青海省干旱服务系统设计与建立

在阐述本省干旱概念、类型、成因与评估指标的基础上，确定了旱情监测区域，采用地面常规监测、气候监测和空间遥感监测相结合的方法，设计和建立了“监测-评估-预测-预警”信息业务系统，为研究干旱发生规律，及时监测、预测干旱的发生及对旱情程度的评估，提供科学依据。     

四川盛夏伏旱的MODIS遥感监测方法

本文利用2006～2010年7、8月的MODIS卫星遥感资料、土壤湿度观测资料和Ci综合气象干旱指数,讨论了NDVI-Ts特征空间干、湿边的拟合方法,建立了7～8月各旬的TVDI指数计算模型.根据31个农业气象站点的土壤相对湿度观测资料,获得了5种干旱等级的观测样本,并通过样本类内离散度、类间离散度,以及与土壤相对湿度和Ci指数相关性的比较,对比分析了TVDI和VSWI两种干旱遥感监测方法对四川盛夏伏旱的监测能力,结果表明:对于四川盛夏伏旱的遥感监测来说,用TVDI指数监测比用VSWI指数监测更合适,效果更好,TVDI指数监测到的干旱区比较可靠.     

农业气象和遥感应用研究中心简介(应用气象研究中心)

农业气象和遥感应用研究中心（应用气象研究中心）是一个应用气象学科的科研、业务实体。主要从事国民经济（农业等）与气候环境相互关系及监测、评估、利用‘预测‘防御等方面的研究和业务。基本任务是组织相关的国际前沿性研究和国家级重大科研项目,开展为政府有关农业宏观决策的气象信息保障服务。新中心的目标是建成国内一流,国际上有一定影响的研究中心。农业气象和遥感应用研究中心（应用气象研究中心）由科研、业务和试验基地三部分组成。它以科研为先导,业务为窗口,科研推动业务服务,业务体现科研成果。试验基地为科研基础。三…     

安徽省MODIS干旱监测技术研究

为了更有效地监测安徽省农业干旱,以安徽省半湿润区、过渡区为研究对象,利用MODIS资料,在对比分析了基于植被供水指数和温度植被干旱指数两种干旱监测方法基础上,结合已业务应用的农业干旱指标累积湿润指数,开展安徽省分时段的晴空遥感干旱监测研究,建立并确定了部分时段半湿润区、过渡区的MODIS植被供水指数和温度植被干旱等级标准,同时结合当地台站监测土壤墒情对干旱监测进行检验。结果表明,作物生长季节VSWI、TVDI与累积湿润指数存在相关性,两种方法建立指标和模型可以用来分时段进行区域干旱监测,得出了初夏旱TVDI更适合于研究区域的干旱监测。     

新一代"西北干旱监测预测业务服务综合系统"

新一代“西北干旱监测预测服务综合业务系统”,是一个具有较好物理基础,较强的监测、预测、服务能力,较高自动化程度并具有西北地域特色的业务服务综合系统。本系统以短期气候预测为依托,集气象信息采集、加工、信息存储为一体,并充分利用互联网技术和已有的系统、资料及信息,吸纳了项目其它子专题的系统和成果,节省了计算机海量空间,避免了许多重复劳动,在近几年日常监测、预测业务服务工作中发挥了积极作用。     

近10年来中国主要农业气象灾害监测预警与评估技术研究进展

频繁发生的农业气象灾害制约着我国农业生产的快速、健康发展。农业气象灾害一直是广大气象科技工作者开展的主要研究课题之一。在国家科技攻关等计划的支持下,近10年来农业气象灾害研究取得了许多成果。完善农业气象灾害监测业务和预报服务,构建农业气象灾害风险评估、防御体系是农业气象灾害研究的重点。基于3S技术和地面监测相结合,构建了农业气象灾害动态监测系统,从宏观和微观角度来全面监测农业气象灾害的发生发展;建立和完善了卫星遥感监测系统,开展干旱、洪涝、冷害等灾害的动态监测,逐步建立集3S于一体的高空时空分辨率的灾害监测预警系统。农业气象灾害预警研究主要包括:数理统计预报方法进一步发展,农业气象模式与气候模式结合的初步尝试,GIS和网络等高技术在农业气象灾害预警中的应用,省级农业气象灾害预测系统的研制。我国农业气象灾害风险(影响)评估的研究,大致可以2001年为界分为二个阶段。第一阶段,以灾害风险分析技术方法探索研究为主的起步阶段,第二阶段,以灾害影响平度的风险化、数量化技术方法为主的研究发展阶段,构建灾害风险分析、跟踪评估、灾后评估、应变对策的技术体系;具体研究包括农业气象灾害风险分析、风险评估、风险区划和基于遥感监测信息的农业干旱评估。近年来我国农业气象灾害防御研究主要是将高效利用农业气候资源的主动防御技术和开发防灾制剂的被动防御技术相结合,在防御农业干旱和低温冷害方面取得了良好效果。     

