2019年1月大气环流和天气分析

2019年1月大气环流主要特征为：北半球极涡呈偶极型分布,环流呈三波型,南支槽平均位置大致位于90°E附近,同时,西太平洋副热带高压较常年同期位置偏西,强度偏强。本月,全国平均降水量为14.0 mm,较常年同期（13.5 mm）偏多4%,月内出现三次较强降水过程,江南和西南部分地区降水明显,全国共有35站日降水量达到极端事件标准。全国平均气温为-4.1℃,较常年同期（-5.0℃）偏高0.9℃,共出现4次冷空气过程。本月共发生2次大范围雾 霾天气过程。     

2015年3月大气环流和天气分析

2015年3月大气环流主要特征是:北半球极涡呈偶极型分布,位置较常年同期明显偏南,欧亚中高纬环流经向度较小,南支槽平均位置位于70°E附近;同时,西太平洋副热带高压较常年同期明显偏强、位置偏西.3月,全国平均降水量为21.8mm,较常年同期(29.5mm)偏少26.1％.全国平均气温为5.8℃,较常年同期(4.1℃)偏高1.7℃.月内,我国出现5次主要的冷空气过程和5次主要的降水过程.江南等地多阴雨天气,我国东部出现3次轻到中度雾-霾天气,北方出现5次沙尘天气过程.     

2013年12月大气环流和天气分析

2013年12月大气环流主要特征是：极涡呈偶极性分布,中心气压均较常年平均偏低,欧亚中高纬环流呈两槽一脊型;南支槽较活跃,平均位置大致位于90°E附近,副热带高压较常年同期偏强,位置偏西、偏北。12月,全国平均降水量为15.4 mm,较常年同期（10.5 mm）偏多46.7%;但地区差异较大,南方较常年同期偏多2~4成,淮河以北偏少,其中华北、黄淮等地几乎无降水。全国平均气温为-2.8℃,较常年同期（-3.2℃）偏高0.4℃;就区域来看,呈现“北暖南冷”的特征。月内,我国出现3次主要的冷空气过程和1次主要的降水过程。南方地区中旬出现一次大范围强降水和持续低温天气;中东部地区分别于上旬和下旬各出现一次雾霾天气。     

2017年1月大气环流和天气分析

2017年1月大气环流主要特征如下：北半球极涡呈绕极型分布,中心气压较常年偏低,欧亚中高纬度环流呈两槽一脊型;南支槽强度与常年接近,平均位置位于90°E以西附近,副热带高压较常年接近。1月,全国平均降水量为12.4 mm,较常年同期偏少6%。全国平均气温为-3.4℃,较常年同期（-5.0℃）偏高1.6℃,为1961年以来历史同期第三高值。月内,我国出现主要冷空气过程、主要降水过程以及雾 霾天气过程各2次,其中2016年12月30日至2017年1月6日雾 霾天气过程是1月范围最广、持续时间最长、强度最强的雾 霾天气过程。     

2012年2月大气环流和天气分析

2012年2月大气环流特征为：北半球极涡呈双极型,中心分别位于加拿大东北部和鄂霍茨克海附近,后者强度较常年平均明显偏强;中高纬环流呈经向型,乌拉尔山附近维持阻塞高压活动,强度偏强;平均南支槽位于90°E附近,接近多年平均位置,强度偏弱。2012年2月全国平均气温-3.2℃,较1月-7.2℃明显回暖,但比常年同期（-2.0℃）偏低1.2℃。全国平均降水量为14.5 mm,较1月16.8 mm减少2.3 mm,较常年同期（17.6mm）偏少3.1 mm。月内出现三次全国范围的中等以上强度冷空气过程,以及三次降水过程。西藏南部出现极端降水事件,云南和四川西南部的气象干旱发展,南方大部继续低温阴雨寡照天气。     

