宁夏春季沙尘暴气候趋势及成因分析

对20世纪60年代以来宁夏春季沙尘暴变化趋势进行分析，结果表明：沙尘暴具有明显的年代际变化特征，80年代中期宁夏春季沙尘暴发生突变，在此之前为沙尘暴高发期，其后沙尘暴日数明显减少。为探究形成这一变化趋势原因，从形成沙尘暴的动力因子入手，对大气环流、海温、大风日数、平均气温等的长期变化趋势进行分析，发现北半球极涡强度指数、极涡面积指数、亚洲西风环流指数、Nino3区海温及宁夏春季大风日数、冬季平均气温、冬春季平均气温温差与沙尘暴存在较为一致的年代际变化特征，即决定冷空气活动频次的诸因子在80年代中期也发生了突变。由此可见，在同一生态背景下，冷空气活动次数对形成春季沙尘暴的变化趋势起着至关重要的作用。     

中国北方年沙尘暴日数的气候特征及对春季高原地面感热的响应

选用中国185个常规气象观测站,从建站～2000年历年沙尘暴日数资料,分析了近50年来中国北方沙尘暴的气候特征及其对青藏高原地面感热异常的响应。结果表明：虽然单个沙尘暴过程具有一定的区域特征,但年沙尘暴日数具有较好的空间一致性,在空间上有5个自然尘源区,即河西走廊、南疆盆地南缘、阿拉善高原、鄂尔多斯高原和浑善达克沙地等沙尘暴高发区。比较近50年来中国沙尘暴日数的年代际变化,总体趋势在减少,20世纪90年代是近5个年代中最少的。但20世纪末至21世纪初,中国沙尘暴日数有明显的回升趋势。进一步研究表明,中国沙尘暴与春季青藏高原地面感热关系密切,当春季青藏高原地面感热呈EOF1模态时,当年中国北方沙尘暴日数明显较常年偏多。     

2006年春季南北疆沙尘暴的气候预测

利用1961～2005年北疆9个气象站和南疆15个气象站逐日沙尘暴日数、平均气温、气温日较差、平均地面温度、地气温差、平均风速、降水量、平均相对湿度,计算得到北疆和南疆春季沙尘暴日数和前期气候要素,通过相关分析得到北疆和南疆春季沙尘暴的气候影响因子。利用前期气候影响因子分别建立了北疆和南疆春季沙尘暴日数气候预测方程6个。预计2006年春季,北疆沙尘暴日数1.4～2d,南疆沙尘暴日数7d,它们虽比历年平均值偏低,但高于近15a的平均值。     

南疆西部沙尘天气长期变化及突变特征分析

利用南疆西部15个国家气象站1961—2019年逐日沙尘天气资料，采用气候倾向率和统计检验等方法对南疆西部沙尘天气的时空变化特征进行分析。研究表明：春季为南疆西部沙尘暴及浮尘天气出现最多的季节、扬沙天气出现次多的季节，分别占全年沙尘暴、扬沙、浮尘的49%、38%、43%；夏季为扬沙天气出现最多的季节、是沙尘暴、浮尘天气出现次多的季节，分别占全年沙尘暴、扬沙、浮尘的35%、43%、35%；冬季为低频季节，发生占比分别为7%、6%、14%。南疆西部沙尘天气呈东多西少特征，山区沙尘天气日数明显少于平原，浮尘天气平原地区分布均匀，沙尘暴、扬沙平原东部和南部区域多于平原腹地。沙尘天气日数年际变化振幅较大，沙尘暴、扬沙、浮尘日数整体呈明显减少趋势。浮尘年际变化周期显著，其次为扬沙与沙尘暴，1984和1977年为沙尘暴、浮尘统计定义上的突变年份，扬沙存在2个突变点，分别为1982和1992年。沙尘暴和扬沙的主导风向为偏西北风，浮尘主导风向为偏东北风，主导风向与地形影响关联密切。     

呼和浩特地区40a沙尘天气时空分布规律及演变趋势

文章利用呼和浩特地区1971—2010年扬沙、沙尘暴资料,采用线性倾向估计、多项式拟合、经验正交函数分解、小波分析、Mann-Kendall检验、滑动t检验、Yamamoto法等分析了1971—2010年呼和浩特地区扬沙、沙尘暴日数的时空分布特征及演变规律。结果表明：⑴呼和浩特各地区扬沙、沙尘暴日数空间分布具有高度的一致性,由西到东呈现出高—低分布特点。⑵春季（3—5月）是扬沙、沙尘暴天气现象最频发季节,不频发时段是秋季（9—10月）,沙尘暴的季节分布基本上是春多秋少。⑶从年际分布特征来讲,扬沙、沙尘暴日数总体呈现显著地下降趋势,但在总体下降的同时到21世纪初期又有所上升。⑷扬沙日数序列研究时段内显著存在着5~8a周期振荡;沙尘暴日数序列的周期特征不明显。⑸通过突变检测得知：沙尘天气在20世纪70年代末、80年代初开始突变减少,之后整体呈现波动减少的趋势。⑹20世纪70年代呼和浩特地区扬沙、沙尘暴发生最多,80年代沙尘天气在逐步减少,90年代达最少,到了21世纪前10年扬沙、沙尘暴发生日数均较20世纪90年代有所增多。     

京津冀后冬极端低温与北极涛动相关性年代际减弱

基于京津冀冬季逐日平均气温资料,分析了冬季及各月京津冀极端低温日数与北极涛动(AO)的关系,以及后冬二者相关性年代际变化的大气环流异常.结果表明:20世纪80年代后期开始京津冀冬季极端低温日数呈减少的趋势.冬季极端低温日数与同期AO指数相关性存在显著年代际变化,20世纪80年代后期开始迅速减弱,21世纪00年代初开始前...     

