2018年常州一次罕见持续性雾-霾天气分析

利用常规气象观测资料、探空资料、污染物浓度及AQI资料、NCEP再分析资料等,对2018年11月24日至12月3日夜间常州持续11 d的强浓雾和严重霾天气过程进行了分析。结果表明：（1）此次雾-霾过程持续时间长、范围广、强度大、污染重。（2）中纬度地区高层持续纬向环流控制、中低层暖脊稳定存在,地面持续受均压场或弱倒槽顶部、弱冷锋前部影响,是这次持续性雾-霾过程的重要天气条件。（3）边界层内弱辐散、负涡度及弱的下沉气流是此次雾-霾天气得以长时间维持、发展的动力因子。近地层长时间水汽饱和且维持小风速利于雾-霾的长时间维持。（4）近地面高强度的贴地逆温长时间维持和持续较低的混合层高度是此次雾-霾形成、发展和长时间维持的重要热力条件。雾比霾的平均混合层高度明显偏低且霾等级越高混合层高度越低,混合层高度的变化先于能见度变化,对雾-霾临近预警有较好的指导作用。（5）弱冷空气渗透、风速适当增加、混合层高度的先期快速下降、负净辐射曝辐量绝对值的明显增大是雾爆发性增强的主要原因。     

2013年初江苏连续性雾-霾天气的特征分析

利用FNL资料、污染物颗粒浓度资料以及常规气象资料对2013年1月12—16日江苏地区的连续性雾 霾天气过程的环流形势、地面气象要素特征、大气边界层结构及大气污染状况等进行了分析。结果表明：高空形势变化平稳、中低层的暖平流配合稳定少动的地面气压场为雾 霾天气的发生提供了有利的环流形势;持续变化较小的气压梯度和较低的风速以及相对湿度的增大和PM2.5、PM10的浓度的变化为雾 霾形成和发展提供了条件;雾 霾期间低层都存在不同程度的逆温现象,混合层高度与AQI呈反相关关系,当混合层高度越低,AQI就越高,污染就越严重,能见度就越差;相对湿度的升高和PM2.5在污染物颗粒中的富集,是导致能见度下降和持续污染的首要原因,而强冷空气带来的大风降温是污染物颗粒被快速清除的重要动力机制;影响南京的污染物来源为：黄海、安徽地区、北方污染物的输送和本地的局地污染。     

北京一次持续霾天气过程气象特征分析

2013年1月10-14日,北京平原地区出现了水平能见度在2 km以下、以PM_2.5为首要污染物、空气质量持续5 d维持在重度以上污染水平的霾天气。综合分析此次霾天气过程的天气形势、北京地区常规和加密气象资料以及城郊连续观测的PM_2.5浓度资料。结果表明：此霾过程期间,北京高空以平直纬向环流为主,受西北偏西气流控制,没有明显冷空气南下影响北京地区,地面多为不利于污染物扩散和稀释的弱气压场;大气层结稳定、风速小(日平均风速小于2 m·s^-1)、相对湿度较大（日平均相对湿度在70 %以上）、逆温频率高强度大,边界层内污染物的水平和垂直扩散能力差;北京城区及南部的京津冀地区人类活动排放污染物强度大,在相对稳定和高湿的天气背景下,受地形和城市局地环流的影响,北京本地污染物累积和区域污染物输送以及PM_2.5细粒子在高湿条件下的物理化学转化等过程共同作用造成此次北京城区及平原地区污染物浓度快速增长并持续偏高,高浓度PM_2.5对大气消光有显著影响,造成低能见度和持续霾天气。     

秸秆焚烧导致的江苏持续雾霾天气过程分析

利用常规观测资料和NCEP再分析资料,从污染情况、环流背景、地面气象要素特征、水汽、热力及动力条件等几个方面对江苏2012年6月中上旬持续雾霾天气进行了分析。结果表明:江苏及周边省市秸秆焚烧造成大量的气溶胶粒子悬浮于空中,是造成江苏出现持续不同程度的霾天气的主要原因,同时也为雾滴形成提供了丰富的凝结核;中高层冷空气强度未能完全破坏底层相对稳定的层结,较小的风速和较大的湿度有利于雾霾的发展,重度霾或雾风速多在3 m/s以下,且相对湿度在80%以上。频繁的弱降水过程对雾的形成和霾的加重起到了重要的作用;低层的逆温或近中性层结的维持,为雾霾持续存在提供了有利的层结条件,且浓雾形成主要有辐射贴地逆温和平流逆温两种形式;垂直上升运动与雾霾的发展之间有着互相影响的紧密联系,在具备一定的水汽条件时,底层弱的上升运动有利于雾体的向上发展从而促进雾的加浓。后向轨迹模拟雾霾相对较严重的6月10日污染轨迹表明沿江和苏南地区污染物浓度上升除了本地悬浮颗粒物外,安徽境内的污染物的输送也是一个重要因素,而北部地区更多还是本地的污染源。     

