MICAPS4服务端系统架构设计

MICAPS4体系采用客户端/服务器的系统架构,其中服务端系统是MICAPS4的重要部分,利用分布式存储与分布式计算技术,构建可容纳102 TB量级的气象实时数据,千万数据总量,面向数百并发用户的服务器集群系统。MICAPS4服务端系统在国内率先实现全部气象实时数据由文件到数据库、从集中式系统到分布式系统的迁移,该系统自2015年起在全国推广使用。在海量气象数据和大量用户并发访问的环境下,表现出很高的稳定性和优越的读写性能,同时具有便捷的扩展性和可维护性。MICAPS4服务端系统分为分布式存储系统、分布式前处理系统、站点实况轮询系统、查询服务器系统和监控系统5个子系统,分布式存储子系统为MICAPS4客户端提供了近实时数据的高速随机与顺序读取服务,分布式前处理系统利用对等分布式架构实现了海量气象实时数据的流式计算,站点实况轮询系统实现了跨系统的实况数据异构副本的同步功能,查询服务器系统利用多线程服务器技术实现了MICAPS4客户端的实时计算请求,监控系统利用部署于每个节点的探针实现监控信息的主动上报。     

应用迁移理论提高高等数学教学水平

通过分析影响迁移的一系列因素,讨论了迁移理论在高等数学学习中的心理学意义,分析了在教学过程中充分利用正迁移,克服负迁移的弊端的方法并据此优化高等数学教学。     

光伏发电与5kW屋顶并网系统在气象站应用的探讨

绿色发展是"十三五"乃至更长时期我国战略性的发展理念。充分利用太阳能可再生能源和气象站业务用房闲置屋顶,逐步试验在气象站安装5 k W分布式屋顶并网太阳能光伏发电系统,为日常基本气象业务运行提供电能,既可降低运行成本,又可实现向绿色气象台站建设的升级,对于节能环保、推行绿色发展、提高气象发展内涵具有重要意义。     

基于气象业务零中断的存储数据迁移探讨研究

在广东省气象局2015年建设高性能存储设备逐渐老化,厂商即将停止设备技术支持服务背景下,针对存储所承载的气象业务系统面临着数据丢失或业务中断的风险问题,结合气象业务具有时效性、连续性等特点,通过运用异构迁移技术,对新存储建设要求、数据迁移原则、存储规划、风险评估、回退方案、数据迁移进行探讨研究,实现50多个核心关键业务系统的430TB数据在82小时完成平稳迁移,数据迁移速度最高达2.1GB/秒,平均速度1.5GB/秒,相比在应用层上做数据迁移的传统方法,异构虚拟化迁移技术具有迁移速度快、时间短、工作量少、业务无中断和可集中迁移的特点。     

中国气象台站迁移对年平均气温均一性的影响

在确定中国1951-2010年753站观测数据的迁移状况的基础上,采用t检验方法和标准正态检验(standard normal homogeneity test,SNHT)差值法,分析了迁移对中国年平均温度序列均一性的影响,并对非均一温度序列进行订正.结果表明:将有业务代替的台站序列合并起来后得到了714站数据,714站中完全没有迁移的台站只有148站,其他566站共计有950次迁移;t检验表明950次迁移中235次迁移前后年平均温度差异显著;而SNHT检验表明950次迁移中有237次年平均温度的均一性受到迁移的影响,其中79次需要调整0.5℃以上;84％的非均一性序列经订正后相对符合均一性条件.     

基于分布式水文模型的小流域山洪预报方法与应用

无资料小流域山洪预报一直是流域洪水预报中面临的复杂难题。本文将引入基于新安江水文模型建立的分布式混合产流水文模型(Grid-and-Mixed-runoff-generation-and-Kinematic-wave-based Hydrological Model,GMKHM),研究无资料小流域山洪预报方法,并将GMKHM模型与DEM(Digital Elevation Model)、RS技术相结合,以DEM栅格为计算单元,在栅格内进行植被冠层截留、蒸(散)发、产流与分水源计算;流域产流采用混合产流模型计算,坡面汇流和河道汇流均采用基于栅格单元的分布式运动波模型水流演算,将GMKHM模型和分布式新安江水文模型同时应用于2009年汛期嘉陵江乔庄河支流大沟小流域山洪预报试验。结果表明,两个分布式水文模型的模拟预报精度较高,均可用于该流域山洪预报,其中GMKHM分布式水文模型在洪峰模拟上稍好于分布式新安江水文模型。     

