云南盛夏大雨物理量因子的选取及效果检验

从物理量因子场与云南盛夏（７－８月）大雨作为预报量之间的相关系数计算入手，通过相关场分析来提取因子信息，经过不同组合试验，选出新的预报因子，检验表明，新的组合因子与预报量之间的相关性有明显提高。由此而建立的预报方程有较好的历史拟合率和较稳定的实际预报能力。     

因子的可预报性和预报模型适用性研究初探

本文从因子场与预报量场之间的整体相关性着手，通过典型相关分析来提取因子信息，用求得的典型变量作为新预报因子，经试用表明，新因子的可预报性比原因子有明显提高。 在预报模型的选择上，本文提出了依据预报模型对历史样本实际预测精度的优劣来衡量预报模型的预测能力，从而选用对历史样本预测精度较高的预报模型作未来预报。     

预报因子选取及方程建立人机交互平台

利用计算机技术,将预报因子选取、方程建立和样本拟合融为一体,建立了预报因子选取及方程建立人机交互平台。该平台包括文件信息,因子初选和回归分析三个模块:(1)文件信息模块主要是读取预报对象文件和预报因子文件,显示并检查文件头信息样本长度的一致性;(2)因子初选模块主要是计算各气象要素或物理量场中每个格点因子与预报量之间的相关系数,构成各相关场,分析这些相关场及其关键区域,从中筛选出组合因子;(3)回归分析模块是对选入的组合因子与预报对象进行逐步回归计算,建立预报方程,并根据回归方程参数和样本拟合率,通过改变因子引入和剔除标准来调整回归结果。     

因子的可预报性研究初探

本文从对历史样本的实际预测效果探讨了因子的可预报性,并从因子场与预报量场之间的整体相关性着手,通过典型相关分析来提取因子信息,用求得的典型变量作为新的预报因子。经试用表明:新因子的可预报性比原因子有明显加强。     

典型相关分析(CCA)对我国冬季气温的短期气候预测试验

利用典型相关分析(CCA)方法建立统计气候预测模型，对我国冬季气温进行了预测试验，采用历史资料独立样本检验的方法，对预报技巧给出合理的评定。结果表明，使用CCA方法对我国冬季气温进行短期气候预测，有一定的预报技巧，对于特定地区和特定时期优选的因子场组合，可以取得较为满意的预报效果。大部分地区的季平均预报时效在2个季以内时，最佳预报相关系数在0.5以上。季平均的预报水平明显高于月平均的预报。海温场是所有因子场中最好的预报因子，不仅单独海温场的预报效果较好，而且与其他因子场组合后的预报水平还可以得到进一步提高。     

逐步引进因子场作相似预报

首先通过数学模型计算出不同样本之间的气象因子场的相似系数和表征气象因子场与天气现象之间关系的相关特征量 ,然后用相似系数和相关特征量作参数 ,以预报拟合率为判据 ,逐个引进因子场 ,组建出最优相似预报方程 ,最终作出准确率较高的客观要素预报。     

用相应时段累积因子预报累积降水的初步探讨

本文针对当前数值预报产品释用工作中通常存在的因子的瞬时量与预报降水的累积量这样一个时间尺度的不相匹配的问题，提出了用相应时段内因子的累积量预报降水的累积量的预报方案，用该方法处理的累积因子与降水量之间的相关系数，与瞬时因子相比有显著提高，以此为依据，用HLAFS数值预报产品，建立了一个降水量滚动预报系统，有较好的使用效果。     

安顺市夏季降水分级分县MOS预报试验

利用T106格点场资料,通过因子组合、相关分析等手段,构造与本地降水关系密切、有明确物理意义的、能反映本地天气系统的动力结构和发展机制的结构特征因子,预报因子和预报量均采用非线性0,1化处理。用MOS预报方法,建立安顺6县(市)的降水分级预报方程。系统从资料采集到结果输出均在微机上实现全自动化,预报结果客观、定量。     

T106产品夏季降水概率预报自动化系统

利用１０６格点场资料,构造能反映本地天气动力学牲的组合预报因子,对预报时效场进行叠加处理,对预报着急区格点资料取其均值或极值。预报因子和预报量均采用非线性０、１化自理。用最优子集回归建立降水预报方程用多因子概率权重回归其降水概率。系统从资料采集到输出概率结果在５８６以上微机上实现全自动化,预报结果客观、定量。     

