热带大气半地转适应理论的尺度分析和物理机制

对热带大气行星尺度运动所做的尺度分析和物理分析表明:热带大气 的行星尺度运动在y方向容易实现气压梯度力与Coriolis力的平衡，它称为纬圈的 半地转运动。半地转平衡的建立过程，也就是半地转适应过程相对是很短暂的，它不需 要考虑f=β0y随y的变化，因而主要依靠惯性重力波为频散；而半地转平 衡建立后的演变过程相对是很缓慢的，它主要受Kelvin波和Rossby波控制。     

边界层中风速向Ekman气流的调整

在自由大气中,风压场之间基本上是满足地转平衡的,但在某些局部地区,可以出现地转偏差,而这些偏差通过惯性重力外波的频散作用将最终消灭而建立起地转平衡。这种适应过程已有很多的研究。与自由大气中的准地转气流的特征相似,在边界层中,在三种力即折向力、气压梯度力和湍流粘性力的平衡下,风场呈现Ekman气流,即风速矢量湍迹呈现Ekman螺线。类似于地转适应问题的提法,在边界层中,也存有Ekman气流的适应问题。即当初始场在某种原因下,风场、压力场之间与Ekman气流     

从牛顿力学认识罗斯贝波的振荡机理及其回复力

蔡鸣和黄渤华[1]近期对罗斯贝波形成机制提出了一个全新的物理解释:对地转流而言,科氏参数纬向变化与地形坡度一样,起着机械障碍作用,可使沿上坡(下坡)方向的地转流产生质量辐合(辐散)。由于不能继续沿等压线上(下)坡流动,部分由机械障碍所引起的质量辐合(辐散)会导致上坡区(下坡区)气压升高(降低),剩余部分则改道穿越等压线,转为非平衡流。由机械障碍激发的非平衡流又会受到科氏力作用。当科氏力将非平衡流转向与等压线平行时,作用在被转向气流的科氏力已与原上坡区(下坡区)的气压升高(降低)后所产生的气压梯度力平衡,于是科氏力不再继续起转向功能,也就是说科氏力的转向功能仅发挥了一半,便与气压变化的水平梯度平衡了。由非平衡流变为与等压线平行气流,从而形成新的上坡(下坡)地转流,完成一轮完整振荡。这种振荡包含了"障碍物"所激发的质量辐合/辐散及因其而改道穿越等压线的非平衡流,以及半周期科氏转向,故称为"机械-科氏振荡",其回复力为"障碍物激发的半周期科氏力"。经历一个完整振荡循环后,在北(南)半球面朝上(下)坡方向,与新气压场平衡的新地转上下坡流型将出现在原地转上下坡流型的左侧。而科氏参数引起的"β-障碍"在南北半球均沿各自的极地方向抬升,因此该振荡激发的波型,即罗斯贝波,总是向西传播。     

大气运动中的地转适应过程

毛主席教导我们:“世界上没有绝对地平衡发展的东西”,大气运动也是这样。我们知道,在大气中,当水平气压梯度力和水平地转偏向力达到平衡时所具有的风,称为地转风。这时大气的运动状态是地转平衡的。然而,风云变幻,气象万千,大气是每时每刻都处于不停地运动和变化之中,这说明大气运动绝不是地转平衡的,实际风绝不等于地转风。     

地转动量近似下边界层中风场的调整

本文利用地转动量近似,并假设气压场为定常的圆形涡旋和初始风场不满足四力平衡(气压梯度力、科里奥利力、湍流粘性力和半地转惯性力)的条件下,求解了正压边界层中风场向气压场调整的初边值问题,得到了一些初步结论。本工作为利用四力平衡下的风速分布来诊断预报边界层风场提供了理论依据。     

