻的强度与发生时段,确定巴旦杏晚霜冻冻害气象指标。结果表明,在开花期若遇到-4.0℃低温且持续2h,会出现轻度冻害;-4.0℃低温若持续4h,莎车1号（纸皮）、莎车14号（叶尔羌）和莎车18号（晚丰）三个品种均会发生冻害,减产幅度达到20%左右;若-6.0℃的低温霜冻持续达2h,三个品种都会发生严重冻害。     

高温胁迫对猕猴桃叶片叶绿素荧光特性的影响

为探讨高温对猕猴桃叶片光合机构的影响,建立基于叶绿素荧光反应的高温热害识别指标,利用叶绿素快速荧光诱导动力学分析技术,研究不同温度胁迫下猕猴桃叶片8类叶绿素荧光的变化特征。结果表明:单位面积捕获的光能、单位面积有活性的反应中心数量、300 μs处相对可变荧光强度差值在30℃≤T≤54℃时均受温度胁迫影响,属光系统Ⅱ敏感位点参数,其中单位面积捕获的光能、单位面积有活性的反应中心数量随温度升高呈直线下降趋势,300 μs处相对可变荧光强度差值随温度升高呈指数上升趋势;初始荧光、最大荧光、最大光化学效率、单位面积的热耗散、单位面积用于电子传递的能量在较低温度胁迫下稳定少变,在较高温度胁迫下变化加剧,属光系统Ⅱ次敏感位点参数;多数叶绿素荧光参数在39℃和45℃存在两个突变临界点;叶绿素各荧光参数特征显示,猕猴桃叶片在30℃≤T < 39℃出现轻度温度胁迫,39℃≤T < 45℃出现中度温度胁迫,T≥45℃出现重度温度胁迫。     

2011~2013年中国冻雨、冻毛毛雨和冻雾的特征分析

研究冰冻天气的特征对于更好的认识冰冻天气,提高此类天气的预警预报能力,从而达到防灾减灾有重要意义。利用2011~2013年间中国民航机场的一小时或半小时一次的例行观测和特殊观测资料,分析了冻雨、冻毛毛雨和冻雾天气的时空分布、持续时间和气象条件等特征。研究结果表明:我国大部分地区均会发生冰冻天气。冻雨和冻毛毛雨的频发区与其持续时间较长区比较一致,而冻雾的少发区,其持续时间也可能较长。我国冰冻天气最容易在冬季(12~2月)发生,在1月出现的比例最高;在凌晨[00~07时(当地时间,下同)]出现频率相对较高,午后(13~14时)出现频率最低。一次冰冻天气的持续时间一般不超过2个小时。温度在-3~-1℃,露点温度在-4~-1℃,温度露点差在0~1℃时冰冻天气发生的频率最大。出现冰冻天气时的风向以东北风和北风为主,而平均风速在2~3.9 m s-1时冻雨和冻毛毛雨发生的频率最大。我国冻雨和冻毛毛雨发生时,同时常会有雾或轻雾;冻雾出现时,一般不会伴随其他天气。     

陕西苹果花期霜冻敏感性指标研究

以2021年4—5月陕西省延安市洛川县苹果气象试验站富士系晚熟盛花期苹果花为材料,采用人工模拟霜箱试验的方法,研究了苹果花在不同低温条件下的受冻率,采用浸泡法测定苹果花相对电导率,分析苹果花相对电导率与半致死温度的变化特征。结果表明：富士系晚熟苹果花在-2.0 ℃下持续3 h内未受冻,-3.0 ℃持续2 h后重度受冻,-4.0 ℃持续2 h后受冻率达100%,-5.0 ℃持续1 h后受冻率达100%;低温与苹果花相对电导率呈显著负相关,相关系数为0.988 3,相对电导率随温度下降而不断增大;苹果花的半致死温度在-3.0～-4.0 ℃之间。     

陕西黄土高原日光温室冬季低温冻害风险分析

以2021年4—5月陕西省延安市洛川县苹果气象试验站富士系晚熟盛花期苹果花为材料,采用人工模拟霜箱试验的方法,研究了苹果花在不同低温条件下的受冻率,采用浸泡法测定苹果花相对电导率,分析苹果花相对电导率与半致死温度的变化特征。结果表明：富士系晚熟苹果花在-2.0 ℃下持续3 h内未受冻,-3.0 ℃持续2 h后重度受冻,-4.0 ℃持续2 h后受冻率达100%,-5.0 ℃持续1 h后受冻率达100%;低温与苹果花相对电导率呈显著负相关,相关系数为0.988 3,相对电导率随温度下降而不断增大;苹果花的半致死温度在-3.0～-4.0 ℃之间。     

库尔勒市霜冻特征及其驱动力分析

利用库尔勒市气象局2003—2012年春、秋季最低地面温度、最低气温、云量、风速和海平面气压等气象要素资料,分析该地区的霜冻特征以及最低地面气温和其它气象要素之间的关系,结果表明:(1)库尔勒市霜冻主要出现时段为10月、11月以及次年的3月;(2)最低气温与最低地面温度之差介于-3～8℃,其中在3～5℃之间占总数的72.5%;(3)当08时海平面气压低于1015 hPa时,发生霜冻的概率仅为4.8%;气压超过1025 hPa时,出现霜冻的概率达84.7%;(4)通过最低气温、云量和风速建立的最低地面气温预报方程,分别对最低地面温度和霜冻做出预报,其中最低地面温度预报的准确率在70.7%～83.5%之间,霜冻预报的准确率为89.9%,效果良好。     

关于雷暴持续时间的若干研究结果

彼斯科夫和契斯佳科瓦分析了四个航空站,1963—1970年夏季273天的雷暴资料。对其中有近雷暴和远雷暴的203天分别制作了层结曲线、状态曲线,统计了各种参数。他们将雷暴持续时间定义为近雷暴或远雷暴的放电间隔不超过半小时的持续时间,并且取四个航空站的最大持续时间进行分析。得出雷暴持续时间Δt与如下一些因素有关,现摘译如下: 1.持续时间(Δt)与状态曲线偏离层结曲线(T′-T)的关系: Δt随T′-T的增加而增加,起初增加很快,以后(当强的不稳定时)增加减慢。当负偏差时(T′-T4℃,雷暴     

冬小麦冬季灌水适应性温度指标研究

通过2011-2013年2个越冬期的盆栽试验,利用高低温(交变)湿热试验箱研究了不同最低温度下(-9℃、-6℃、-3℃和0℃)冬灌对冬小麦叶片理化性质、产量构成要素及产量的影响。结果表明,与最低温度为0℃的处理相比,在最低温度为-9℃和-6℃的处理造成了冬小麦叶绿素含量和气孔导度的大幅下降,可溶性糖含量大幅升高,差异均达显著(p0.01),灌水处理并没有带来明显的改善;而最低温度为-3℃时,叶绿素和可溶性糖含量总体上无明显差别,气孔导度则有一定程度的降低,差异显著(p0.05),冬灌导致其叶片叶绿素和可溶性糖含量分别有不同程度的升高和降低,具有明显的正效应。最低温度为0℃的处理,冬灌对冬小麦叶片叶绿素含量、可溶性糖含量及气孔导度等影响均有明显的正效应。从产量及其构成要素上看,-6℃与-9℃条件下,冬灌致使单株小穗数、穗粒数和穗粒重下降;-3℃和0℃条件下,冬灌提高了单株穗粒数和穗粒重。综上所述,最低温度在-6℃及以下不适合进行冬灌,而最低温度在-3℃及以上则适合。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Information for Authors

正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.