2005年7月30-31日新乡市连续两夜暴雨过程分析

对2005年7月30-31日新乡市连续两夜出现的暴雨过程诊断分析结果表明:两夜暴雨均是在有利的大尺度环境条件下,激发中尺度系统发生发展而引起。连续两夜出现的暴雨,均处在强上升气流区域的北部边缘,而不是强上升气流中。在sθe陡立密集区有利于湿斜压不稳定能量的聚集和中尺度天气系统的发生发展。对流场进行尺度分离,有利于发现形成暴雨的中尺度系统。     

2011年6月湖南两次暴雨过程的中尺度特征对比分析

利用常规观测资料、卫星、雷达资料以及NCEP再分析资料、LAPS局地分析资料,对2011年6月湖南两次暴雨过程的中尺度特征进行对比分析。结果表明：两次过程均属于湖南盛夏低涡冷槽型暴雨过程,但中尺度特征、降水性质和环境条件有差异。“6.09暴雨”由一个及地的β中尺度低涡产生,过程期间低涡稳定少动,卫星云图上表现为一个发展强烈的中尺度对流云团,雷达回波前期为窄型带状积云降水回波,后期逐渐转变为积层混合云降水回波;而“6.13暴雨”影响系统为中尺度切变线,切变线维持时间长,移动缓慢,卫星云图上是一条长时间维持的对流云带,雷达回波为积层混合云降水回波。水汽输送通道的建立和中低层水汽的大量集中为中尺度对流系统的发展提供了有利的环境条件,暴雨发生在锋前高温高湿的不稳定层结和强上升运动区域中,锋区的动力强迫上升运动加强了低层能量和水汽的往上输送。两次过程中尺度对流系统均具有深厚的垂直环流结构,“6.09暴雨”湘东北特大暴雨区是一支近乎垂直的深厚上升气流,南北两侧有明显的补偿下沉气流,而“6.13暴雨”湘中暴雨区垂直上升运动是倾斜向上的,只有南侧存在补偿下沉气流。     

一次副高控制下的江西暴雨过程模拟分析

利用WRF数值模式输出的高分辨率模式资料,对2010年7月14—15日江西出现的一次副高控制下的暴雨过程进行了分析。结果表明,此次暴雨过程同样也存在充沛的水汽输送,比湿、水汽通量散度基本都达到江西暴雨的阈值;暴雨区以北能量锋区密集,梯度达到12 K/纬距,大暴雨出现在强能量锋区南缘的高能量舌中;干冷气流侵入地面暖槽,地面扰动有利于强不稳定能量的释放,激发中尺度对流系统发展;强降水发生在切变线附近的西南气流中,并且强降水发生时中低层为一致的上升运动;低层辐合、高层辐散的抽吸作用对上升运动的维持十分有利;300 hPa层以下有正涡度柱存在,在其两侧有下沉气流,并有次级环流存在。     

一次非典型梅雨锋暴雨过程及其中尺度系统的数值模拟

利用常规观测资料\, 卫星观测的高时空分辨率TBB资料以及客观分析资料, 对2002年6月22~23日(“02.6”)一次非典型的梅雨锋暴雨过程进行了天气分析。在此基础上, 利用中尺度数值模式MM5对此次梅雨锋暴雨过程进行了数值模拟, 并分析了暴雨中尺度系统的结构特征。结果表明： （1）天气分析显示, “02.6”梅雨锋暴雨过程与α中尺度低涡的东移发展和对流层低层的两支低空急流的增强发展有关。对流层低层700 hPa为一个缓慢东移与南压的东北西南向冷式切变线, 暖式切变线不太明显, 这与通常的江淮切变线梅雨锋暴雨不同。对流层500 hPa的副热带高压非常强, 高层200 hPa对流层高层的反气旋环流非常强并与高空急流相伴, 南亚高压中心位于我国江南地区。（2）TBB资料分析表明, 此次暴雨过程产生与多个β中尺度系统合并发展成α中尺度系统以及此后从α中尺度系统中不断分裂出β中尺度系统发展演变密切相关; 强中尺度对流系统主要在中尺度低涡冷、 暖切变线的的南侧发生和发展, 并不是在中尺度低涡的冷暖切变线上发展。（3）垂直结构分析显示： 在中尺度系统开始发展阶段, 中尺度系统具有强的垂直于剖面的风分量切变、 低空急流核以及高空强辐散低空强辐合, 这有利于中尺度系统的发展; 当中尺度低涡发展到相对成熟的阶段, 其后部不断分裂出中小尺度系统, 对流层低层的θe具有明显暖心结构, 由于气块绝热上升冷却效应比对流潜热释放作用强, 导致在800~600 hPa层上 θe比环境的低, 加之在强上升运动的顶部两侧的下沉补偿气流也比较弱, 这不利于中尺度低涡的维持。     

