宁波城市化进程对夏季极端气温和高温热浪的影响

利用浙江省沿海宁波鄞州站(城区)、台州洪家站(郊区)和宁波石浦站(海岛)1956-2018年夏季(6-8月)逐日最高、最低气温和1978-2017年宁波城市化进程参数资料,研究城市化进程与夏季极端气温及高温热浪之间的关系。结果表明:1)宁波城区夏季的最高、最低气温的增幅分别为0.306℃/10a、0.271℃/10a,台州郊区增幅与之接近,海岛增幅最小;城区气温的突变时间均早于郊区和海岛的;热岛效应对城区的最高、最低气温变化贡献率分别为57.8%和53.5%,不仅对气温增幅占比大,而且其突变时间要早于城区及对比站气温本身的突变时间。2)宁波是高温热浪袭击较为频繁的城市,20世纪90年代开始强高温热浪较集中,21世纪以来高温热浪尤为严重;台州郊区20世纪各级高温热浪频次变化不大,但21世纪较20世纪明显增多。3)宁波城市化发展对高温热浪影响显著,城市化对高温热浪贡献率,相对于郊区站为46.1%,相对于海岛站接近100.0%。4)宁波城市化进程参数K的突变时间与城区的夏季平均最高、最低气温的突变时间一致,与高温日数、平均及极端最高气温、高温热浪频数均显著正相关,其中与平均最高气温的相关性最高。     

上海市极端高温天气变化特征

利用1960—2013年上海市徐汇站日最高气温、日最低气温和相对湿度及2004—2014年上海市10个气象站夏季日最高气温与日最低气温等观测资料,采用夏季日最高气温、高温日数、暖夜日数、高温热浪指标、炎热日数和广义极值分布等分析了上海市极端高温天气的变化特征。结果表明:1960—2013年上海市夏季日最高气温明显升高,暖夜日数和高温热浪指标明显增加,均在2013年达最大值,炎热日数和广义极值分布在1976年出现转折呈两种变化趋势。2004—2014年上海市徐汇站极端高温现象最显著,奉贤站、金山站和崇明站极端高温现象最不显著。不同极端高温指标可综合表征极端高温事件的变化趋势。     

新疆吐鲁番市1952～2012年气温变化特征及城市化影响

利用吐鲁番气象站1952 ～2012 年逐月平均气温和平均最高、最低气温,逐日最高、最低气温以及高温、低温日数资料,采用线性回归、9 a 滑动平均方法,研究吐鲁番市近61 a 气温变化趋势,对比了吐鲁番东坎农试站1981 ～2012 年逐月平均最高、最低气温资料,分析近32 a 城市化进程对吐鲁番市气温的影响.结果表明：吐鲁番市除夏季平均气温、冬季极端最高气温呈下降趋势外,其余均呈不同程度上升趋势,其中尤以冬季极端最低气温和平均最低气温增加最为显著,且气温增加趋势夏季均低于冬季;高温日以1. 3 d/10 a 速率增加,而低温日以4. 8 d/10 a 速率减少;城市化进程对温度的影响具有季节变化和日变化特点.冬季温度差大于其他季节,最低温度温差明显大于最高温度温差.     

海口市近61a夏季气温变化特征

利用海口市观测站1951—2011年的逐日气温资料,采用线性趋势、Mann-Kendall检验和Morlet小波变换等方法,对海口市近61 a的夏季气温变化特征进行了分析。结果表明：①海口市近61 a夏季气温上升明显,其中最低气温的升高趋势远大于平均气温和最高气温,日较差呈明显减少的趋势,炎热日数呈增加的趋势,其中20世纪90年代开始炎热日数明显增多。②海口市夏季平均气温和最低气温在1988年发生突变,最高气温的突变发生在1995年。③小波分析揭示了夏季气温的周期演变特征,普遍以24 a、6～8 a和12～14 a年际变化周期为主。     

城市化对宁波地区极端气温及人体舒适度的影响

利用浙江省沿海宁波市鄞州站(城区)和石浦站(海岛)1956—2018年逐日最高气温、最低气温、相对湿度和风速资料,结合宁波1978—2017年城市化进程参数,研究城市化进程对人体舒适度气象指数(BCMI)及相关气象要素的影响。结果表明:(1)宁波沿海城市城区和海岛年平均最高气温、最低气温均呈增高趋势,城市化进程对城区最高气温、最低气温增幅的贡献率分别为32.3%、48.8%;(2)城市化导致城区年平均相对湿度呈减小趋势,海岛站相对湿度变化不明显;(3)城区和海岛年平均风速均呈减小趋势,城区风速突变年份相对更早,但风速的减小主要是气候自然变化所致,与城市化进程关系不大;(4)气温对人体舒适度指数BCMI的影响最大,城区夏季和冬季极端气温下的BCMI均表现出增大趋势,夏季往炎热不舒适方向发展,冬季则往舒适方向发展;(5)宁波城市化进程参数K与城区BCMI表现出明显的正相关性,城市化进程对城区夏季最高气温和冬季最低气温增幅的贡献率分别为57.8%和46.1%。     

