华北平原夏季降水准双周振荡与低频环流演变特征

利用华北地区夏季日降水资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析环流资料,采用功率谱分析、Butterworth带通滤波等方法,对华北地区夏季降水低频特征与大气低频环流演变进行了综合分析。结果表明:(1)华北地区夏季降水存在低频特征,主要以准双周振荡为主。(2)500 h Pa高度场大气低频环流表现为闭合的高、低压系统;850 h Pa低频流场演变要复杂一些,但它们伴随高层低频系统移动会发生有规律的变化。500 h Pa高度场上,在35°N以北,低频系统向东移动,有时也从鄂霍次克海附近向西的扩展;在35°N以南,低频系统表现为由西北太平洋向西北移动,然后再向西移动。华北夏季降水主要是直接受中高纬度低频系统影响,低纬度低频系统很难直接影响华北地区,但它们可以通过偏南偏北气流的变化影响向华北地区的水汽输送或冷空气活动,进而加强或减弱华北地区的降水强度。(3)当500h Pa 40°N-60°N范围内有低频低压从西向东移近华北地区,并诱发850 h Pa气旋或切变线生成,从而在华北地区出现明显的降水过程;当500 h Pa低频低压向东移出而后部低频高压移来时,华北地区低层850 h Pa流场就会转为辐散气流或为一致的偏北气流,降水过程结束。(4)华北地区降水发生时,高、低空低频环流有较好的配合。     

1979-2008年华北地区对流层顶高度变化特征

利用1979—2008年华北地区12个测站逐日对流层顶探空资料,运用统计学方法对该地区不同类别对流层顶发生及其高度的季节特征进行探讨,并采用线性趋势、小波分析和EOF分解等方法对其高度变化等气候特征进行分析,揭示了该地区对流层顶的季节特征及其高度变化的基本事实和规律。结果表明：华北地区第一对流层顶冬季出现多,夏季少,近30a来呈减少趋势,第二对流层顶夏季出现多,冬季少,近30a来呈增加趋势;全年均出现复合对流层顶,且在季节转换时期出现频率较高;第一对流层顶高度年变程呈双峰型,夏季高,冬季低,第二对流层顶高度年变程呈单谷型,冬季高,夏季低,春、秋季介于两者之间;两类对流层顶高度变化均存在5-6a的周期,第二对流层顶相比具有更多时间尺度周期变化。近30a间华北地区第一、第二对流层顶年平均高度变化均呈升高趋势,且与其上下层间平均温度有关。     

1997年夏季华北特大干旱及其成因

介绍了１９９７年华北地区出现历史上的罕见的特大干旱,酷热灾害的情况,并对造成灾害的原因进行了分析。     

80年代以来华北地区气候和水量变化的分析研究

选用华北地区１９８０￣１９９６年９个水文站点的月流量资料,同时选取该区域４２个气象站的月降水、气温和山高桥公式计算的蒸发资料,利用ＥＯＦ对华北地区缺测的月流量进行插值并对该地区气候变化和水资源的关系进行了分析研究。结果表明,基于ＥＯＦ的插值方法能较好获得月流量缺测值。暖干少水,冷湿多水是８０年代以来华北地区月气候变化的主导类型。冬春暖（冷）则夏湿（干）多（少）水是８０年代以来华北地区年气候变化的主     

近五十年来华北地区旱涝特征与全球变化的研究及对未来趋势的探讨

对近五年华北地区的降水资料进行了时空分析,研究了水资源枯、丰的变迁及它们的地域特征。并对大气环流及海温异常进行了对比分析。结果表明：华北降水距平有明显的二十年左右的年代际变化。从总体上说,从５０年代初至７０年代为丰水期,７０年代至９０年代则为枯水期,而从１９９２年以后又开始变为正距平。这种年代际变化有很强的地域性,个别地区表现出与平均趋势截然不同的变化,对比丰水期和枯水期的环流状态发现,华北地区二     

华北地区气候变化对水资源的影响及2003年水资源预评估

利用华北地区近50年的气候、水资源等相关资料，分析了华北地区水资源及其开发利用状况、气候变化特征及对水资源的影响以及二者之间的相互关系。在此基础上，进一步建立了水资源评估模式，并结合短期气候预测结果，实现了华北地区2003年水资源定量预评估。     

华北地区雾和霾天气环流特征聚类分析

根据2000~2013年华北地区72个地面观测站点的雾、霾日数资料挑选出华北地区出现雾、霾天气现象站数较多的40个样本,再利用这些样本同期的NCEP逐日再分析资料,对位势高度场进行聚类分析,结果表明华北地区发生雾或霾天气时的近地面环流形势可分别分为4类和5类。聚类结果揭示了雾和霾发生时大气环流具有不同的分型特征,只有弱高压型为雾、霾发生时的共有型,湿度场和冷暖平流输送在雾和霾天气发生时也存在显著差异。此外,在分析过程中发现同一天中存在雾、霾天气转换及同一时刻雾、霾共存的现象,本文也分析了这两种情形的环流形势特征,解释了其成因。     