一次滇西南秋季暴雨的中尺度分析与诊断

应用大尺度物理量场诊断分析和中尺度带通滤波处理技术,对2001年10月25日发生在云南西南部的一次暴雨过程机制进行了分析。结果表明,在副热带高压(下称副高)外围大尺度西南气流环境场中,中尺度系统是此次暴雨产生的直接原因;大尺度环境场为暴雨的发生提供了充沛的水汽来源,而中尺度系统则在水汽的强烈辐合、向上输送,使对流层中下层达到准饱和状态扮演了十分重要的角色。     

青藏高原东侧一次β中尺度对流系统的数值模拟

利用PSU／NCAR的高分辨率中尺度非静力数值模式MM5，模拟了2001年9月18日发生在青藏高原东侧的绵阳大暴雨过程。结果表明，高分辨率数值模式对触发本次降水过程的β中尺度对流系统具有较好的模拟能力。高分辨率模拟输出显示“9．18”绵阳大暴雨与边界层内一个中尺度辐合扰动的发展和移动相伴，且中尺度辐合扰动还诱发了一个时间尺度约为6h的β中尺度涡旋和强烈发展的降水雨团。模拟还显示受高原地形影响，该β中尺度对流系统具有独特的动力和热力结构。其动力特征是强上升运动和超强散度柱与对流层低层强涡度互耦发展，热力特征是对流层低层具有对流不稳定能量，中层具有斜压不稳定能量。中尺度对流系统具有两支上升人流和两支下沉出流，低层人流(东南气流)触发低层对流不稳定能量释放，中层人流(高原近地层偏西暖湿气流)触发中层大气斜压不稳定能量释放，两种不稳定能量共同作用促使对流雨团强烈发展，形成绵阳大暴雨。     

华南暖区一次暴雨中尺度系统的数值模拟

为深入了解华南暖区暴雨产生的机制, 首先利用观测资料和卫星云图对2005年5月9日华南暖区一次暴雨过程进行天气分析, 然后利用MM5V3.6数值模式对该次暴雨过程进行了模拟, 利用模拟的输出结果分析了中尺度系统的结构特征和成因。结果表明, 这次华南南部暖区的暴雨区出现在低空急流出口区左侧的辐合区与高空急流入口区右侧的辐散区相迭置的区域; 中尺度对流云团是暴雨的直接影响系统, 系统中心上空偏南气流强烈垂直上升与在系统以南对流层高层下沉的气流构成垂直闭合反环流, 低层气流风速辐合对暖区暴雨系统的形成和发展起决定性的作用。较大的螺旋度可能是暖区暴雨及其中尺度系统发生、 发展的一种重要机制, 可用来判断降水系统的形成和移动。     

