西风带高空槽对登陆我国变性热带气旋的影响及其机理研究

应用日本气象厅1979~2008年的热带气旋资料以及日本25年 (JRA-25) 再分析资料, 本文首先对登陆我国变性加强和变性减弱的两类热带气旋进行了合成对比分析, 发现热带气旋变性后的强度变化与相应的西风带高空槽的强弱有很好的对应关系。然后, 我们选取了2004年登陆我国的热带气旋Haima为研究对象, 通过中尺度模式模拟再现了其登陆后变性演变过程, 采用片段位涡反演方法改变了模式初始高空槽的强度, 研究了高空槽强度的变化对Haima变性过程的影响。研究表明: (1) 高空槽加强 (减弱) 后, Haima移速明显加快 (减慢), 此外深 (浅) 槽对应的Haima变性加强过程中心气压降幅较大 (小); (2) 不同强度的高空槽与Haima相互作用的过程中, 深槽对应的高空急流范围较大, 强度更强, 相应的高空强辐散有利于Haima明显的再发展; (3) 另外深槽对应着较强的高层正位涡带, 正位涡向下伸展诱发低层Haima正位涡明显增长, 从而导致低层锋区的强烈发展和低层气旋的明显加强。     

台风“Chanchu”变性过程位涡及锋生特征分析

利用非静力中尺度WRF模式输出的0601号"Chanchu"台风模拟资料分析了台风变性过程中的结构演变特征,并从位涡的角度,利用湿位涡方程对"Chanchu"变性过程中强度减弱但却能引发强风暴雨的原因进行了探讨。分析表明:台风在变性过程中,尺度逐渐增大并与东移南下的高空槽不断接近,在与高空槽相互作用之前,台风眼壁及外围雨带雷达回波减弱,最大风速减小,最大风速半径圈向外拓展;高低层位涡相接之后,由于高层正位涡的下传携带冷空气侵入台风,在低层锋区上诱发出气旋性环流,进而重新引发强对流,并在角动量的输送作用下,台风外围环流风速再次增大。变性后高空槽和台风在位相上仍有一定距离,高空槽仅与台风的外围环流相互作用,冷空气没有入侵台风内部,这是"Chanchu"没有重新加强的原因之一。利用锋生函数对引起锋生的各分量进行分析,结果显示非绝热加热是造成锋生的主要原因,散度和变形项的贡献次之,倾斜项对锋生几乎没有贡献。     

THE USE OF SHEAR GRADIENT VORTICITY IN TROPICAL CYCLONE HEAVY PRECIPITATION PREDICTION: A HIGH-RESOLUTION NUMERICAL CASE STUDY

This study introduces a new dynamical quantity, shear gradient vorticity (SGV), which is defined as vertical wind shear multiplying the horizontal component of vorticity gradient, aiming to diagnose heavy precipitation induced by some strong convective weather systems. The vorticity gradient component can be used to study the collision or merging process between different vortexes or the deformation of a vortex with a sharp vorticity gradient. Vertical wind shear, another contributed component of SGV, always represents the environmental dynamical factor in meteorology. By the combined effect of the two components, overall, SGV can represent the interaction between the environmental wind shear and the evolution of vortexes with a large vorticity gradient. Other traditional vorticity-like dynamical quantities (such as helicity) have the limitation in the diagnosis of the convection, since they do not consider the vorticity gradient. From this perspective, SGV has the potential to diagnose some strong convective weather processes, such as Extratropical Transition (ET) of tropical cyclones and the evolution of multicell storms. The forecast performance of SGV for the numerical ET case of Typhoon Toraji (0108) has been evaluated. Compared with helicity, SGV has shown a greater advantage to forecast the distribution of heavy precipitation more accurately, especially in the frontal zone.     