华北降水时间序列资料的小波分析

利用小波变换时域局部性特点,对华北地区降水时间序列资料作了多时间尺度小波分析.在对华北地区降水100年资料的分析过程中,运用不同的时间尺度分别得到6～7年、21～22年和35～36年的时间周期规律.这些结果为探讨华北地区长期旱涝趋势的可预报性问题提供了重要信息.此外,还对这些特征尺度下的小波分析曲线进行了重构,得到的重构曲线与用原始数据作十年滑动平均所得曲线十分吻合.     

青藏高原热力异常与华北汛期降水关系的研究

利用1980～1994年NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,以及我国336个测站1956～1994年月降水量资料,通过诊断分析和数值实验,研究了夏季高原上热力异常与华北汛期降水的关系.结果表明:华北汛期干旱年,青藏高压及西太平洋副热带高压偏南、偏东,华北汛期降水偏多年则相反;华北汛期旱年时,高原上升、高原东侧邻近地区下沉的垂直环流明显加强,而降水偏多年时,垂直环流减弱,华北地区为上升气流控制;夏季高原为热源和水汽汇区,它们的异常对华北地区降水有很大影响,当热源和水汽汇增强(减弱)时,华北地区降水偏少(偏多).数值试验表明,高原上潜热加热异常引起青藏高压、西太平洋副热带高压、亚洲季风以及欧亚中高纬地区环流的变化,进而影响到华北地区的降水.     

1955—2014年华北地区低层气旋性风切变的变化趋势及成因

利用1955—2014年华北地区21站逐月降水观测资料、中国气象局国家气候中心环流指数资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,统计分析近60 a华北地区低层气旋性风切变频次的变化趋势和突变、周期特征,并对其演变成因进行初步探讨。结果表明:近60 a来,华北地区低层气旋性风切变频次呈现显著减少趋势,风切变频次在1967年出现由多到少的明显突变,且在1955—1965年、1992—2000年间存在准3 a的振荡周期,而在1980—1992年间准4 a的振荡周期较显著,这与同期华北地区降水量的变化周期较吻合。华北地区低层气旋性风切变出现明显转折变化的原因主要是大气环流在前一年发生了较为显著的调整。     

加强业务管理提高测报质量

我局从1999～2003年,测报工作连续4年未出现错情,在此期间共有1个250个班,9个百班无错通过上级业务部门验收.在仪器保管、使用、维护上符合要求,对外报送的各种表、簿都能做好出门合格.     

准两年振荡对大气中微量气体分布的影响

NCAR的包含化学、辐射、动力相互作用的两维模式（SOCRATES）移植回国后进行了初步的模拟试验,用以研究某些对环境问题重要的微量气体的化学、辐射、动力传输过程。在不考虑极地平流层云和气溶胶表面非均相化学等情况下,模式积分多年,计算结果稳定,模拟的风场、温度场显示出正常的季节变化,模拟的微量气体分布与卫星实测资料对照,结果也比较一致。为了探讨热带平流层风场的准两年周期振荡（QBO）对平流层微量气体分布的影响,我们做了QBO强迫的数值试验,即在模式中加入QBO强迫,并与不考虑QBO强迫的模拟结果对比。结果表明,QBO与其相关的次级环流所引起动力输送的变化,使平流层微量气体分布发生变化。     

Comparing the theoretical versions of the Beaufort scale, the T-Scale and the Fujita scale

2005 is the bicentenary of the Beaufort Scale and its wind-speed codes: the marine version in 1805 and the land version later. In the 1920s when anemometers had come into general use, the Beaufort Scale was quantified by a formula based on experiment. In the early 1970s two tornado wind-speed scales were proposed: (1) an International T-Scale based on the Beaufort Scale; and (2) Fujita's damage scale developed for North America. The International Beaufort Scale and the T-Scale share a common root in having an integral theoretical relationship with an established scientific basis, whereas Fujita's Scale introduces criteria that make its intensities non-integral with Beaufort. Forces on the T-Scale, where T stands for Tornado force, span the range 0 to 10 which is highly useful world wide. The shorter range of Fujita's Scale (0 to 5) is acceptable for American use but less convenient elsewhere. To illustrate the simplicity of the decimal T-Scale, mean hurricane wind speed of Beaufort 12 is T2 on the T-Scale but F1.121 on the F-Scale; while a tornado wind speed of T9 (= B26) becomes F4.761. However, the three wind scales can be uni-fied by either making F-Scale numbers exactly half the magnitude of T-Scale numbers [i.e. F′half = T / 2 = (B / 4) − 4] or by doubling the numbers of this revised version to give integral equivalence with the T-Scale. The result is a decimal formula F′double = T = (B / 2) − 4 named the TF-Scale where TF stands for Tornado Force. This harmonious 10-digit scale has all the criteria needed for world-wide practical effectiveness.     