长江中游一次暴雨中尺度天气系统的观测分析

利用多种加密观测资料，详细分析了长江中游一次暴雨中尺度天气系统的观测特征。结果发现：(1)暴雨由各种尺度的天气系统相互作用造成，直接造成这场暴雨的是中α尺度切变线上活动的多个并不深厚的中β尺度对流系统，该对流系统在发生发展过程中一直伴有明显的中尺度雨团活动。(2)这次中β尺度对流系统活动可能的物理图像为：在切变线东北方和西南方各有一支气流在切变线上辐合抬升并汇入对流系统中，在暖平流的作用下，气流在倾斜的θse锋前上升(或沿锋区爬升)并随高度发生顺转，到7km高度以上开始以西南气流发散，在离对流区400～500km处下沉，并在θse锋区附近构成中尺度垂直环流圈，对流云团发生在该垂直环流的上升支一侧。     

持续拉伸型中尺度对流系统发生发展与江苏暴雨分析

利用自动气象站、卫星探测资料,NCEP/NCAR 1°×1°再分析资料等,从环流特征,动力、热力和水汽条件等对发生在江苏地区的两次梅汛期大暴雨过程的中尺度对流云团的发生、发展进行了分析。结果表明:这两次中尺度对流云团中均存在持续伸长型的中尺度对流系统(PECS),大暴雨区与T_BB<-70 ℃区域有较好的对应关系,有利的环境场形成的高空辐散、低空辐合和强烈的上升运动是PECS发生发展的重要条件。PECS云团处于200 hPa高空急流入口区右侧、西南低空急流左侧(切变线南侧),呈西南—东北向线状排列,低层暖湿不稳定气流诱发中尺度云团的产生,气旋性涡度场对积云对流活动具有组织和增强作用。当正涡度向垂直方向发展时,附近产生强烈的垂直上升运动,对应着中尺度PECS云团的强烈发展。强烈的对流不稳定有利于中尺度对流系统的发展,也有利于触发暴雨产生。     

一次热带低压引发上海特大暴雨过程的中尺度系统分析

作者利用每日4个时次的1.×1. NCEP资料、逐时的GMs 5卫星红外云图资料、雷达组合反射率及雷达回波顶高图像资料和上海雨量自动站观测资料,对2001年8月5至6日上海特大暴雨过程进行了分析,认为:(1)停滞在上海地区的热带低压为此次特大暴雨的发生提供了有利的背景,而低压内部不断更替出现的中尺度对流云团是暴雨的直接制造者;(2)5日夜至6日晨,热带低压内至少有四个中尺度雨团发生发展,雨团的水平长度小于100 km,宽度约50km,生命史1～3 h不等,属于典型的β中尺度系统;(3)来自西太平洋和南海的暖湿气流向上海地区输送了充足的水汽;(4)热带低压内对流层低层的辐合、高层的辐散有利于强上升运动的维持,强上升气流携带充足的水汽、能量有利于对流云团的发生发展,产生降雨.     

北美五大湖水环境保护经验分析

介绍了位于美国和加拿大边界的世界上最大的淡水水体——北美五大湖的基本情况及水环境污染和治理历程,讨论美加两国政府在水环境保护方面合作的经验,概括了五大湖环境保护工作所取得的成就。实践证明,五大湖水资源综合管理体制、水环境保护策略是行之有效的。经过几十年的努力,五大湖的水质状况已有明显改善,尤其是在人群健康保障、富营养化治理和有毒物质消减方面取得了长足的进步。     

北美五大湖水环境保护经验分析

介绍了位于美国和加拿大边界的世界上最大的淡水水体--北美五大湖的基本情况及水环境污染和治理历程,讨论美加两国政府在水环境保护方面合作的经验,概括了五大湖环境保护工作所取得的成就.实践证明,五大湖水资源综合管理体制、水环境保护策略是行之有效的.经过几十年的努力,五大湖的水质状况已有明显改善,尤其是在人群健康保障、富营养化治理和有毒物质消减方面取得了长足的进步.     