高空槽对9711号台风变性加强影响的数值研究

9711号台风Winnie是一个在中国大陆长久维持(2—3 d)并产生强降水的热带气旋(TC),在其深入内陆过程中变性加强为一个温带气旋。用MM5V3对不同强度高空槽影响下Winnie的变性加强过程进行了数值研究。结果表明:(1)Winnie变性加强过程表现为强锋面侵入台风内部、冷空气包裹台风中心、一个温带气旋在近地层锋面上强烈发展的过程;(2)Winnie在陆上的变性加强与西风带高空槽的强度密切相关。TC与不同强度高空槽相互作用过程中,较深槽携带较强冷平流、正涡度平流以及较强的槽前高空辐散,从而有利于TC的维持和变性发展。数值试验中,高空槽越强,Winnie变性加强越明显,温带气旋的发展越快;(3)模拟结果的位涡分析表明,Winnie的温带变性发展与对流层高层正位涡下传、低层锋区和TC低压环流三者之间的相互作用有关。     

台风Chanchu(0601)变性过程中的强度变化及环境场分析

利用非静力中尺度WRF模式模拟的台风Chanchu(0601)的输出资料,探讨了Chanchu减弱变性过程的强度及结构变化。分析结果表明:在台风Chanchu北移过程中,高层的暖心被破坏,强度快速减弱,眼壁对流发展高度降低,眼壁对流由对称结构演变为非对称,内核对流减弱。此减弱变性过程与惯性稳定度减小、垂直风切变增强、低层锋生等环境要素有关。惯性稳定度与台风强度变化一致,随着惯性稳定度降低,最大切向风减弱并不断外扩,Rossby变形半径增大从而潜热释放不集中难以维持台风强度,台风减弱;同时,内核区的高层暖心更易径向频散,从而高层暖心难以维持;环境的垂直风切变增强使台风的斜压性增强,台风垂直结构的倾斜度增大,对流发展高度降低;低层冷空气侵入台风中心趋于填塞,也利于台风强度减弱;台风登陆以后冷暖空气对比导致的锋生使得不稳定能量释放从而重新加强了Chanchu环流内的中低层对流活动,但较台风最强时刻而言对流强度减弱。总体减少的对流和降低的对流高度,导致潜热能释放减小,其向心输送也减少,不足以维持强暖心结构,最终使得台风减弱并变性。      

台风“卢碧”变性增强过程的诊断研究

利用日本气象厅JRA再分析资料和台风最佳路径资料以及TRMM降水资料,对0920号台风"卢碧"变性过程的环流形势、高低层热力异常和锋生锋消等特征进行了分析研究。结果表明,"卢碧"的变性是中高纬度冷空气入侵的结果,变性过程伴随着西风槽的东移,高空急流的加强以及西太平洋副热带高压的减弱东撤。低纬度暖湿气流及较大的正涡度异常气旋式卷入台风环流,并在其东北侧积聚产生大量降水,释放的凝结潜热有利于北侧脊的加强,使得高空急流进一步加强,使得台风中心气压进一步降低。锋生、强降水伴随的潜热释放以及气旋中心气压之间存在着正反馈效应是"卢碧"变性后得以增强再发展的主要原因。热成风涡度梯度的分布对"卢碧"的变性增强过程具有较好的指示意义。     

APPLICATION OF AN OBJECTIVE DISCRIMINATING METHOD IN THE EVOLUTION OF TROPICAL CYCLONE "HAIMA" DURING EXTRATROPICAL TRANSITION

An objective method for discriminating the process of extratropical transition (ET) in tropical cyclones is introduced. With this method, the gridpoint output data of NWP are used to calculate three parameters: storm-relative thickness symmetry (B), low-level (-VLT) and upper-level thermal wind (-VUT). This objective method is easy to calculate and convenient for operational use. To verify the method, this paper uses the NCEP reanalysis data to identify the evolution of ET for "Haima", a tropical storm (0421) that affected the eastern part of China in 2004. The result shows that the three parameters defined with the objective method are good indicators of the ET process.     