逻辑组合因子的格筛选法

在一般的事件概率回归估计予报方法中,所有可能预报因子都是线性的。可是,实际经验表明,仅仅考虑预报量与预报因子之间的线性关系往往还不能确切反映客观规律。因此,寻求非线性因子对于提高预报效果是有意义的。利用布尔结构可以给出对非线性的逻辑代数组合因子进行筛选的方法,我们称为逻辑组合因子的格筛选法。受这一思路启发,我们开展了非线性事件概率回归估计的试验,效果比通常的事件概率回归好。     

Fluctuations in the length of the growing season in Minnesota

Fluctuations in growing season length and in the dates of the last spring freeze and first fall freeze between 1899 and 1982 were studied for five rural Minnesota stations with long, high quality records. A general increase in growing season length was found, but there was substantial variation in the pattern of fluctuations among the stations. The increase in growing season length is not clearly and uniformly related to changes in the dates of first and last freezes. The interannual variability of growing season duration is on the order of the increase in duration so that the change would not be readily apparent to a casual observer. Our results do not correspond well with certain other studies of growing season length nor with fluctuations in hemispheric mean temperature. We conclude that extreme care must be used in extrapolating results of growing season length studies in space and in relating them to mean temperature fluctuations.     

2002年夏季山东干旱成因分析

分析了山东省 2 0 0 2年夏季降水、气温特点和干旱情况 ,并从大气环流、北太平洋SST、气候背景等方面对少雨干旱气候的影响进行了分析 ,指出冬季大气环流、北太平洋SST对山东夏季旱涝趋势的预测具有重要的指示意义。     

Atomic mercury distribution features in the surface air layer in the Sea of Japan in the fall of 2010

Presented are the results of mercury content measurements in the surface air layer in the Sea of Japan in the period from October 27 to November 11, 2010. It is revealed that the mercury content varied from 0.6 to 3.8 ng/m³. It is demonstrated that the mercury concentration distribution has geographical zoning and depends on the movement of air masses and on the closeness of anthropogenic sources. The maximum mercury concentration is detected in the central part of the sea at the southwestern and southern directions of the wind, that is associated with the industrial emissions of East Asia countries. The minimum mercury concentration corresponding to the concentration in the surface air layer of the Arctic, Atlantic Ocean (Northern Hemisphere), and the Sea of Okhotsk and Bering Sea was observed along the coast of Primorye at the northwestern wind direction.     

Fronts in the vicinity of the tropopause

Summary From a study of five cases of pronounced fronts in the upper troposphere, it is concluded that the waterspout model offers the most satisfactory solution to the problem of connecting frontal boundaries and tropopauses. Composite cross sections of temperature, potential temperature, normal wind component and potential vorticity are presented for the five cases. On the basis of the potential vorticity measurements it is suggested that the most likely explanation for the formation of the high-level front is a folding of the tropopause.

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Zusammenfassung Auf Grund einer Untersuchung von fünf Fällen ausgesprochener Fronten in der höheren Troposphäre wird der Schluß gezogen, daß die Wasserhosen-Vorstellung am besten den Zusammenhang zwischen Fronten und Tropopausen darstellt. Kombinierte Querschnitte von Temperatur, potentieller Temperatur, normaler Windkomponente und potentieller Vorticity werden für die fünf Fälle vorgelegt. Auf Grund der Bestimmungen der potentiellen Vorticity wird dargelegt, daß die wahrscheinlichste Erklärung für die Entstehung einer Front in der Höhe in der Annahme einer Faltung der Tropopause besteht.

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Résumé En se fondant sur cinq cas de fronts très nets de la haute troposphère, les auteurs concluent que le schéma de trombe constitue la meilleure solution pour représenter la liaison entre zones frontales et tropopause. Ils donnent des profils combinés de température, de température potentielle, de composantes normales du vent et de vorticity potentielle pour les cinq cas. Ils montrent à l'aide de mesures de la vorticity potentielle que l'explication la plus probable de la formation d'un front en altitude consiste à admettre un plissement de la tropopause.

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With 11 Figures

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Contribution No. 37, Department of Meteorology and Climatology. —The research reported in this article has been supported by the Geophysical Research Directorate, Air Force Cambridge Research Center, under Contract No. AF 19 (604)-1811.     

On the role of a monsoon factor in the variability of currents in the Indian Ocean

On the basis of long series of contemporary instrumental measurements, the dynamics of waters in the western boundary current of the Indian Ocean is studied. For the first time, the background (quasi-stationary) circulation is estimated, and summer and winter monsoon components of the velocity field are detected. It is shown that the features of water dynamics of the Somali Current pattern are caused by the intensification of circulation during the summer phase, when the background and monsoon velocity fields with the same sign of vorticity are superimposed on each other. During the winter phase, on the contrary, superposition of background and monsoon circulations, with the opposite signs, is associated with a weakening of the resultant velocity of the currents.     