低纬斜压两层模式大气半地转适应过程

利用斜压两层模式研究了赤道平面近似下的低纬热带大气适应过程。指出低纬斜压大气适应过程主要受重力惯性内波控制。通过重力惯性内波对初始非地转能量的频散，使纬向运动达到地转平衡，而经向维持非地转运动，正压模式下称为半地转平衡，斜压模式下称为半热成风平衡。通过对垂直运动方程的求解，可知，垂直运动只与重力惯性内波相联系，其产生与初始斜压位涡度无关，而只与初始时刻的垂直运动和垂直运动倾向有关，半地转适应使运动趋向水平运动。讨论了半热成风平衡的建立及其物理机制，指出由于重力惯性内波激发出垂直运动，与垂直运动相联系的水平辐合辐散调整流场和温度场之间的关系，使温压场最终达到半热成风平衡。通过对适应过程终态的分析，指出平均温度场和切变流场之间的适应方向决定于初始非半地转扰动的尺度与斜压Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ变形半径有关的特征尺度的比值，当比值大于１时，切变流场向平均温度场适应；当比值小于１时，平均温度场向切变流场适应     

适用于非静力大气模式的完全平衡多矩约束有限体积方法

大气数值模式离散垂直动量方程时,一般而言气压梯度力和重力不易维持严格的静力平衡关系。为精确平衡数值离散的垂直气压梯度力和重力,基于高精度多矩约束有限体积方法引入完全平衡数值公式,即以满足静力平衡关系的热力学参考态对重力源项进行数值离散构造,发展了适用于非静力大气的完全平衡多矩约束有限体积方法。一维标准数值试验表明,完全平衡多矩约束有限体积方法能在较粗糙的计算网格点上保持静力平衡参考态的数值计算误差在计算机的单精度（10-6）和双精度（10-14）水平,在具有小量级扰动的初始条件下,完全平衡多矩约束有限体积方法能较好地模拟扰动的传播,二维非静力热泡试验进一步验证了完全平衡多矩约束有限体积方法对非静力大气运动的模拟能力。数值试验结果验证了所发展方法的完全平衡属性和适用性,这为非静力大气模式发展提供了良好参考价值。     

正压大气中尺度半平衡和准平衡动力学模式

应用描写正压大气运动的基本方程组，分析了中尺度大气运动的物理特征，指出非平衡强迫运动是引起中尺度重要天气演变的根本原因。中尺度动力学方程组是中尺度动力学理论研究的基础，因此，结合中尺度大气运动的基本特征，依据严格的尺度分析理论和摄动理论，简化基于流体力学和热力学的大气动力学方程组使之能够恰当地描述出中尺度运动的基本特征，对于中尺度动力学的发展是极为必要的。基于非线性平衡方程所得到的半平衡和准平衡动力学模式分别与半地转和准地转模式极为相似，它们可以较精确地描述中尺度大气运动的基本特征，因而，可作为中尺度动力学研究的理论基础。将准平衡动力学模式应用于中尺度涡旋系统的研究，结论表明中尺度平衡涡旋系统主要是受梯度风控制，其流场和气压场的发展演变则由一个演化方程来描写，获得了较为理想的结果。     

集合变分法在大气边界层湍流粘性系数反演中的应用

利用集合变分法研究了大气边界层EK模式(考虑了水平气压梯度力、科氏力和湍流粘性力3力平衡的大气边界层模式)中湍流粘性系数的反演问题.首先利用集合变分法推导了目标函数关于反演参数的梯度表达式,然后给出了反演计算方案,最后再就反演湍流粘性系数k进行了一系列理想数值试验.数值试验结果表明:利用集合变分法对EK模式中的湍流粘性系数的反演比较成功.通过适当调整集合数,初始扰动均方差及初始值的大小,可以进一步提高集合变分法对湍流粘性系数k的反演精度.将集合变分法应用于大气边界层参数的反演是一种值得研究的计算方案.     