A CLIMATOLOGY OF EXTRATROPICAL TRANSITION OF TROPICAL CYCLONES IN THE WESTERN NORTH PACIFIC

Based on best-track data and JRA-25 reanalysis, a climatology of western North Pacific extratropical transition (ET) of tropical cyclone (TC) is presented in this paper. It was found that 35% (318 out of 912) of all TCs underwent ET during 1979–2008. The warm-season (June through September) ETs account for 64% of all ET events with the most occurrence in September. The area 120°E–150°E and 20°N–40°N is the most favorable region for ET onsets in western North Pacific. The TCs experience ET at latitudes 30°N–40°N and have the greatest intensity in contrast to other latitude bands. The distribution of ET onset locations shows obviously meridional migration in different seasons. A cyclone phase space (CPS) method was used to analyze the TC evolution during ET. Except for some cases of abnormal ET at relatively high latitudes, typical phase evolution paths—along which TC firstly showed thermal asymmetry and an upper-level cold core and then lost its low-level warm core—can be used to describe the main features of ET processes in western North Pacific. Some seasonal variations of ET evolution paths in CPS were also found at low latitudes south of 15°N, which suggests different ET onset mechanisms there. Further composite analysis concluded that warm-season ETs have generally two types of evolutions, but only one type in cold season (October through next May). The first type of warm-season ETs has less baroclinicity due to long distance between the TC and upper-level mid-latitude system. However, significant interactions between a mid-latitude upper -level trough and TC, of either approaching or being absorbed into the trough, and TC’s relations with downstream and upstream upper-level jets, are the fingerprints for both a second type of warm-season ETs and almost all the cold-season ETs. For each type of ETs, detailed structural characteristics as well as precipitation distribution are illustrated by latitude.     

西北太平洋热带气旋变性阶段强度变化的比较研究

选取西北太平洋上两个生命史中发生变性的热带气旋Yagi和Francisco,前者变性后有一个24小时的再增强过程,而后者则继续减弱直至消亡。利用日本气象厅提供的热带气旋资料和美国环境预报中心(NCEP)提供的FNL全球分析资料,对比分析两个TC在变性阶段的形势场,发现两者在高低层的环境场均具有明显的差异:Yagi在变性阶段其高空槽较强且在低层有一个与中纬度原先存在的温带气旋合并的过程;而Francisco在变性阶段其高空槽较弱,且变性后自行消亡。另外探讨了导致Yagi变性增强的原因,结果表明:(1)Yagi变性阶段与高空槽前的急流相互作用时,高空急流入口区左侧和出口区右侧的次级环流将产生高空辐散低空辐合的趋势,有利于低层TC低压的发展。同时,当Yagi在穿越急流的过程当中,垂直风切变的增加将导致斜压不稳定增强,低层锋区强烈发展,锋区内的斜压能量可能向TC动能转化,从而使得Yagi发展增强;(2)高空槽所对应的高层湿位涡下传可使得低层正涡度增长,从而在低层诱生出气旋性环流,有利于Yagi变性后重新发展;(3)Yagi与中纬度原先存在的温带气旋发生合并,温带气旋所带来的较高纬度冷空气的入侵增强了低层的水平温度梯度,使得低层锋区强烈发展,从Yagi以一个锋面气旋的形式而再度发展,促使其变性后进一步增强。而这些特征都是Francisco所不具备的。     

高空急流对黄渤海登陆热带气旋三维运动结构的影响

为了研究高空急流对热带气旋水平和垂直运动结构的影响，选择1980年代以来的10个黄渤海登陆热带气旋作为研究对象，按其穿行黄渤海时的路径趋势分为北行和东北行两类，并应用ECMWF的客观再分析资料进行合成分析，发现：热带气旋沿高空非纬向急流的右侧运动，并呈现出明显向高空急流中心入口区的右侧移动的趋势。当气旋接近急流时，与高空急流产生相互作用，使气旋低层水平运动场产生附加的风速中心，并出现对流偏心增长现象。进一步分析表明，高空急流中心入口区右侧的辐散中心对应的垂直上升运动，引起热带气旋内中低层的辐合增强，进而改变了水平风场的分布。     