Coasts, water levels, and climate change: A Great Lakes perspective

The North American Laurentian Great Lakes hold nearly 20 % of the earth’s unfrozen fresh surface water and have a length of coastline, and a coastal population, comparable to frequently-studied marine coasts. The surface water elevations of the Great Lakes, in particular, are an ideal metric for understanding impacts of climate change on large hydrologic systems, and for assessing adaption measures for absorbing those impacts. In light of the importance of the Great Lakes to the North American and global economies, the Great Lakes and the surrounding region also serve as an important benchmark for hydroclimate research, and offer an example of successful adaptive management under changing climate conditions. Here, we communicate some of the important lessons to be learned from the Great Lakes by examining how the coastline, water level, and water budget dynamics of the Great Lakes relate to other large coastal systems, along with implications for water resource management strategies and climate scenario-derived projections of future conditions. This improved understanding fills a critical gap in freshwater and marine global coastal research.     

SPATIALLY DISTRIBUTED WATER SURFACE TEMPERATURE MODELING FOR THE GREAT LAKES

1　INTRODUCTIONA Growing concern over the potential effects of a possible change in the future climatecontinues to motivate research into cycles,variability,and trends in the temperatures of theGreat L akes.These temperatures have a major influence on the water balance of the GreatL akes watershed through evaporation and the forcing of atmospheric effects.Before a futuretemperature structure and cycle can be estimated,the present water temperature climatologymust be sucessfully simulated…     

Transposed Climates for Study of Water Supply Variability on the Laurentian Great Lakes

Hydrological models of the Great Lakes basin were used to study the sensitivity of Great Lakes water supplies to climate warming by driving them with meteorological data from four U.S. climate zones that were transposed to the basin. Widely different existing climates were selected for transposition in order to identify thresholds of change where major impacts on water supplies begin to occur and whether there are non-linear responses in the system. The climate zones each consist of 43 years of daily temperature and precipitation data for 1,000 or more stations and daily evaporation-related variables (temperature, wind speed, humidity, cloud cover) for approximately 20–35 stations. A key characteristic of these selected climates was much larger variability in inter-annual precipitation than currently experienced over the Great Lakes. Climate data were adjusted to simulate lake effects; however, a comparison of hydrologic results with and without lake effects showed that there was only minor effects on water supplies.     

Great Lakes Hydrology Under Transposed Climates

Historical climates, based on 43 years of daily data from areas south and southwest of the Great Lakes, were used to examine the hydrological response of the Great Lakes to warmer climates. The Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory used their conceptual models for simulating moisture storages in, and runoff from, the 121 watersheds draining into the Great Lakes, over-lake precipitation into each lake, and the heat storages in, and evaporation from, each lake. This transposition of actual climates incorporates natural changes in variability and timing within the existing climate; this is not true for General Circulation Model-generated corrections applied to existing historical data in many other impact studies. The transposed climates lead to higher and more variable over-land evapotranspiration and lower soil moisture and runoff with earlier runoff peaks since the snow pack is reduced up to 100%. Water temperatures increase and peak earlier. Heat resident in the deep lakes increases throughout the year. Buoyancy-driven water column turnover frequency drops and lake evaporation increases and spreads more throughout the annual cycle. The response of runoff to temperature and precipitation changes is coherent among the lakes and varies quasi-linearly over a wide range of temperature changes, some well beyond the range of current GCM predictions for doubled CO₂ conditions.     

Climate change impacts on Laurentian Great Lakes levels

Scenarios of water supplies reflecting CO₂-induced climatic change are used to determine potential impacts on levels of the Laurentian Great Lakes and likely water management policy implications. The water supplies are based on conceptual models that link climate change scenarios from general circulation models to estimates of basin runoff, overlake precipitation, and lake evaporation. The water supply components are used in conjunction with operational regulation plans and hydraulic routing models of outlet and connecting channel flows to estimate water levels on Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron, St. Clair, Erie, and Ontario. Three steady-state climate change scenarios, corresponding to modeling a doubling of atmospheric CO₂, are compared to a steady-state simulation obtained with historical data representing an unchanged atmosphere. One transient climate change scenario, representing a modeled transition from present conditions to doubled CO₂ concentrations, is compared to a transient simulation with historical data. The environmental, socioeconomic, and policy implications of the climate change effects modeled herein suggest that new paradigms in water management will be required to address the prospective increased allocation conflicts between users of the Great Lakes.GLERL Contribution No. 645.     

