近50年中国霾年代际特征及气象成因

根据1961-2013年全国745个国家基准站的长期观测资料,分析中国霾日数年代际变化特征及可能的气象成因。结果表明:近50年来,中国霾天气主要集中在东部从华南到华北的大部分地区,霾日数呈增加趋势。秋冬两季是霾天气发生最频繁、变化最明显的两个季节。中国东部淮河以南地区秋冬两季霾日数在2000年前呈增加趋势,其后增加趋势变得较为平缓,20世纪90年代前霾日数与近地面风速呈显著负相关关系,90年代后则与大气相对湿度呈显著负相关关系,随着90年代前近地面风速减小和90年代后大气相对湿度降低,该区域霾日数表现出明显的增加趋势。中国东部从淮河到华北大部分地区秋冬两季霾日数1980年后增加趋势变得不明显,这可能与该区域近地面风速和大气相对湿度的变化趋势较为平缓有关。     

1970—2013年石家庄地区霾变化特征

利用1970—2013年石家庄地区17个县市的地面气象观测资料分析了霾的空间变化特征。结果表明:1970—2013年石家庄年霾日数的区域分布变化较大,由中东部平原霾日数多、西北部山区霾日数少的分布转变为西南部地区霾日数多、中东部地区霾日数少,这种空间分布在2010年后更显著。随着经济快速发展,石家庄市西部山区丰富的矿产资源被开采,大量排放的SO2、NOX和VOCS等污染物发生光化学反应,有利于气溶胶的转化形成;除本地污染物排放外,受太行山阻挡,在一定天气背景下东南部地区污染物向山前汇聚,区域性污染输送也是西部山区污染严重的成因。石家庄地区持续性霾事件日数占霾总日数的50%以上,霾持续日数超过4d和8d分别为中等持续性霾事件与极端持续性霾事件;中等持续性霾事件年平均发生次数为9.8次,极端持续性霾事件年平均发生次数为1.6次。以南—东北向铁路线为分界,石家庄区域呈中东部和南部县市(无极、正定、藁城、栾城、赵县)极端持续性霾事件较多、西北部3县市(平山、行唐、灵寿)和东部3县市(晋州、深泽、辛集)极端持续性霾事件少的分布。石家庄市中等持续性霾事件在12月和1月发生次数最多,6—8月中等持续性霾事件发生最少;极端持续性霾事件主要出现在11月至翌年2月,其中1月极端持续性霾事件发生的可能性最大,年平均发生次数为0.4次,其他月份极端持续性霾事件年平均发生次数不足0.2次,极端持续性霾事件的发生概率较小。     

1961—2012年中国冬半年霾日数的变化特征及气候成因分析

利用全国664站1961—2012年逐日霾观测资料、降水量、平均风速和最大风速资料,分析中国霾日数变化特征及其气候成因。结果表明：我国年霾日数分布呈明显东多西少特征,中东部大部地区年霾日数在5～30 d,部分地区超过30 d,西部地区基本在5 d以下。霾日数主要集中在冬半年,冬季最多,秋季和春季次之,夏季最少,12月是霾日数最多的月份,约占全年霾日数的2成。我国中东部地区冬半年平均霾日数呈显著的增加趋势（1.7 d/10a）,霾日数显著增加时段主要在1960年代、1970年代和21世纪初,在1970年代初和21世纪初发生了明显均值突变。从区域分布来看,华南、长江中下游、华北等地霾日数呈增加趋势,而东北、西北东部、西南东部霾日数呈减少趋势。持续性霾过程增加,持续时间越长的霾过程比持续时间短的霾过程增加更为明显。不利的气候条件加剧了霾的出现。霾日数与降水日数在中东部地区基本以负相关为主,中东部冬半年降水日数呈减少趋势（-4 d/10a）,表明降水日数的减少导致大气对污染物的沉降能力减弱。另一方面,霾日数与平均风速和大风日数以负相关为主,而与静风日数则以正相关为主,冬半年平均风速和大风日数减小,静风日数增加,表明风速减小导致空气中污染物不易扩散,从而更易形成霾天气。     