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HORIZONTAL VORTICITY INDUCED BY VERTICAL SHEAR AND VERTICAL MOTION DURING A SQUALL LINE PROCESS

The horizontal vorticity equation used in this study was obtained using the equations of motion in the pressure coordinate system without considering friction, to reveal its relationship with vertical shear. By diagnostically analyzing each term in the horizontal vorticity equation during a squall line process that occurred on 19 June 2010, we found that the non-thermal wind term had a negative contribution to the local change of upward movement in the low-level atmosphere, and that its impact changed gradually from negative to positive with altitude, which could influence upward movement in the mid- and upper-level atmosphere greatly. The contribution of upward vertical transport to vertical movement was the largest in the low-level atmosphere, but had negative contribution to the upper-level atmosphere. These features were most evident in the development stage of the squall line. Based on analysis of convection cells along a squall line, we found that in the process of cell development diabatic heating caused the subsidence of constant potential temperature surface and non- geostrophic motion, which then triggered strong convergence of horizontal acceleration in the mid-level atmosphere and divergence of horizontal acceleration in the upper-level atmosphere. These changes of horizontal wind field could cause a counterclockwise increment of the horizontal vorticity around the warm cell, which then generated an increase of upward movement. This was the main reason why the non-thermal wind term had the largest contribution to the strengthening of upward movement in the mid- and upper-level atmosphere. The vertical transport of large value of horizontal vorticity was the key to trigger convection in this squall line process.     

The Effect of Moisture on the Kinetic Energy Budget of a Mediterranean Cyclone

Summary  A diagnostic energetics analysis is used to study the effects of moisture-related processes on a developing cyclone over the Mediterranean. This is done by using the moist wind component to calculate the energy budget and then the effect due to wind field changes on the kinetic energy budget is illustrated. The horizontal flux convergence serves as a major energy budget source in both cases (actual and moist wind), although the magnitude values of this term are small in the case of the moist wind. Generation of kinetic energy, is generally (in the case of moist wind), a prominent sink during the life cycle of the cyclone, and its values are greater than the corresponding ones for the actual wind field except at the decay period. Subgrid-scale sources of kinetic energy provide a substantial energy gain throughout the life cycle of the cyclone. The values of the dissipation term differ from using the actual or moist components where its values are influenced by the values of the other terms in the budget. The baroclinic generation due to the divergent moist wind component offsets by 80.8% and 12.1% for the barotropic destruction of kinetic energy by the rotational moist wind component. The divergent moist wind component was found to be very important in the synoptic-scale environments of the cyclogenesis. Both demonstrate that the divergent moist wind component is as important as the rotational moist wind component in producing generation and horizontal flux divergence of kinetic energy. Generation of kinetic energy by the divergent moist wind component seems to be a major factor leading to the creation of upper-level wind maxima north of the storm areas. Thus, these diagnostic findings suggest possible modifications to the wind field by investigating the role of the divergent moist wind component and may also be fruitful in exploring the effects of cyclogensis on the large-scale environment. Received April 27, 1998/Revised April 23, 1999     

攀西地区南部一次MCC引发暴雨过程的分析

利用地面气象观测资料、雷达卫星资料和FNL再分析资料,对2018年6月22日攀西地区南部的一次暴雨天气过程进行分析。结果表明:本次暴雨天气过程由MCC导致,低层的辐合区和高层的南亚高压脊线是产生暴雨的主要影响天气系统;MCC发生于弱环境风场条件下的高能高温高湿环境中,但对垂直风切变的要求较低;MCC生成发展区域中低层温度和露点较周边区域高,MCC区域大气表现出明显的低层辐合,高层辐散,辐合(散)成熟阶段较发展阶段强。      

一次中气旋冰雹天气过程的诊断分析

对2002年9月27日发生在山东省境内的一次冰雹天气过程进行了中小尺度和雷达资料分析。结果表明:华北冷性低槽的东移南压,并配合低空切变线和地面冷锋的共同影响是这次过程的直接大尺度影响系统;高空冷平流、地面暖平流,在对流层中低层形成了大范围上冷下暖的不稳定层结;低层中尺度低压环流的扰动,并与高空急流南侧的辐散区耦合,产生强烈的上升运动;雷达回波分析也发现,这次过程具有典型的小型超级单体风暴特征,存在并维持尺度较小的中气旋结构。     