基于分布式专有云的应用系统云化改造

提出了一套基于分布式架构专有云平台的业务应用云化改造方法。在对适合云化改造的系统进行特征分析的基础上,提出了布局分布式化和功能服务化的改造思路,其中分布式化主要解决性能瓶颈的问题,服务化主要解决集约化的问题。实践证明,对现有业务系统SWIFT的云化改造较好实现了资源的弹性伸缩,在高可用性和高性能上表现突出,同时为业务集约化整合提供技术借鉴。     

基于分布式模型方法和气候经验模型的四川省总辐射结果比较研究

利用四川省气象站常规观测数据,1:25万数字高程(DEM)数据,考虑坡度、坡向等地形因子建立气候经验统计模型和分布式模型,分别计算未考虑地形因子和起伏地形下的四川省太阳总辐射时空分布情况并进行分析。结果表明:两种模拟结果在四川省总辐射分布上趋势大致相同;分布式模拟结果所得总辐射结果范围更大,总辐射结果范围为1800~7200MJ/m2,而气候经验统计模型结果仅为3100~6280MJ/m2;经部分站点2012年总辐射实测值检验,结合地形因子采用分布式模拟的方法比单纯使用经验系数和气象参数模拟的气候学方法误差均值小0.39%。考虑了复杂地区的分布式模拟结果,比气候学拟合方法结果更为细致,更有利于查看局地结果,这对实际应用中太阳能资源的开发、电厂规模的选址和布设、电机型号的安装更能提供参考价值。四川省北部阿坝州、西部甘孜州和南部凉山州及攀西地区太阳能资源较为丰富,利于进行太阳能资源开发,交通不便地区可通过安装小型分布式发电设施,合理利用太阳能资源。     

ITCZ的季节突变

本文用低阶截断谱模式方法,分析了经向环流圈或ITCZ的季节性迁移突变。结果指出,在一定强度的对流凝结加热作用下,由于非线性相互作用,经向环流圈或ITCZ随着太阳辐射的季节变化,可以发生季节性迁移的突变。反之,当对流凝结加热较弱时,它们的季节迁移是连续变化的。     

甘肃省新旧气象站址观测资料对比及均一性分析

天气预报及气候预测需要准确、连续的气象观测资料,气候变化研究需要均一化的长序列数据,为了让气象科研业务人员对新旧站址气象观测资料的连续性状况以及站址变化对长时间序列中的影响进行了解,本文对甘肃15个发生迁移的台站的1年对比观测记录进行差值和差值标准差比较分析,研究台站迁移对气象要素的影响;通过SNHT方法对迁移距离最大的张掖站和海拔高差最大的宁县站进行均一化检验,研究台站迁移对长序列数据的影响。结果显示：从差值和差值标准差情况看,新站址气温偏低,风速偏高,相对湿度大部分新站偏大,台站迁移对平均气温和最低气温的影响大于对最高气温的影响,平均气温、最低气温单站差值大的站迁移的距离和高差相对也大;从差值绝对值和标准差与台站迁移距离及海拔高差的相关性看,海拔高差对最高气温和平均风速影响较大,而迁移距离对平均气温、最低气温、相对湿度影响较大;从选择的代表台站序列均一性检验结果看,显示迁移直线距离大或者海拔高差大会对气温序列造成非均一性影响,但是否在某阈值范围会有影响以及对其他要素的影响还需要深入研究。希望科研业务人员在使用气温资料的时候要注意到台站迁移可能带来的影响。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

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正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted     

A Brief Introduction to Marine Meteorological Science Experiment Base at Bohe Town,Maoming City,Guangdong Province

<正>With the support of specialized funds for national science institutions,the Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology,China Meteorological Administration set up in October 2008 an experiment base for marine meteorology and a number of observation systems for the coastal boundary layer,air-sea flux,marine environmental elements,and basic meteorological elements at Bohe town,Maoming city,Guangdong province,in the northern part of the South China Sea.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.