CUACE模式在兰州城市空气质量预报中的检验订正

利用2014年9月—2015年8月环境保护部对外发布的兰州市6种污染物实况监测数据,对同时期CUACE模式的24 h预报结果进行误差分析,并通过误差滚动线性回归订正方法进行检验订正。结果表明:(1)兰州市的首要污染物以PM10为主,其次是PM_(2.5);(2)CUACE模式对SO2的预报及对O_3、NO_2、PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)预报为2级时,等级预报准确率较高,预报结果可直接使用;(3)模式对O_3和CO预报1级时,采用10 d误差滚动订正后等级预报准确率可提高1.1%~5.5%;(4)模式预报其它要素的其它级别时采用5 d或10 d误差滚动订正后再加上或减去一定值后,等级预报准确率可提高8.7%~75%。     

基于CUACE系统沈阳地区春季空气质量预报的校验及修正

本文基于CUACE系统,利用2015年4—5月沈阳市大气环境观测数据对沈阳地区春季空气质量的预报效果进行了校验和修正。结果表明:CUACE模式对6种污染物(PM10、PM2.5、NO2、O3、SO2和CO)质量浓度的预报值普遍小于观测值,对PM10浓度的预报存在严重低估。CUACE模式预报的沈阳地区春季日首要污染物多为PM2.5,而观测表明沈阳地区春季PM10和PM2.5为日首要污染物的日数相当。同时,CUACE模式预报的空气污染等级与实际观测的空气污染等级相比存在较高的等级偏差率。利用污染物观测浓度和预报浓度之间的线性拟合公式修正CUACE模式的预报结果,修正后首要污染物的预报结果与实际观测结果基本吻合,同时空气污染等级的预报准确率也明显提高,提高幅度为50.0%—80.0%。     

汾渭平原CUACE模式空气质量预报性能的检验订正及环境评估

利用2019年1—6月地面环境监测资料和PM_2.5气象条件评估指数，结合滚动偏差订正方法，对汾渭平原CUACE空气质量预报产品进行了检验订正，并对气象条件和污染减排影响进行了评估。结果表明：CUACE模式对空气质量指数(AQI)、PM_2.5和SO₂浓度预报值较接近观测值，PM₁₀、CO和NO₂预报值小于观测值，O₃预报值大于观测值；对首要污染物O₃和PM_2.5及重度和严重等级污染的预报的TS评分最高，漏报率和空报率最小，预报偏差最接近1；滚动偏差订正方法对改善CUACE空气质量预报效果较为明显，尤其是对PM₁₀、O₃和NO₂改善最为明显；汾渭平原2019年上半年气象条件变化使PM_2.5浓度较2018年同期和过去5年同期分别上升了18.26%和11.18%，减排措施使PM_2.5浓度较2018年同期和过去5年...     

ECMWF模式地面气温预报的四种误差订正方法的比较研究

采用均方根误差对欧洲中期天气预报中心（ECWMF）确定性预报模式2007年1月至2010年12月的地面气温预报结果进行评估,并分别利用一元线性回归、多元线性回归、单时效消除偏差和多时效消除偏差平均的订正方法,对ECMWF模式地面气温预报结果进行订正。结果表明,4种订正方法都能有效地减小地面气温多个时效预报的误差,改进幅度约为1℃。在短期预报中仅考虑最新预报结果的一元线性回归订正方法要优于考虑多个预报结果的多元集成预报订正方法。在中期预报中考虑多个预报结果的多元集成预报订正方法更优,更稳定。在模式预报误差较大的情况下,多时效集成的订正方法能更稳定地减小误差。     

基于CMA-BJ数值预报模式产品的复杂地形下冬奥站点地面气温和风速预报方法研究

北京冬奥服务对站点气象要素预报提出了明确需求,2 m气温预报偏差在±2℃以内,10 m风速预报平均偏差小于观测的30%,文中提出一种基于相似集合嵌套一元线性回归的预报方法—嵌套相似集合（AnEn-Ne）,该方法基于相似集合思路,在满足一定条件时,启动其嵌套一元线性回归提供订正预报。冬奥赛期（2021年11月1日—2022年3月15日）实时业务预报表明,嵌套相似集合具有较好的预报效果,相对业务数值模式（CMA-BJ）预报,预报精度显著提高,相对相似集合预报和一元线性回归预报精度明显提高,其预报结果满足冬奥服务需求。复杂地形下的要素预报检验表明,CMA-BJ模式预报2 m气温虽然存在较明显的系统偏差,但与观测相关较强,对观测的表征意义明显,订正后能有效消除复杂地形影响,10 m风速模式预报偏差振荡明显,模式预报与观测相关较弱,表征意义差,订正后站间差异明显;改进CMA-BJ模式复杂地形区近地面风速预报对观测的表征意义,可进一步提高该预报方法对10 m风速订正预报的精度。     