EOS/MODIS卫星遥感监测四川省森林火灾的阈值设置研究

本文以2004年4～6月四川省农业气象中心EOS/MODIS资料为基础,参照四川省护林防火办公室的地面森林火灾观测资料,在充分研究EOS/MODIS传感器性能的基础上,通过多次试验研究,根据四川林区的气候特点,设置合理的川西山区森林火灾遥感监测参数,提高了森林火灾遥感监测的准确性.     

双季稻主要气象灾害研究进展

热害、洪涝、干旱和冷害是影响我国双季稻安全生产的主要气象灾害。气候变化背景下,双季稻遭受的极端气候事件增加,应对气象灾害的任务更加紧迫。我国双季稻主要气象灾害的时空分布特征不同:热害、洪涝和干旱发生频率整体呈增加趋势,西部南部较高;冷害弱减轻,北高南低,不同生育期存在差异。文中对双季稻生产的影响、监测预警技术（站点监测、遥感监测、指标预警、数理统计和动态机理模型）以及防御气象灾害的减灾保产技术进行了阐述。针对当前气候资源的时空分布特点以及关于双季稻气象灾害研究存在的不足,提出了双季稻气象灾害在未来研究中需要重点关注的科学问题,即双季稻气象灾变过程及其动态监测指标体系、气候变暖背景下双季稻气象灾害遥感监测技术及其气象灾损动态评估技术、星-地耦合的双季稻气象灾变过程数值模式研发、双季稻种植制度对气候变化的适应性及其抗灾减灾新技术与示范研究,为双季稻有效防御气象灾害和稳产高产提供依据和技术支撑。     

MODIS遥感数据在我国台湾海峡海雾监测中的应用

海雾是一种常见的灾害性天气现象。以我国台湾海峡为示范研究区, 利用新一代卫星传感器MODIS的可见光和红外探测通道数据, 在分析海洋、中高云、低云和海雾等不同下垫面的MODIS光谱辐射特征基础上, 选择对海雾具有敏感反应的探测通道, 通过综合判识建立台湾海峡海雾遥感监测模型。利用该模型对2004-2007年我国台湾海峡海雾事件进行监测, 并用福建沿海5个地面气象观测站的能见度数据对监测结果进行验证分析。结果表明:基于MODIS数据的海雾遥感监测模型能够较准确地对台湾海峡海雾分布和发展过程进行监测, 从地面观测数据与卫星监测结果对比验证来看, 海雾监测的准确率可达80 %以上, 具有较高的业务化应用前景。     

干旱逐日动态监测系统的开发应用

针对当前广东省韶关地区干旱灾害缺乏有效动态监测的现状,提出利用日最高气温和降水等区域自动气象站观测资料计算综合气象干旱指数,并结合实际业务需求,开发了软件系统,以图形和表格等形式自动显示干旱灾害的时空分布,实现了气象干旱的逐日动态监测。实际业务使用结果表明,该系统可对干旱灾害实现有效的逐日动态监测预警和评估,对提高干旱监测预警能力,做好干旱防御,提升气象为农服务水平具有实用价值。     

Climate policy strength compared: China,the US,the EU,India, Russia,and Japan

The few systematic international comparisons of climate policy strength made so far have serious weaknesses, particularly those that assign arbitrary weightings to different policy instrument types in order to calculate an aggregate score for policy strength. This article avoids these problems by ranking the six biggest emitters by far – China, the US, the EU, India, Russia, and Japan – on a set of six key policy instruments that are individually potent and together representative of climate policy as a whole: carbon taxes, emissions trading, feed-in tariffs, renewable energy quotas, fossil fuel power plant bans, and vehicle emissions standards. The results cast strong doubt on any idea that there is a clear hierarchy on climate policy with Europe at the top: the EU does lead on a number of policies but so does Japan. China, the US, and India each lead on one area. Russia is inactive on all fronts. At the same time climate policy everywhere remains weak compared to what it could be.

Policy relevance

This study enables climate policy strength, defined as the extent to which the statutory provisions of climate policies are likely to restrict GHG emissions if implemented as intended, to be assessed and compared more realistically across space and time. As such its availability for the six biggest emitters, which together account for over 70% of global CO₂ emissions, should facilitate international negotiations (1) by giving participants a better idea of where major emitters stand relative to each other as far as climate policy stringency is concerned, and (2) by identifying areas of weakness that need action.     