The Great Lakes diversion at Chicago and its implications for climate change

In 1900 the city of Chicago began diverting sizable amounts of water from Lake Michigan to move its sewage down the Illinois River. This diversion launched a series of continuing legal controversies involving Illinois as a defendant against claims by the federal government, various lake states, and Canada who wanted the diversion stopped or drastically reduced. During the past 96 years extended dry periods have lowered the lake levels. Using these dry periods as surrogates for future conditions, their effects on the past controversies were examined as analogs for what might occur as a result of climate change from an enhanced Greenhouse effect. The results reveal that changing socioeconomic factors including population growth will likely cause increased water use, and Chicago will seek additional water from the Great Lakes. New priorities for water use will emerge as in the past. Drier future conditions will likely lead to enhanced diversions from the Great Lakes to serve interests in and outside the basin. Future lower lake levels (reflecting a drier climate) will lead to conflicts related to existing and proposed diversions, and these conflicts would be exacerbated by the consequences of global warming. In any event, a warmer, drier climatic regime will challenge existing laws and institutions for dealing with Great Lakes water issues.     

Lightning flash climatology in the southern great lakes region

Abstract

We have made a preliminary study of cloud‐to‐ground lightning over southern Ontario and the adjoining Great Lakes region. The lightning data set, using magnetic direction finding, is sufficiently accurate to study lightning climatology. Cloud‐to‐ground flash totals have been found for the three warm seasons 1989–91. A large variation in flash total, lightning‐day frequency and number of high flash density storms occurs over the area, with the maximum in southwestern Ontario. The area of the maximum also has a strong diurnal cycle and relatively few positive flashes. Several physical causes may contribute to this. Lake areas usually have slightly fewer flashes than nearby land areas and warm water usually has more flashes than cold water. The Great Lakes do produce more lightning than ocean areas. Convergence lines of lake breezes and other lake circulations can, however, be sites for storms with intense lightning. High surface temperature and moisture leads to an increase in lightning generation. Over land, upslope flow increases lightning‐producing storms and downslope flow decreases them. High flash density storms may be favoured by smooth rather than rough ground, and by open farmland rather than forest. On the other hand, there does not seem to be a clear urban effect increasing lightning in the Great Lakes     

Present and future Laurentian Great Lakes hydroclimatic conditions as simulated by regional climate models with an emphasis on Lake Michigan-Huron

Regional climate modelling represents an appealing approach to projecting Great Lakes water supplies under a changing climate. In this study, we investigate the response of the Great Lakes Basin to increasing greenhouse gas and aerosols emissions using an ensemble of sixteen climate change simulations generated by three different Regional Climate Models (RCMs): CRCM4, HadRM3 and WRFG. Annual and monthly means of simulated hydro-meteorological variables that affect Great Lakes levels are first compared to observation-based estimates. The climate change signal is then assessed by computing differences between simulated future (2041–2070) and present (1971–1999) climates. Finally, an analysis of the annual minima and maxima of the Net Basin Supply (NBS), derived from the simulated NBS components, is conducted using Generalized Extreme Value distribution. Results reveal notable model differences in simulated water budget components throughout the year, especially for the lake evaporation component. These differences are reflected in the resulting NBS. Although uncertainties in observation-based estimates are quite large, our analysis indicates that all three RCMs tend to underestimate NBS in late summer and fall, which is related to biases in simulated runoff, lake evaporation, and over-lake precipitation. The climate change signal derived from the total ensemble mean indicates no change in future mean annual NBS. However, our analysis suggests an amplification of the NBS annual cycle and an intensification of the annual NBS minima in future climate. This emphasizes the need for an adaptive management of water to minimize potential negative implications associated with more severe and frequent NBS minima.