基于CUACE模式的合肥地区空气质量预报效果检验

为了检验CUACE模式指导产品在合肥地区的预报性能,本文利用合肥地区PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、O_3监测资料对中国气象局下发的2014年3月至2015年2月合肥地区空气质量CUACE模式指导产品的预报效果进行了检验。结果表明:2014年3月至2015年2月合肥地区CUACE模式指导产品AQI和PM2.5浓度的预报值接近实测值,PM_(10)浓度预报值略小于实测值,O_3浓度的预报值明显偏大,但O_3浓度的预报值与实测值相关性最好,AQI、PM_(2.5)浓度和PM_(10)浓度预报值与实测值之间的相关系数均为0.3—0.4。实测空气质量等级为良时,CUACE模式空气质量等级预报的TS评分最高,漏报率和空报率最小;实测首要污染物为PM_(2.5)时,CUACE模式首要污染预报TS评分最高,漏报率和空报率最小。CUACE模式的预报性能并未随预报时效的延长而降低,CUACE模式指导产品总体预报效果较好,可为合肥市空气质量预报提供指导。     

太阳辐射预报滚动订正方法研究

利用2013年1月至2014年12月北京南郊观象台逐时观测总辐射以及BJ-RUC模式系统预报的该站未来24h逐时总辐射、云量、水汽混合比、云水、云冰含量等14个气象要素数据,运用多种线性订正方案对总辐射预报值进行订正,重点分析了不同方法、不同季节、不同样本数的订正效果差异。结果表明:1不同季节辐射订正的影响因素不尽相同,需采用不同的组合订正因子,其中总辐射、2m比湿、2m相对湿度、低云量、中云量、高云量、总云量、云水雨冰雪霰混合比、水汽混合比可作为推荐因子;2最优样本数选取时需考虑季节差异;3逐时滚动订正方案的订正效果较好,明显优于非滚动方案。订正后总辐射误差显著减小,而且79%的时刻有改进,明显减小了预报偏大的系统误差;4冬春季订正效果优于夏秋季,这与云的宏观和微观物理量预报效果的季节差异有关。本文研究结果可为太阳能资源评估、总辐射和光伏电站发电量预报提供有效的改进方法。     

陕西ECMWF、GRAPES_Meso和SCMOC气温预报的对比检验及订正

利用陕西99个国家气象站2017—2019年日最高(低)气温观测资料,采用一元线性回归和递减平均方法,对GRAPES_Meso、ECMWF和SCMOC的日最高(低)气温预报进行订正,并作对比检验。结果表明,SCMOC、GRAPES_Meso和ECMWF的日最低气温预报准确率较日最高气温偏高,其中SCMOC的日最高和最低气温预报准确率最高,ECMWF次之,GRAPES_Meso最低。一元线性回归和递减平均方法对SCMOC的气温预报订正多为负效果,但对GRAPES_Meso和ECMWF的气温预报订正有明显正效果。订正后ECMWF与订正前SCMOC的预报相比,前者日最高和最低气温的预报准确率偏高。订正后GRAPES_Meso与订正前SCMOC的预报相比,前者日最低气温预报准确率偏低、2018年24 h和2019年24、48 h日最高气温预报准确率偏高。一元线性回归法对模式气温预报的订正能力和稳定性优于递减平均法。     

镇江地区ECMWF模式高温预报订正方法研究

针对镇江ECMWF模式168 h内高温(t≥35℃)预报结果提出四种后处理订正方案,包括一元线性回归法、差值法、综合法和递减平均法;借助均方根误差等四种检验方法就订正效果进行评估,找寻最优订正方案。结果表明,四种订正方法都明显改善了ECMWF模式高温预报,订正后的均方根误差、平均绝对误差及最大绝对误差较订正前均有所减小,预报准确率显著提高。对于24 h时效内预报,四种订正方法各有优势。对于48～168 h时效预报,一元线性回归法效果更优。采用分时效对ECMWF模式高温预报结果进行后处理,考虑24 h预报订正使用递减平均方法,48～168 h预报订正使用一元线性回归法,可以更大程度地提高预报准确率。     