2017年12月大气环流和天气分析

2017年12月大气环流的主要特征如下：北半球极涡呈偶极型分布,欧亚中高纬环流呈两槽一脊型;南支槽位于70°E 附近,较常年同期偏西,副热带高压位置偏西,不利于水汽向我国中东部地区输送。12月,全国平均降水量为5.9 mm,比常年同期（10.8 mm）偏少44.8%,我国北方大部分地区降水量较常年同期偏少4~8成。全国平均气温-2.2℃,较常年同期（-3.2℃）偏高1℃;受偏强东北低涡影响,东北地区和内蒙古中东部气温较常年同期偏低1~3℃。月内,冷空气活动频繁,但强度较弱,出现5次一般强度冷空气过程。受频繁冷空气影响,雾 霾天气较常年同期偏少,仅28—30日出现一次大范围持续性雾 霾天气。     

2016年2月大气环流和天气分析

2016年2月大气环流的主要特征是北半球极涡呈偶极型分布,中高纬环流经向度大;太平洋副热带高压接近常年同期或偏强,南支槽较常年同期偏弱,不利于水汽向我国输送。2月全国平均降水量12.3 mm,较常年同期（17.4 mm）偏少29.3%,全国平均气温-1.6℃,接近常年同期（-1.7℃）。月内,我国中东部大部地区出现一次寒潮天气过程;西北地区出现今年首次沙尘天气过程。     

2015年4月大气环流和天气分析

2015年4月环流特征如下：极涡为偶极型环流,极涡主体位于格陵兰西侧与加拿大之间,另一中心位于亚洲的东北部;两个极涡中心较常年平均偏低4~8 dagpm,乌拉尔山高压脊偏高8~12 dagpm;副热带高压面积偏大、西脊点偏西,南支槽位置与强度接近常年平均;4月全国平均气温11.6℃,较常年同期（11℃）偏高0.6℃;全国平均降水量43 mm,接近常年同期（44.7 mm）,我国中东部长江以北地区降水偏多,江南、华南降水偏少。4月全国强对流天气过程频发,1—4、19—20和28—29日出现了范围较大的强对流天气。北方地区出现2次沙尘天气。     

2015年1月大气环流和天气分析

2015年1月大气环流主要特征为：北半球极涡呈偶极型分布,中心气压均较常年偏低。欧亚中高纬环流呈三波型,以纬向环流为主;西太平洋副热带高压和南支槽的强度接近常年平均水平。1月全国平均气温为-3.1℃,较常年同期（-5.0℃）偏高1.9℃,为1961年以来同期最高。全国平均降水量14.4 mm,较常年同期(13.2 mm)偏多气候中心原数据为9.0,但计算为9.1,但分布极不均匀,西南地区、西北地区和华南南部降水偏多,而华北至江南一带则明显偏少,北京等地几乎无降水。月内仅在上旬出现了1次全国范围中等强度冷空气过程,而降水过程有5次。上旬后期,云南等地出现了创历史极值的强雨雪天气,气象干旱得到有效缓解。月末中东部地区出现入冬以来最大范围雨雪过程,贵州等地出现冻雨。中东部月内共出现3次大范围雾 霾天气。     

2018年2月大气环流和天气分析

2018年2月大气环流的主要特征是北半球极涡呈偶极型分布,主极涡偏向西半球,欧亚地区中高纬环流呈3波型,环流经向度总体较小。西太平洋副热带高压接近常年;南支槽强度较常年偏弱。2月,我国冷空气活动较频繁,上旬冷空气势力较强,出现一次全国强冷空气和一次北方强冷空气天气过程;全国平均气温为-2.0℃,较常年同期偏低0.3℃。月内,全国降水前期偏少,后期南方出现持续阴雨,月末在东北地区出现区域性强降雪过程;全国平均降水量为8.1 mm,较常年同期偏少53%。另外,琼州海峡遭遇罕见持续大雾天气,西北地区出现今年首次沙尘天气过程。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

Information for Authors

正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

正Aims Scope Advances in Atmospheric Sciences(AAS)is an international journal on the dynamics,physics,and chemistry of the atmosphere and ocean with papers across the full range of the atmospheric sciences,co-published bimonthly by Science Press and Springer.The journal includes Articles,Note and Correspondence,and Letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.