旋转大气中运动适应过程问题的研究(一)

关于旋转大气中运动的适应过程的各方面问题的研究,至今已获得了许多结果,本文试图作一全面的评述。全文分六个部分,本期发表前三部分,包括弓信、正压大气和斜压大气局地扰动的情况,讲述地转适应过程和演变过程的可区分性、小扰动线性化方程情况的地转适应过程和非线性完全适应过程、地转适应过程和演变过程的相互作用、多时间尺度现象、近赤道地区扰动演变的特点、初始场水平尺度和垂直结构的影响、科氏参数变化的影响、能量弥散过程以及静力平衡适应、热力因子和摩擦的影响等问题。其余三部分将在下期发表。     

THE FOUNDATION AND MOVEMENT OF TROPICAL SEMI-GEOSTROPHIC ADAPTATION

The breakdown and foundation of geostrophic balance is one of the important movements inthe mid-and high-latitude atmosphere and oceans.In the tropical area,the value of Coriolis pa-rameter is so small that it is difficult to satisfy the bi-geostrophic equilibrium between the pressureand velocity fields.However,in the tropical area,the zonal velocity of some motions in the atmo-sphere and oceans is large,so the Coriolis force is not small,geostrophic balance can exist in zonaldirection,i.e.semi-geostrophic balance.Furthermore,in the dominant area of Hadley circulationin the atmosphere or the area near the ocean meridional boundary,the meridional velocity is large,so geostrophic balance can also exist in meridional direction.In this paper,the process of the dis-persion of inertial gravity wave and the foundation of semi-geostrophic balance are first discussed.Second,the adjustment process between the velocity and pressure fields after adaptation is alsoviewed,and the scale criterion of the semi-geostrophic adaptation is discussed,i.e.for the motionwith meridional scale greater than the equatorial Rossby radius of deformation,the velocity andpressure fields after adaptation change to fit the initial pressure field;on the contrary,the fieldschange to fit the initial zonal velocity field,and the strength of the fields after adaptation dependson the zonal scale.     

The structure and bifurcation of atmospheric motions

The 3-D spiral structure resulting from the balance between the pressure gradient force, Coriolis force, and viscous force is a common atmospheric motion pattern. If the nonlinear advective terms are considered, this typical pattern can be bifurcated. It is shown that the surface low pressure with convergent cyclonic vorticity and surface high pressure with divergent anticyclonic vorticity are all stable under certain conditions. The anomalous structure with convergent anticyclonic vorticity is always unstable. But the anomalous weak high pressure structure with convergent cyclonic vorticity can exist, and this denotes the cyclone‘s dying out.     

多级扰动法——静力扣除及其在非静力模式设计中的可应用性

在尺度分析的基础上,利用大气垂直运动方程中各项量级的分布特点,提出了多级扰动法.通过它可以使该方程中量级最大的垂直气压梯度力项(VPGF)和重力项(G)的相应扰动项的量级随级次n的增加明显减小,而其他项的量级不变;而且,方程中最大的垂直截断误差的量级也随n的增加而减小,直到高级扰动项不再是扰动方程中仅有的最大项时为止....     

A study of ozone mini-hole formation using a tracer advection model driven by barotropic dynamics

Summary An ozone mini-hole is a region of strongly depleted column total ozone amounts, associated with the growth of synoptic-scale wave disturbances. Their formation is illustrated here using a sequence of idealised model experiments. Simplified barotropic dynamics are used to drive an ozone tracer advection model on an f-plane representing a hemisphere. Firstly, the Contour Dynamics method is used to integrate the barotropic vorticity equation. Vorticity contours are initialised to simulate typical planetary wave structures and the developing wind field advects components of the ozone model. The vertical profiles of ozone mixing ratio are represented by simple linear functions, separated by a tropopause height field and capped by an upper model boundary. Integrating these profiles thus yields a total column ozone field which is closely dependent on tropopause height. In addition to horizontal advection, a vertical motion parametrisation is included, based on a quasi-geostrophic theory for tropopause displacement. The model is also used to simulate the formation of an actual mini-hole which occurred over northern Europe. Here, observed fields of vorticity, ozone and tropopause height are employed and the system integrated using a pseudo-spectral method. The mini-hole is successfully simulated, despite the simple model dynamics. The results demonstrate the correlation between column total ozone and the tropopause height and confirm the crucial role played by vertical air motions and by the meridional gradients of mid-stratospheric ozone mixing ratios for the formation of ozone mini-holes.With 12 Figures     