1960—2008年京津冀地区夏季高温日数的变化趋势分析

基于整理的京津冀地区83个台站1960—2008年夏季逐日日最高气温资料,采用趋势分析和滑动t检验方法分析了近50年京津冀夏季高温日数的时空特征及变化趋势。结果表明：1960—2008年京津冀夏季高温日数在空间上呈现出＂南多北少＂的分布特征,高值中心位于南部的南宫附近,在时间上呈现出＂多—少—多＂的年代际变化特征,无显著的线性变化趋势,但其南部夏季高温日数主要呈减少趋势,北部主要呈增加趋势。京津冀夏季高温日数有两个突变点,即从1972年由多变少,从1996年由少变多,但其北部只有一个突变点。与1960—1972年京津冀夏季高温日数偏多期相比,近12年（1997—2008年）京津冀夏季高温日数偏多且出现的年份更为集中,在此期间京津冀及其南北部夏季高温日数呈现明显的减弱趋势。     

贺州市霾天气的气候特征分析

根据贺州市4个国家气象观测站1981-2013年气象观测资料,对贺州市霾天气的气候特征及其成因进行了分析.结果表明,贺州市霾天气日数12月最多,7月最少,秋冬两季霾天气日数占全年的75％以上.市内各县区年平均霾天气日数分布存在明显差异,差异的原因与辖区内地形地貌、气候条件、土地利用性质密切相关.年平均霾天气日数总体呈上升趋势.     

宁夏雾日和霜日的变化趋势分析

利用1961～2012年宁夏22个气象台站逐日天气现象、能见度、相对湿度资料,采用气候倾向率、趋势系数、最大熵谱分析、突变分析等方法,分析了宁夏各区域雾日数和霾日数的空间分布及变化趋势。结果表明：宁夏雾目数、霾日数均呈南北多、中间少的空间特征,但雾日数南部最多,而霾日数北部最多。近52a来,雾日数除南部山区呈不显著的减少趋势外,其他3个区域均呈增多趋势,而霾日数各区域均呈显著的增多趋势;另外,二者均有明显的阶段性演变特征,1961—1980年为明显偏少阶段,1981～2000年为波动变化阶段,2001年以后为明显偏多阶段;雾日数具有较明显的准7．5a,4．3a周期振荡,霾日数具有较明显的准4．6a、3,0a周期振荡;各区域雾日数与霾日数均未发生突变现象。     

江西省近50年霾天气时空分布特征及成因分析

利用1964—2013年江西省83个站逐日霾观测资料,运用线性倾向估计等统计方法,分析江西省近50年霾时空变化特征及其与气候要素的关系。结果表明:江西霾日数呈赣中北部多、赣南少的特点,赣中的萍乡—宜春—抚州—上饶一带以及赣北北部的九江中部、景德镇北部地区是霾天气多发区,年均霾日数在30 d·a~(-1)以上。冬季霾日数最多,萍乡—宜春—鹰潭地区中北部、南昌—九江的中部以及上饶东部地区超过20 d·a~(-1),春季和秋季次之,夏季最少。12月是霾日数最多的月份,接近全年霾日数的2成。江西省霾日数呈年际增长的趋势,增长率为11 d·(10 a)~(-1),气候趋势系数为0.78,通过0.01的显著性水平检验。霾日数与平均风速和大风日数均呈负相关,而与静风日数呈正相关。近50年平均风速和大风日数呈下降趋势,静风日数呈上升趋势,这可能导致空气中污染物不易扩散而形成更多的霾天气。江西省降水日数呈减少趋势[-6.3 d·(10a)~(-1)],气温呈增暖趋势[0.15℃·(10a)~(-1)],霾日数与气温和降水日数分别呈正、负相关。     