线性滚动极值处理方法对数值模拟风速的订正研究

为了进一步提高WRF模式对风速预报的准确性,以我国某风电场01#测风塔2007年5月和11月的数据为例,通过线性回归方法并结合滚动和极值处理技术,对WRF模式模拟风速进行了订正。结果表明,直接使用线性回归方法对于模拟风速的订正无明显效果;采用滚动技术的线性回归订正效果与步长有关,与线性回归订正相比总体上有较大改进,其中3 h步长改进更明显;相同步长,线性滚动极值处理订正较线性滚动订正相比有进一步改进,其中1 h步长线性滚动极值处理效果最优,如5月和11月订正前模拟风速的相对均方根误差(rRMSE)分别为29.274%、33.583%,订正后下降为14.714%、14.493%。订正后精度明显提高,更接近实况风速,线性滚动极值处理订正方法能够较好订正模式模拟风速,有效提高风速预报准确率。      

基于极端随机树方法的WRF-CMAQ-MOS模型研究

随着城市化、工业化的快速发展,空气污染已经成为了公众最关注的问题之一。为了提高空气质量预报的准确度,以多尺度空气质量模型（Community Multi-Scale Air Quality,CMAQ）为工具,结合中尺度WRF（Weather Research and Forecast Model）气象预报数据、气象观测数据、污染物浓度观测数据,基于极端随机树方法建立了WRF-CMAQ-MOS（Weather Research and Forecast Model-Community Multi-Scale Air Quality-Model Output Statistics）统计修正模型。结果表明,结合WRF气象预报的CMAQ-MOS方法明显修正了由于模型非客观性产生的模式预报偏差,提高了预报效果。使用线性回归方法不能获得较好的优化效果,选取极端随机树方法和梯度提升回归树方法对模型进行改进和比较,发现极端随机树方法对结合WRF气象要素的CMAQ-MOS模型有较大的提升。针对徐州地区空气质量预报,进一步使用基于极端随机树方法的WRF-CMAQ-MOS模型对2016年1、2、3月的空气质量指数（AQI）及PM_2.5、PM₁₀、NO₂、SO₂、O₃、CO六种污染物优化试验进行验证,发现优化效果最为明显的两种污染物分别是NO₂及O₃,2016年1、2、3月整体相关系数NO₂由0.35升至0.63,O₃由0.39升至0.79,均方根误差NO₂由0.0346减至0.0243 mg/m3,O₃由0.0447减至0.0367 mg/m3。文中发展的WRF-CMAQ-MOS统计修正模型可以有效提升预报精度,在空气质量预报中具有很好的应用前景。      

Concentration of NO<Subscript>2</Subscript> in the air over Tehran,Iran

The air quality analyses for nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) were conducted in Tehran, capital of Iran. Daily and annual variations in its average concentrations were calculated using measurements from four sampling stations. Multiple linear and nonlinear regression equations for relationships between concentration of pollutant and meteorological parameters were obtained from average data. The RMSE test showed that the stepwise model is the best option among the considered prediction models.     

Development and performance evaluation of statistical models correlating air pollutants and meteorological variables at Pantnagar,India

Ambient air quality in respect of SO₂, NO₂ and total suspended particulate matter (TSPM) was monitored at Pantnagar, India from May, 2008 to April, 2009 and statistically analyzed with meteorological variables such as relative humidity (RH), wind speed (WS), precipitation (P) and mean air temperature (T). TSPM was found to be the major air pollutant causing significant deterioration of air quality with annual mean concentrations of 280 μg/m³. Further, weekly mean air pollutant concentrations were statistically analyzed through stepwise multiple linear regression analysis in respect of independent meteorological variables to develop suitable statistical models. Both NO₂ and TSPM concentrations were found to have been influenced by meteorological variables with coefficient of determination (R²) of 82.21 and 92.84%, respectively. However, atmospheric SO₂ revealed only 22.87% of dependencies on meteorological variables. Partial correlation coefficients revealed that wind speed has the maximum influence (77.80 and 31.50%) on proposed equations for NO₂ and SO₂, closely followed by weekly mean temperature (73.60 and 24.30%). However, in case of TSPM, individual contribution of ambient temperature (94.40%) was found maximum, followed by relative humidity (86.50%). Model performances were evaluated through both quantitative data analysis techniques and statistical methods. Nearly 98 and 95% of potential error has been explained by the model developed for TSPM and NO₂, while in case of SO₂, it is found as only 61%. Therefore, performances of models (for TSPM and NO₂) to predict ambient weekly mean concentrations based on forecasted weather parameters were found to be excellent, however, performance of model developed for SO₂ was found only satisfactory.     