Primary reasoning behind the double ITCZ phenomenon in a coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation model

This paper investigates the processes behind the double ITCZ phenomenon, a common problem in Coupled ocean-atmosphere General Circulation Models (CGCMs), using a CGCM-FGCM-0 (Flexible General Circulation Model, version 0). The double ITCZ mode develops rapidly during the first two years of the integration and becomes a perennial phenomenon afterwards in the model. By way of Singular ValueDecomposition (SVD) for SST, sea surface pressure, and sea surface wind, some air-sea interactions are analyzed. These interactions prompt the anomalous signals that appear at the beginning of the coupling to develop rapidly. There are two possible reasons, proved by sensitivity experiments: (1) the overestimatedeast-west gradient of SST in the equatorial Pacific in the ocean spin-up process, and (2) the underestimatedamount of low-level stratus over the Peruvian coast in CCM3 (the Community Climate Model, VersionThree). The overestimated east-west gradient of SST brings the anomalous equatorial easterly. The anomalous easterly, affected by the Coriolis force in the Southern Hemisphere, turns into an anomalouswesterly in a broad area south of the equator and is enhanced by atmospheric anomalous circulationdue to the underestimated amount of low-level stratus over the Peruvian coast simulated by CCM3. Theanomalous westerly leads to anomalous warm advection that makes the SST warm in the southeast Pacific.The double ITCZ phenomenon in the CGCM is a result of a series of nonlocal and nonlinear adjustmentprocesses in the coupled system, which can be traced to the uncoupled models, oceanic component, andatmospheric component. The zonal gradient of the equatorial SST is too large in the ocean componentand the amount of low-level stratus over the Peruvian coast is too low in the atmosphere component.     

An Impact of Hydrostatic Extraction Scheme on BMRC’s Global Spectral Model

There are two important features in geophysical fluid dynamics. One is that the atmospheric and oceanic equa-tions of motion include the Coriolis force; another is that they describe a stratified fluid. The hydrostatic extraction scheme, or standard stratification approximation, posed by Zeng (1979), reflects the second aspect of geophysical flu-id dynamics. There exist two major advantages in this scheme; accurate computation of the pressure gradient force can be obtained over steep mountain slopes, and the accumulation error in vertical finite differencing can be reduced, especially near the tropopause.Chen et al (1987) introduced the hydrostatic extraction scheme into a global spectral model, which attained pre-liminary success at low resolution. Zhang and Sheng et al (1990) developed and improved the hydrostatic extraction scheme in a global spectral model, in which C0, the parameter that represents the stratification of the reference at-mosphere, changes not only with height, but also with latitude. The scheme has been incorporated BMRC’s global spectral model (IAPB). Four 5-day forecasts have been performed to test the IAPB with the hydrostatic extraction scheme. Objective verifications demonstrate a positive effect of the hydrostatic extration scheme on BMRC’s model, particularly at upper levels, over the tropics and the Antartic region.     

The Ekman momentum approximation and its application

In the boundary layer, the flow is basically an equilibrium of three forces: Coriolis, pressure gradient and frictional. This means that it is an Ekman flow while the basic flow in the free atmosphere is an equilibrium of two forces: Coriolis and pressure gradient, and is a geostrophic flow. Therefore, it is natural to try to modify the geostrophic momentum approximation in the free atmosphere to become an Ekman momentum approximation in the boundary layer. The physical explanation and foundation of the Ekman momentum approximation are discussed.     

ON THE DYNAMICAL ASPECTS OF THE MONSOON BOUNDARY LAYER

Characteristic variations in the three forces, viz., pressure gradientforce, Coriolis force and frictional force, in the monsoon boundary layerhave been explored with the help of a one-dimensional model. The windobservations carried out at an inland station during MONTBLEX-90 have beenutilised for this purpose. Variations were observed in the three forcesduring active and break monsoon periods. The height at which the Coriolis andpressure gradient forces showed balance ranged from 360–700 m and500–600 m during break and active periods respectively.