西安霾天气时空分布特征与影响因子分析

选用1971—2013年西安7个一般气象站和西安探空站资料,综合人工观测霾日记录、能见度小于10.0km、相对湿度小于80%的标准,分析霾的年代际、季和月的时空分布特征,以及霾天气时风、降水、边界层等影响因子。结果表明:120世纪70年代至21世纪西安年代际平均霾日呈"减-增-减-增"趋势;2西安是关中地区主要大气污染区,霾主要出现在冬季,多发区域基本维持在中东部;城市化对霾天气发生影响显著,呈市区、近郊多,远郊少的特点;3大部分霾持续时间不超过一周;近95%霾出现在3.3m/s风速以下,一半以上霾天气风力小于1级;4霾日与雨日成反比,与连续无降水日数成正比,月均最长连续无降水日数低值区为4—9月,霾日数均不多;各月边界层高度和霾日数呈明显的反相关,冬季边界层低,霾日最多;5特殊的"盆地"地貌、风速逐年减小的气候变化趋势、城市工业污染加重等是造成西安霾天气形成并波动上升的重要影响因子。     

基于序列重建的湖北省大范围持续性霾过程特征分析

利用1961—2013年湖北省76个气象站逐日天气现象、相对湿度和能见度等观测资料,重建了湖北省霾日序列,建立大范围持续性霾过程的强度等级评价模型及指数,并分析了湖北省霾日和大范围持续性霾过程的时空变化特征。结果表明:1961—2013年湖北省霾日序列重建前和重建后时空分布的年代际变化差异较小,但变化趋势相反。基于霾日的重建序列,近50 a湖北省霾日具有明显的年代际变化特征,2000年后霾日增加趋势尤其明显,冬季为霾易发季节。湖北省大范围持续性霾过程主要出现在20世纪70年代及21世纪初,2013年尤为突出;三峡河谷至鄂西北东部和鄂东中北部地区为持续性霾过程高发地区。经验证,大范围持续性霾过程指数(LSCHI)的评估效果较好。     

1961-2012年江苏省霾日时空变化特征及影响因素分析

利用1961—2012年江苏省69个地面气象站观测资料和2012年苏州市大气气溶胶观测资料,在对霾日进行判识和筛选的基础上,分析江苏省霾日的时空变化特征及霾与气象条件和污染物的关系。结果表明：1961—2012年江苏省各站年总霾日数均呈上升趋势,85％的台站呈极显著上升趋势;江苏省年平均霾日数呈显著上升趋势,其中2011—2012年呈急剧上升趋势;1980年前霾日的空间分布差异不明显,1980年后,沿江和苏南地区为霾的高发区,东部沿海大部地区霾日较少。霾天气主要发生在冬季和春季,以12月和1月发生最多。降水少和风速小有利于霾天气的发生;除SO2外,PM10、PM2.5和NO2等污染物浓度随着霾等级的增加而增大,其中PM2.5浓度增大明显。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

正Aims Scope Advances in Atmospheric Sciences(AAS)is an international journal on the dynamics,physics,and chemistry of the atmosphere and ocean with papers across the full range of the atmospheric sciences,co-published bimonthly by Science Press and Springer.The journal includes Articles,Note and Correspondence,and Letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Editorial

As we will soon celebrate the 90th anniversary of the founding of the Chinese Meteorological Society （CMS）,Acta Meteorologica Sinica （AMS）,which was originally named as Bulletin of the Chinese Meteorological Society,has gone through 89 years of development and excitement since her first issue in July 1925.According to archived documents （CMS Editorial Committee,1925）,AMS was founded to report the research findings of Chinese meteorologists,record their recommendations for improving meteorological services,and share their common meteorological interests in order to promote the growth of AMS such that more members could be inspired to conduct atmospheric research and meteorological knowledge would be better disseminated to and benefit the general public.By upholding and carrying forward this purpose,AMS has published many highly valuable scientific papers.Some could be treated as classical articles,which have produced important influences on both domestic and international meteorological communities and the related fields.