Chemical Composition and Association of Size-Differentiated Aerosols at a Suburban Site in a Semi-Arid Tract of India

Size-differentiated concentrations of SPM, F, Cl, NO₃, SO₄, Na, K, Ca, Mg and NH₄ in atmospheric aerosols were measured in a suburban area of Agra city during December 1992 to March 1993. Except for NH₄, Cl and Na, all components were found to have a bimodal distribution. The fine fraction was dominated by NH₄, K, NO₃ and SO₄, while Na, Ca, Mg, F and Cl contributed to the coarse fraction. Fifty-eight percent of SO₄ and 67% of NO₃ were found in the fine mode and the coarse mode comprised 42 and 33% of SO₄ and NO₃, respectively. SO₄ was found to have a peak above the submicron range at 1.1 µm which has been attributed to secondary sulphate formation by heterogeneous oxidation of SO₂ on alkaline particles of Ca and Mg. The total aerosol was basic in nature and dominated by the soil-derived acid neutralising components (Ca, Mg and Na).     

2020年新冠肺炎疫情管控期江苏省大气污染物浓度变化特征北大核心

利用江苏省大气环境监测站点的大气污染物监测数据,分析了2020年初新冠肺炎疫情管控期间(2—3月)主要大气污染物浓度的变化特征。结果显示,相比于2019、2020年疫情管控期间PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、NO_(2)、SO_(2)、CO浓度的全省平均降幅分别为37.5%、36.9%、31.9%、28.2%和21.2%。严格管控期的2月和生产恢复期的3月,江苏省十三市PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)浓度同比降幅大致相当,呈现出较好的时间连续性和空间均匀性。但各市臭氧浓度同比变化呈现出较大的时空差异。空间上,沿江以南城市南京、无锡、常州、苏州和镇江五市臭氧浓度明显上升,而其他城市臭氧浓度以下降为主;时间上,2月南京等九市臭氧浓度上升,3月徐州等八市臭氧浓度持平或者下降。假设未发生新冠肺炎疫情以及未采取为阻断疫情蔓延而实施的种种举措,在仅考虑近年来大气污染防治政策持续实施的情况下,与预期降幅相比,疫情管控对NO_(2)实况浓度降幅的影响最大,其次是PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)。     

An evaluation of air quality modeling over the Pearl River Delta during November 2006

In this paper, we evaluate the performance of several air quality models using the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region, including the Nested Air Quality Prediction Modeling System (NAQPMS), the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model, and the Comprehensive Air Quality Model with extensions (CAMx). All three model runs are based on the same meteorological fields generated by the Fifth-Generation Pennsylvania State University/National Center for Atmospheric Research (PSU/NCAR) Mesoscale Model (MM5) and the same emission inventories. The emission data are processed by the Sparse Matrix Operator Kernel Emissions (SMOKE) model, with the inventories generated from the Transport and Chemical Evolution over the Pacific/Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment Phase B (TRACE-P/INTEX-B) and local emission inventory data. The results show that: (1) the meteorological simulation of the MM5 model is reasonable compared with the observations at the regional background and urban stations. (2) The models have different advantages at different stations. The CAMx model has the best performance for SO₂ simulation, with the lowest mean normalized bias (MNB) and mean normalized error (MNE) at most of the Guangzhou stations, while the CMAQ model has the lowest normalized mean square error (NMSE) value for SO₂ simulation at most of the other PRD urban stations. The NAQPMS model has the best performance in the NO₂ simulation at most of the Guangzhou stations. (3) The model performance at the Guangzhou stations is better than that at the other stations, and the emissions may be underestimated in the other PRD cities. (4) The PM₁₀ simulation has the best model measures of FAC2 (fraction of predictions within a factor of two of the observations) (average 53–56%) and NMSE (0.904–1.015), while the SO₂ simulation has the best concentration distribution compared with the observations, according to the quantile–quantile (Q–Q) plots.     

Preliminary modelling results of an urban air quality model verifying the prediction of nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and ozone over the Sydney basin

Summary The air quality modelling system (HIRES-AIRCHEM) of The University of New South Wales is tested with regard to forecast distributions of sulfur dioxide (SO₂), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) and ozone (O₃) over the Sydney basin and surrounding area. This is achieved by assimilating the emissions inventory of the New South Wales State Environment Protection Authority. This inventory contains both road and non-road sources. The HIRES-AIRCHEM system was run over the greater Sydney metropolitan area for a four day period in February 1998. During this period O₃ readings, in particular, exceeded the EPAs threshold maximum of 80ppb. The model forecasts of the NO₂-, SO₂- and O₃-distributions verify well with the EPAs monitored readings. Diurnal concentrations are greatest in the late afternoon, as expected, when photochemical processes are most active. Furthermore, the forecast spatial distribution of NO₂ and SO₂ shows maximum values radiating out along major roads from the Sydney CBD and other population centres. This is consistent with NO₂ and SO₂ being major pollutants associated with vehicular traffic. These promising results have significant implications for possible future use of the system as a tool for routinely assessing air quality.