北京一次持续性雾、霾的特征和成因分析

基于2013年1月9-15日北京地区一次持续雾、霾过程,对环流形势、要素、物理量场以及污染监测情况进行分析。结果表明：高PM_2.5和SO₂事件持续时间超过100 h,浓度达到严重污染级别。高空为偏西或西南气流且850 hPa有弱暖平流输送和地面倒槽维持少动是有利于雾、霾持续的背景条件。持续轻雾或霾对湿层厚度要求不高,在925 hPa下即可,且湿层越厚,能见度越低。逆温维持是雾、霾持续的主要原因,且轻雾或霾为主时逆温层特点为厚度浅强度弱,高度或强度的突然增大可预示向大雾或雪转换; 850 hPa以下涡度平流较弱是轻雾或霾持续的动力结构;总温度平流垂直分布表现为闭合中心强度在500 hPa明显分界,且相对较弱的平流中心的高度一般在850-1000 hPa之间,当高度达到500 hPa时或可预示雾、霾天气消散。     

山东一次大范围持续性霾过程的气象条件分析

2016年12月30日至2017年1月8日，山东出现了以PM2.5为首要污染物、持续几天、大部地区重度以上污染的霾天气。基于多种实况观测资料和ERA Interim再分析资料，分析了此次过程天气背景和边界层特征等。结果发现：高空平直纬向环流、地面弱气压场、典型的静稳天气，有利于霾维持较长时间。此次过程期间有3次冷空气影响，冷空气的强度影响霾的变化，弱冷空气难以破坏近地层逆温结构，并会从上游向下输送污染物，有利于污染物的累积；较强冷空气带来较强的垂直运动，破坏了静稳天气形势，有利于污染物的扩散及清除。此次过程稳定层结形势下，边界层高度是一个对霾有指示意义的物理量。边界层高度和AQI的变化呈滞后负相关关系，边界层高度降低之后对应AQI指数升高。逆温层长时间的存在是此次霾持续的重要条件，另外由于地理原因东南风增湿和逆温层顶高度降低都会导致污染物浓度增大，使霾加重。     

常州地区一次持续性霾天气过程分析

利用常规气象观测资料和NCEP再分析资料对2013年12月1—8日常州地区一次持续性严重霾天气过程进行了综合分析。结果表明:常州地区此次持续性霾天气过程中高纬地区高层环流较平直,低层为弱西南暖湿气流,冷空气势力较弱;2013年11月30日常州地区位于地面"L"型高压顶部,偏西风对常州上游地区污染物的输送和12月1日清晨出现的逆温层,导致扩散条件较差是此次霾过程爆发的主要原因;持续的地面均压场控制和频繁出现的逆温层为霾提供了维持机制,12月9日的强冷空气造成了此次霾过程消散。持续性霾天气过程期间,温度露点差减小,相对湿度增大,风力减小,多为偏西偏南风,且近地面多为弱的上升运动,为霾的维持提供了稳定的层结和充足的水汽。常州地区此次霾天气过程的主要污染物为颗粒物(PM2.5、PM10),部分SO_2、NO_2及O_3等污染物通过协同转化作用生成颗粒物,导致霾粒子浓度剧增是此次霾过程爆发的重要内因;后向轨迹模式的模拟结果也表明常州上游地区污染物的输送对此次霾过程亦有贡献。     