1,800 Years of abrupt climate change, severe fire, and accelerated erosion, Sierra Nevada, California, USA

This paper provides both a detailed history of environmental change in the Sierra Nevada over the past 1,800 years and evidence for climate teleconnections between the Sierra Nevada and Greenland during the late Holocene. A review of Greenland ice core data suggests that the magnitudes of abrupt changes in temperature and precipitation increased beginning c. 3,700 and 3,000 years ago, respectively. Precipitation increased abruptly 1,300 years ago. Comparing paleotemperature data from Cirque Peak, CA with paleoprecipitation data from Pyramid Lake, NV suggests that hot temperatures occurred at the beginnings of most severe droughts in the Sierra Nevada over the past 1,800 years. Severe fires and erosion also occurred at Coburn Lake, CA at the beginning of all severe droughts in the Sierra Nevada over the past 1,800 years. This suggests that abrupt climate change during the late Holocene caused vegetation and mountain slopes in some areas to be out of equilibrium with abruptly changed climates. Finally, the ending of drought conditions in Greenland coincided with the beginning of drought conditions in the Sierra Nevada over the past 1,800 years, perhaps as a result of the rapidly changed locations of the Earth??s major precipitation belts during abrupt climate change events.     

The temperature dependent,infrared absorption cross-sections for the chlorofluorocarbons: CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC-13, CFC-14, CFC-22, CFC-113, CFC-114, and CFC-115

The infrared absorption cross-sections for eight commonly used halogenated methanes and ethanes have been measured as a function of temperature from 203 to 293 K. High resolution spectra (0.03 cm^-1) have been used to derive integrated band strengths and peak cross-sections associated with the spectral features in the infrared region from 600 to 1500 cm^-2. The values obtained in this study are compared to those from previous reports, and recommendations are made for uses in atmospheric sensing and radiative energy transfer models. The observed temperature dependence in the spectral features is also discussed.     

基于L波段探空的云区边界识别改进算法

利用气象业务中使用的L波段探空数据和毫米波云雷达观测资料,分析探空相对湿度在入云和出云时的变化规律,提出一种基于探空相对湿度阈值与梯度相结合的云区边界识别改进算法,并利用云雷达观测数据对算法识别结果进行验证.利用北京市南郊观象台2019年1—6月层状云样本验证分析,结果表明:改进算法相比相对湿度阈值法,对云区边界识别更...     

Wind-Driven, Double-Gyre, Ocean Circulation in a Reduced-Gravity, 2.5-Layer, Lattice Boltzmann Model

A coupled lattice Boltzmann （LB） model with second-order accuracy is applied to the reduced-gravity, shallow water, 2.5-layer model for wind-driven double-gyre ocean circulation. By introducing the secondorder integral approximation for the collision operator, the model becomes fully explicit. The Coriolis force and other external forces are included in the model with second-order accuracy, which is consistent with the discretization accuracy of the LB equation. The feature of the multiple equilibria solutions is found in the numerical experiments under different Reynolds numbers based on this LB scheme. With the Reynolds number increasing from 3000 to 4000, the solution of this model is destabilized from the anti-symmetric double-gyre solution to the subtropic gyre solution and then to the subpolar gyre solution. The transitions between these equilibria states are also found in some parameter ranges. The time-dependent variability of the circulation based on this LB simulation is also discussed for varying viscosity regimes. The flow of this model exhibits oscillations with different timescales varying from subannual to interannual. The corresponding statistical oscillation modes are obtained by spectral analysis. By analyzing the spatiotemporal structures of these modes, it is found that the subannual oscillation with a 9-month period originates from the barotropic Rossby basin mode, and the interarmual oscillations with periods ranging from 1.5 years to 4.6 years originate from the recirculation gyre modes, which include the barotropic and the baroclinic recirculation gyre modes.     