由中国历史气候记录对季风导致唐朝灭亡说的质疑

2007年1月4日杂志发表了Yancheva等10人的题为"Influence of the intertropical convergence zone on the East-Asian monsoon"(热带辐合带对东亚季风的影响)的论文[1],这是德国波兹坦地学研究中心气候动力与沉积学科的主管豪格(G.H.Haug)率领的科研小组的一项成果,认为是季风的变化引起的长期干旱导致了唐朝的灭亡.     

流场配置及地形对西南低涡形成的动力作用

本文采用定常二层模式讨论较小地形及高、低层流场配置对西南低涡形成的动力作用。指出了西南低涡的形成是与盆地、河谷以及其上气流分层有关的一种定常态.在上、下为西风分层时期,低层的浅薄暖湿西风有利于西南低涡的形成.在上、下为东、西风分层时期,上层浅薄东风亦有利于西南低涡的形成.小型的凸起山脉对西南低涡的形成没有作用.     

On the forecast of the onset and end of the convective season in the Amazon

Summary ?Some features of the climate system that can be considered predictors of the onset and end of the convective season over the Amazon were identified using one-month lag correlations and field composites. The fields analyzed were sea surface temperature (SST), outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR), vertical velocity and upper tropospheric winds. Warm (cold) anomalies in the SST in the tropical North Atlantic and the Caribbean Sea tend to be associated with delayed (early) onsets. Likewise, there is a tendency towards a delayed (early) end of the convective season with cold (warm) anomalies in these ocean regions. In addition, the SST in the cold tongue region of the equatorial Pacific is negatively, though weakly correlated with the onset date. The signal of this SST is more evident in the case of the end date, which is earlier with respect to its mean date in most of El Ni?o cases. The convective activity intensity itself conditions the onset and the end of the convective season, as it is evidenced by the behavior of the OLR and the vertical velocity fields. The more (less) intense the convective activity over South America during the preceding month, the earlier the onset and the later the end of the convective season on the Amazon region. The prediction of the onset and end dates of the convective season in the Amazon region was explored using a simple multiple regression technique based on the variables that have shown precursor signals with respect to these dates. The correlation coefficient between the predicted and the observed onset date is 0.81, and in the case of the end date, it is 0.76. The skill to predict early, delayed and normal categories was high, since in more than two thirds of the cases the category was successfully predicted, and there were no predictions of categories opposed to those observed. Received July 23, 2001; revised February 22, 2002; accepted April 26, 2002     

Quantifying the uncertainty of the annular mode time scale and the role of the stratosphere

The impact of high resolution modern vegetation cover on the West African climate is examined using the International Centre for Theoretical Physics Regional Climate Model implementing the NCAR Community Land Model. Two high resolution 25 km long-term simulations driven by the output from a coarser 50-km resolution simulation are performed for the period 1998–2010. One high resolution simulation uses an earlier and coarser-resolution version of plant functional type distribution and leaf area index, while the other uses a more recent, higher-quality, and finer-resolution version of the data. The results indicate that the new land cover distribution substantially alters the distribution of temperature with warming in Central Nigeria, northern Gulf of Guinea and part of the Sahel due to the replacement of C4 grass with corn; and cooling along the coastlines of the Gulf of Guinea and in Central Africa due to the replacement of C4 grass with tropical broadleaf evergreen trees. Changes in latent heat flux appear to be largely responsible for these temperature changes with a net decrease (increase) in regions of warming (cooling). The improved land cover distribution also results in a wetter monsoon season. The presence of corn tends to favor larger precipitation amounts via more intense events, while the presence of tropical broadleaf evergreen trees tends to favor the occurrence of both more intense and more frequent events. The wetter conditions appear to be sustained via (1) an enhanced soil moisture feedback; and (2) elevated moisture transport due to increased low-level convergence in regions south of 10N where the most substantial land cover differences are present. Overall the changes induced by the improved vegetation cover improve, to some extent, the performance of the high resolution regional climate model in simulating the main West African summer monsoon features.     

Analysis of the Characteristics of the Low-level Jets in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River during the Mei-yu Season

Here, we analyze the characteristics and the formation mechanisms of low-level jets(LLJs) in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River during the 2010 mei-yu season using Wuhan station radiosonde data and the fifth generation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ERA5) reanalysis dataset. Our results show that the vertical structure of LLJs is characterized by a predominance of boundary layer jets(BLJs) concentrated at heights of 900–1200 m.The BLJs occur most frequently at 230...