辽宁一次区域持续性雾霾的气象成因分析

近年来,雾霾天气频发,加剧了空气质量的恶化。研究雾霾天气的成因,加强雾霾的预报能力,对指导公众出行和保护身体健康有着重要的意义。本文利用辽宁62个国家级自动站观测资料和NCEP再分析资料,对2015年11月7—14日辽宁一次持续性雾霾天气过程的环流背景、形成条件和持续原因进行分析,结果表明:(1)高层西南偏西气流,低层暖脊及地面倒槽和弱气压场的环流背景为雾霾天气的发生提供了有利的天气形势。(2)逆温是这次雾霾天气持续的重要原因。雾和霾天气逆温表现形式不同,大雾过程中,逆温层高度低,厚度小;霾过程中,逆温层高度高,厚度大,且表现为多个逆温层同时存在。(3)水汽条件是雾和霾转换的关键因素。当近地层空气相对湿度大于95%时,有利于雾的生成;而相对湿度在60%~70%时,有利于霾的形成。雾向霾转换时,比湿增大;霾向雾转换时,比湿下降。(4)近地面弱的上升运动、中高层弱的下沉运动是此次雾霾加强的动力机制。(5)雾霾出现前后气象要素特征差异明显,可为雾霾天气的预报提供重要参考。     

濮阳一次持续性雾霾天气的阶段性特征和维持机制

2018年11月23日至12月3日,华北平原出现了一次较长时间的雾霾天气。利用常规气象观测资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和污染物浓度资料,以河南省濮阳市为例,对此过程的大尺度环流背景场、边界层内气象要素特征、动力因素和污染状况等进行综合分析,分3个阶段探讨此过程形成的原因和维持机制。结果表明:(1)雾霾发生在高空纬向环流背景下,华北处于高压脊前西北气流中,频繁受下滑短波槽影响。(2)冷空气活动偏弱,中低层维持暖脊控制,使边界层内出现较强逆温,制约低层水汽和污染物的垂直扩散。(3)地面处于均压场或锋后弱冷高压控制,弱风条件不利于污染物的水平扩散。(4)前期大雾形成时,强逆温层在900 hPa以下的贴地高度,能见度很低,污染严重;中期霾严重时,较强逆温层上移至900—850 hPa,并出现双层逆温,能见度虽较好,污染仍然严重;后期的雾霾主要由高湿度环境中污染物聚集吸湿增长造成。(5)中低空弱的下沉气流及近地面辐合风场是雾霾天气得以发展维持的动力因子。     

2018年1月青岛市一次重度污染雾—霾天气成因分析

利用中国国家地面站逐小时气象观测资料、中国环境监测总站空气质量逐时监测数据、ECMWF 0.125°（纬度）×0.125°（经度）再分析资料及青岛市八关山自动站常规要素逐小时数据,对2018年1月15~22日青岛市一次重度污染雾—霾天气过程的特征及其影响因子进行分析。结果表明:PM10为首要污染物,污染过程中青岛市48 h 输入污染源前期主要为北方干冷气团与江淮湿空气在山东半岛北部汇聚堆积,后期则主要包括山东省内局地大气污染物排放。雾—霾期间,500 hPa中高纬地区受乌拉尔山阻塞高压和中西伯利亚冷低压控制,宽广的东亚横槽稳定维持,青岛上空以平直西风气流为主,地面等压线稀疏,风速小;随着横槽转竖,纬向型环流转为经向型,冷空气大举南下,风速急增,降雪发生,雾—霾迅速消散。在静稳的大气环流背景下,当近地逆温层内弱风或持续吹陆风,对流层低层上升和下沉运动较弱,水汽条件较好时,有利于雾—霾维持。综合分析雾—霾各阶段PM2.5浓度和相对湿度与能见度间的关系发现,霾阶段两因子影响力相当;雾阶段能见度主要受相对湿度的影响;静稳条件下PM2.5浓度累积增加是影响雾、霾混合阶段能见度的主要因子。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

正Aims Scope Advances in Atmospheric Sciences(AAS)is an international journal on the dynamics,physics,and chemistry of the atmosphere and ocean with papers across the full range of the atmospheric sciences,co-published bimonthly by Science Press and Springer.The journal includes Articles,Note and Correspondence,and Letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Editorial

As we will soon celebrate the 90th anniversary of the founding of the Chinese Meteorological Society （CMS）,Acta Meteorologica Sinica （AMS）,which was originally named as Bulletin of the Chinese Meteorological Society,has gone through 89 years of development and excitement since her first issue in July 1925.According to archived documents （CMS Editorial Committee,1925）,AMS was founded to report the research findings of Chinese meteorologists,record their recommendations for improving meteorological services,and share their common meteorological interests in order to promote the growth of AMS such that more members could be inspired to conduct atmospheric research and meteorological knowledge would be better disseminated to and benefit the general public.By upholding and carrying forward this purpose,AMS has published many highly valuable scientific papers.Some could be treated as classical articles,which have produced important influences on both domestic and international meteorological communities and the related fields.