The microstructure of selected, small, isolated, cumulus clouds near Red Deer, Alberta

Physical experiments designed to explore the potential of rain augmentation through airborne glaciogenic seeding on small, isolated non-precipitating cumuliform clouds near Red Deer, Alberta were carried out during the period 1982–1985. The microstructure of 90 cumulus congestus clouds have been documented through repeated in-situ sampling using a cloud physics instrumented aircraft platform. Observations from the inspection passes of 57 clouds seeded with either dry ice pellets or silver iodide pyrotechnics, and all the passes of 33 natural clouds are presented.Measurements of the cloud droplet concentration indicate that Alberta cumulus clouds are typically continental in nature, with an average droplet concentration of 535 cm⁻³ and an average droplet diameter of 10.6 μm. Alberta clouds have average liquid water contents of 0.57 g m⁻³, with a peak 1-sec value of 3.17 g m⁻³. The 1-km average liquid water contents are 0.83 g m⁻³, with a peak value of 2.81 g m⁻³. Cloud lifetimes vary between 11 and 20 minutes. Concentrations of naturally occurring ice crystals are found to be low. The average maximum 1-km ice concentration was 31⁻¹, and the peak 1-km concentration was 73.11⁻¹ in the natural cloud dataset. Evidence of precipitation-sized particles was detected in 21% (7 of 33) of the clouds, and precipitation below cloud base was detected in 6% (2 of 33) of the clouds.A comparison of the Alberta cloud characteristics to the cumulus clouds from different locations showed that there are some distinct differences between Alberta clouds and the clouds from the other regions.     

承德市一次由快速发展气旋诱发的大风天气分析

利用常规观测资料和NCEP/NCAR(1°×1°)逐6 h再分析资料,对承德市2017年5月5—6日大风天气的环流形势和物理量进行分析,结果表明气旋的快速发展(气旋加深率0.84 B)导致锋生加强,引发气压和变压梯度加大是导致大风的直接原因。500 hPa高压脊东移迫使冷空气向南堆积,高空槽不断发展成为冷涡,温度平流为地面气旋的发展提供热力条件,高低层涡度平流的差异,也是地面气旋快速发展的重要原因;当1.5 PVU位涡面伸展至对流层低层时,局地位涡异常在气旋的发展过程中不可忽视;高空急流出口区发生质量调整,出口区左侧的辐散强度达10×10~(-5) s~(-1),使低层大气减压,有利于气旋发展。     

Governance,complexity, and resilience

This special issue brings together prominent scholars to explore novel multilevel governance challenges posed by the behavior of dynamic and complex social-ecological systems. Here we expand and investigate the emerging notion of “resilience” as a perspective for understanding how societies can cope with, and develop from, disturbances and change. As the contributions to the special issue illustrate, resilience thinking in its current form contains substantial normative and conceptual difficulties for the analysis of social systems. However, a resilience approach to governance issues also shows a great deal of promise as it enables a more refined understanding of the dynamics of rapid, interlinked and multiscale change. This potential should not be underestimated as institutions and decision-makers try to deal with converging trends of global interconnectedness and increasing pressure on social-ecological systems.     

江苏三次不同量级降雪过程的对比分析

利用常规观测资料和NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料,通过对发生在江苏的三次不同量级的区域性暴雪、大雪和中雪过程典型个例进行对比分析,发现降雪时,700hPa低空急流的位置和强度是影响降雪量级的主要因素之一;降雪区上空涡度的垂直分布遵循低层负涡度、中层正涡度和高层负涡度的配置,暴雪时正涡度强且正涡度区最为深厚,动力抬升作用强,中雪发生时正涡度区相对最为浅薄,不利于形成强辐合抬升,动力抬升作用弱。且暴雪和大雪发生时基本上整层都为垂直螺旋度正值区,中雪时没有出现明显的正值区;暴雪和大雪过程时中低层都具有明显的逆温层,中高层西南急流造成的对流层中层的爆发性增温是逆温层形成的关键,中雪发生时不一定有逆温层结;降雪强度与湿位涡分量绝对值存在一定的正相关关系。     

Weeds, Insects, and Diseases

The geographic distribution, vigor, virulence, and agricultural impact of weeds, insects, and plant pathogens will be affected by climatic changes accompanying the global "greenhouse effect." Weed/crop competitive interactions, particularly among species differing in photosynthetic pathway (C₃ v C₄), may be altered, with the C₃ species favored by increasing CO₂. Physiological and biochemical changes induced in host crop plants by rising CO₂ may affect feeding patterns of pest insects. Compilation of climatic thresholds for phenological development of pest insects reveals the potential for shifts in pest behavior induced by global warming and other climatic change. Generation times may be reduced, enabling more rapid population increases to occur. Poleward migration may be accelerated during the crop season. The epidemiology of plant diseases also will be altered. Prediction of disease outbreaks will be more difficult in periods of rapidly changing climate and unstable weather. Environmental instability and increased incidence of extreme weather may reduce the effectiveness of pesticides on targeted pests or result in more injury to non-target organisms. Biological control may be affected either negatively or positively. Overall, the challenge to agriculture from pests probably will increase.