山东德州市近50年极端气温时空变化特征

利用趋势系数、突变检验等方法分析山东德州市所属11个台站1966—2015年气温观测资料,结果表明:年平均、最高最低和极端最低气温都为上升趋势,年平均最低气温增温幅度是平均最高气温的3.46倍,极端最低气温增温幅度是平均最低气温的1.66倍。年极端最高气温呈下降趋势。高温日数和低温日数都为减少趋势,低温日数减少明显。在1988年出现平均最低气温突变,在1989年出现平均气温突变,在1992年出现平均最高气温突变,低温日数在1986年出现突变。各县之间最高气温无明显差异,最低气温差异明显。最低气温受城市化影响最显著,德州市区年平均最低气温在全市属最高。     

城市化进程对湖南长株潭地区气温变化的影响

利用1961~2012年湖南省长株潭地区8个气象站的逐日气温观测数据,以郊区站作为背景场,分析了长株潭地区城市化对年和季平均气温、最高气温、最低气温的影响,在此基础上结合1990年代后长沙市人口、GDP及建成区面积,探讨了城市化进程与城乡温差的关系。结果表明:近52 a来长株潭地区呈现增温趋势,年平均气温、最高气温、最低气温的城市化影响贡献率分别为24.0%、21.2%、15.2%,城市化对长株潭地区年平均气温影响最大,年最高气温次之,年最低气温影响最小。城市化贡献率的最大值都出现在夏季,而其最小值平均气温和最低气温出现在冬季,最高气温出现在春季。城乡温差与长沙市人口、GDP呈显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.69、0.41,表明城市化进程对城区的气温变化有显著影响。     

近48年城市化发展对北京区域气候的影响分析

利用1961～2008年北京12个台站的气候观测资料, 研究分析了北京城区和郊区气温、降水、相对湿度、风速的年际和四季变化趋势及特点, 并探讨了城市化发展对北京区域气候的影响。结果表明: 近半个世纪以来, 平均气温上升明显, 其中尤以冬季最为突出, 而夏季最弱。通过气温变化的年代比较发现气温增加有加快的趋势, 尤其是城市地区, 导致热岛效应不断加强, 特别是1990年代以后增幅更加明显。最高和最低气温在近48年来也都呈上升趋势, 且城市化发展对最低气温的变化影响最大, 其次是平均气温, 对最高气温影响最弱。而降水有减弱的趋势, 尤其是夏季的降水减弱最为明显。城区的风速和湿度都呈减小的趋势, 这与城市化的加剧, 尤其是下垫面的变化有密切的关系。     

基于OMR方法的城市化进程对辽宁省气温变化的影响分析

利用1961—2018年辽宁省61个国家级气象站逐日平均、最高、最低气温观测资料以及NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,定量分析了城市化对辽宁省气温变化的影响。结果表明：辽宁省气温呈显著增加趋势,观测资料的增温趋势较再分析资料明显;逐日平均、最高、最低气温均表现出冬季增温速率最快,春季、秋季次之,夏季增温速率最慢;在城市化影响贡献率上,秋季最大,夏季和春季次之,冬季相对较小;空间分布上,辽宁省绝大部分地区城市化影响呈上升趋势,呈现出中部大于外围,东部大于西部,南部大于北部的分布形势,城镇化发展水平越高的地区,观测与再分析方法的差值增加趋势越明显;平均气温、最高、最低气温的城市化影响分别是0.13℃/10 a、0.045℃/10 a、0.216℃/10 a,城市化影响贡献率分别为38.5%、19.5%、43.4%,说明快速的城市化进程是导致辽宁省气温增暖的重要因素。     

毕节市近46ɑ气温变化特征及对旅游发展的影响

利用毕节市8个国家气象站1970-2015年的气温资料,分析探讨毕节市平均气温、年极端高温、年极端低温、寒冷日数、炎热日数以及近46a温度变化的特征。结果表明:毕节市近46a年平均气温呈显著升高趋势,其中秋季增温最显著,夏季增温最弱;极端气温分布体现毕节市独特的山地气候特征,极端最低气温主要分布在海拔较高的威宁、大方,极端最高气温则是分布在海拔较低的金沙等地,且随着增温趋势显著,毕节寒冷日数显著减少,炎热日数无明显变化。在突变分析中发现毕节市在年和春、秋季节气温显著升高,突变大多发生在2000年以后,在夏、冬季节气温也呈现升高趋势,但升温幅度较春、秋季节弱。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

Information for Authors

正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

正Aims Scope Advances in Atmospheric Sciences(AAS)is an international journal on the dynamics,physics,and chemistry of the atmosphere and ocean with papers across the full range of the atmospheric sciences,co-published bimonthly by Science Press and Springer.The journal includes Articles,Note and Correspondence,and Letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.