1998年洞庭湖流域特大暴雨的雨水情分析

应用１９９８ 年汛期湖南省９７ 个气象站、２００ 多个水文站的雨量、水文资料,分析了同期洞庭湖流域特大暴雨洪涝的雨水情概况和基本特征。     

State of the climate in the Three Gorges Region of the Yangtze River basin in 2020

2020年,长江三峡地区年平均气温17.2℃,接近常年;年平均降水量1530.8毫米,偏多29％,为1961年以来第二多,仅次于1998年.6月,7月降水量及年平均暴雨日数均为1961年以来第二多.平均风速较常年偏大;相对湿度略偏高;各月均无酸雨出现,近十余年酸雨强度呈现明显减弱趋势.2020年,三峡地区夏季暴雨洪涝灾...     

近十年中国海效应降雪研究进展

海效应降雪的发生发展机制与内陆地区降雪有明显区别。中国渤海中东部、渤海海峡、黄海、东海海面及其沿海地区均可产生海效应降雪,以山东半岛的烟台和威海地区最为显著。从各海域海效应降雪的分布特征、渤海海效应暴雪的多尺度作用、地形对渤海海效应暴雪的影响、海效应降雪的研究资料、方法和数值预报检验等5个方面总结了近十年中国海效应降雪的主要研究进展,旨在进一步加深对海效应降雪的理解和认识。并针对当前预报业务难点和研究的薄弱环节提出了未来的研究重点。     

The characteristics of longitudinal movement of the subtropical high in the western Pacific in the pre-rainy season in South China

Using the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data, the China rainfall data of the China Meteorological Administration, and the sea surface temperature (SST) data of NOAA from 1951-2000, the features of the anomalous longitudinal position of the subtropical high in the western Pacific (SHWP) in the pre-rainy season in South China and associated circulation and precipitation are studied. Furthermore, the relationship between SHWP and SST and the eastern Asian winter monsoon is also investigated. Associated with the anomalous longitudinal position of SHWP in the pre-rainy season in South China, the flow patterns in both the middle and lower latitudes are different. The circulation anomalies greatly influence the precipitation in the pre-rainy season in South China. When the SHWP is in a west position (WP), the South China quasi-stationary front is stronger with more abundant precipitation there. However, when the SHWP is in an east position (EP), a weaker front appears with a shortage of precipitation there. There exists a good relationship between the longitudinal position of SHWP and SST in the tropical region. A negative correlation can be found both in the central and eastern tropical Pacific and the Indian Ocean.This means that the higher (lower) SST there corresponds to a west (east) position of SHWP. This close relationship can be found even in the preceding autumn and winter. A positive correlation appears in the western and northern Pacific and large correlation coefficient values also occur in the preceding autumn and winter. A stronger eastern Asian winter monsoon will give rise to cooler SSTs in the Kuroshio and the South China Sea regions and it corresponds to negative SST anomaly (SSTA) in the central and eastern Pacific and positive SSTA in the western Pacific in winter and the following spring. The whole tropical SSTA pattern, that is, positive (negative) SSTA in the central and eastern Pacific and negative (positive) SSTA in the western Pacific, is favorable to the WP (EP) of SHWP.     

全球变化下澜沧江-湄公河流域水量平衡模拟

流域水文模型是区域水资源评价的重要工具,基于普林斯顿全球气象驱动数据集和澜沧江-湄公河流域（简称：澜湄流域）八个水文站实测资料,分析了澜湄流域不同区间的水文特性,采用RCCC-WBM模型（Water Balance Model developed by Research Center for Climate Change,RCCC-WBM）开展了区间径流及水量平衡模拟研究。结果表明：1）澜湄流域不同区间气候水文差异显著,上游气温低且年内变幅大,下游气温高年内变幅小;尽管不同区间降水、径流的年内分配特征总体一致,但径流的年内分布峰值大多滞后降水峰值一个时段。2）RCCC-WBM模型能够较好地模拟出澜湄流域不同区间的径流过程,率定期和验证期的月径流模拟效率系数（Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency,NSE）均在60%以上,总量模拟误差（Relative Error,RE）也均控制在±10%以内,模型具有较好的区域适应性。3）模拟的土壤含水量都具有先衰减后增加再衰减的年内分配特征;不同季节径流和蒸发耗散的水源不同,降水是汛期水分耗散的主要来源,而土壤含水量是非汛期径流和蒸发消耗的主要水源。