蒙古气旋的气候特征及变化研究

基于1979-2001年ECMWF海平面气压(SLP)再分析资料,采用改进的气旋客观识别与追踪算法,计算分析了蒙古气旋的频数及强度,结果表明,蒙古气旋活动存在明显的季节、年际和年代际变化。1979-2001年,蒙古气旋频数减少,强度减弱。20世纪80年代中期,蒙古气旋活动最强,80年代末开始到90年代,蒙古气旋日数明显下降。此外,春季蒙古气旋出现的频数最高,冬季出现的频数最低。从80到90年代,春、夏、秋、冬四季蒙古气旋活动呈一致的波动减少趋势,其中春季变化与全年最为一致。蒙古气旋活动的年际差异也十分明显,蒙古气旋活动偏多年和偏少年对流层低层温度场距平分布存在明显差异,说明大气环流是影响气旋活动的一个重要因素。     

蒙古气旋的气候特征及变化研究

基于1979～2001年ECMWF海平面气压(SLP)再分析资料,采用改进的气旋客观识别与追踪算法,计算分析了蒙古气旋的频数及强度,结果表明,蒙古气旋活动存在明显的季节、年际和年代际变化.1979～2001年,蒙古气旋频数减少,强度减弱.20世纪80年代中期,蒙古气旋活动最强,80年代末开始到90年代,蒙古气旋日数明显下降.此外,春季蒙古气旋出现的频数最高,冬季出现的频数最低.从80到90年代,春、夏、秋、冬四季蒙古气旋活动呈一致的波动减少趋势,其中春季变化与全年最为一致.蒙古气旋活动的年际差异也十分明显,蒙古气旋活动偏多年和偏少年对流层低层温度场距平分布存在明显差异,说明大气环流是影响气旋活动的一个重要因素.     

我国西北地区春季旱涝气候特征研究

利用西北地区160个台站1950～2000年春季降水量资料,讨论了西北5个区域的旱涝气候特征,发现西北东部和北疆山前地带降水气候变化最为激烈,旱涝事件频繁.整个西北地区春季干旱虽较雨涝多见,但严重雨涝的发生多于严重干旱,且严重旱涝的发生自20世纪80年代以来有增加的趋势.西北各区的旱涝演变具有阶段性和群发性的特点,存在年代际的变化周期和5～6年的准周期振荡.西北东部春季严重雨涝和严重干旱发生时,中高纬度大尺度环流及副热带大气环流特征迥然不同,且分别对赤道中东太平洋海温和北太平洋西风漂流区海温异常表现出遥响应的关系.     

新疆年降水量的时空变化特征

根据新疆1961—2005年88个气象站点的年降水量资料,采用气候趋势系数、Kendall-τ检验、REOF/RPCA、Morlet小波分析以及交叉谱分析等方法,分析了新疆年降水量的变化趋势,并对年降水量场进行客观分区。新疆年降水量场可划分为6个子区域:北疆西部及北疆沿天山型、中天山及吐鲁番盆地型、南疆西部型、北疆北部及东天山型、塔里木盆地型、南疆东南部型。在此基础上,研究了新疆年降水量变化的区域特征和年代际、年际变化的多时间尺度的周期特征,并分析了各子气候区平均年降水量变化之间的相关关系。结果表明,新疆大部分区域最干旱时段在1960—1970年代。1980年代以来,除沙漠盆地外,新疆年降水不同程度地呈现出显著增加趋势。新疆各子气候区平均年降水量的年代际或年际周期变化并非均相同,而且具有显著的6年准耦合振荡。北疆西部沿天山与中天山在多个频域段上具有显著的耦合振荡,其次是与北疆北部及东天山也具有较好的耦合振荡,与南疆西部具有显著的5,6年的反位相耦合振荡,与塔里木盆地仅在6年周期中具有显著的反位相耦合关系。除6年的耦合振荡外,新疆年降水量自然气候分区的异常变化大多从北向南,从西向东依次出现。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

正Aims Scope Advances in Atmospheric Sciences(AAS)is an international journal on the dynamics,physics,and chemistry of the atmosphere and ocean with papers across the full range of the atmospheric sciences,co-published bimonthly by Science Press and Springer.The journal includes Articles,Note and Correspondence,and Letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Editorial

As we will soon celebrate the 90th anniversary of the founding of the Chinese Meteorological Society （CMS）,Acta Meteorologica Sinica （AMS）,which was originally named as Bulletin of the Chinese Meteorological Society,has gone through 89 years of development and excitement since her first issue in July 1925.According to archived documents （CMS Editorial Committee,1925）,AMS was founded to report the research findings of Chinese meteorologists,record their recommendations for improving meteorological services,and share their common meteorological interests in order to promote the growth of AMS such that more members could be inspired to conduct atmospheric research and meteorological knowledge would be better disseminated to and benefit the general public.By upholding and carrying forward this purpose,AMS has published many highly valuable scientific papers.Some could be treated as classical articles,which have produced important influences on both domestic and international meteorological communities and the related fields.