青藏高原两次极端暴雨过程对比分析

利用常规观测资料、地面自动站资料、雷达资料、卫星云图及NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料,对2015年6月20日和8月19日发生在林芝市的两次暴雨过程进行对比诊断分析。结果表明:“6.20”过程发生在副热带高压稳定少动的环流背景下,“8.19”过程发生在伊朗高压东伸与西太副高形成两高之间切变线的环流形势下;暴雨区低层水汽强烈输送和垂直运动强烈发展以及对流层中低层辐合、高层辐散的典型配置是两次过程共同的特点,“8.19”过程水汽输送较“6.20”更为通畅,配合低空急流,辐合更强,且“8.19”过程较历史个例而言,具有移动缓慢,系统深厚的特点,强降水落区同强垂直上升运动、低空强辐合及高空强辐散、水汽通量辐合中心相一致;“8.19”过程有明显的冷空气下传过程,存在强的高低空急流,且云顶温度更低,对流系统发展更高,云顶温度低于-60℃中心维持时间较长,强降水出现在云顶温度低值中心及其梯度大值区内。      

辽宁省温带气旋龙卷的环境参数特征

利用欧洲中期天气预报中心ERA5再分析数据, 统计1979—2020年辽宁省42个温带气旋龙卷环境背景和物理量参数特征, 结果表明:辽宁省温带气旋龙卷多发于温带气旋中心的西南、东南象限, 与冷锋前暖区相对应, 主要分布在辽河平原中西部及渤海湾沿岸, 强龙卷(EF2及以上级别)占比为28.6%。风暴相对螺旋度和对流有效位能的大值区出现在气旋西南—东南象限, 呈带状分布, 龙卷风暴主要分布于风暴相对螺旋度大值区西北侧、对流有效位能大值区的顶端的强梯度区附近。强龙卷参数最大值达0.7, 其大值区与EF2及以上级别龙卷相对应。地面冷锋和干线是温带气旋龙卷的关键触发系统, 对比近气旋中心和冷锋尾部湿度垂直分布, 后者所表现的高层强干侵入导致风暴产生更强的冷池, 过强的下沉气流可能是龙卷产生的不利因素。温带气旋龙卷多分布于高空急流左侧气流的分流区内, 对应高空强辐散区。0~3 km垂直温度递减率大值区与气旋中心附近的弱龙卷高发区有较好对应关系。     

TRAJECTORY DIAGNOSIS OF AIR PARCELS IN HIGH-AND LOW-LEVEL JETS FOR A HEAVY RAINFALL CASE DURING MEIYU SEASON OF 1991

Trajectory diagnostic methods were used to analyze air parcels of high-and low-level jets during the heavy rainfall of 4-6 July 1991.It is found that air parcels above rainfall area travelled from the entrance of the high-level jet,passing through the jet center and reached the exit region.Upper tropospheric divergence over rainfall area resulted from decelerative motion of the jet flow.Warm and moist southwest flow converged and ascended ahead of the low-level jet.The decreasing of low-level pressure as a result of high-level divergence that caused the low-level jet became unexpectedly strong.     

2012年7月山东接连两次大暴雨过程对比分析

利用常规观测资料、地面自动站资料、多普勒雷达风廓线数据、卫星云图及NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料,对2012年7月8日和10日接连发生在山东省的两场大暴雨过程进行对比诊断分析。结果表明:前一过程发生在副热带高压稳定的环流背景下以及不稳定能量增大的过程中,后一过程发生在副热带高压减弱南退的环流背景下以及不稳定能量释放的过程中;暴雨区上空低空急流和垂直运动强烈发展以及对流层中低层辐合、高层辐散的典型配置是两次过程发生共同的有利大尺度环境条件,不同的是,前一过程强降水强度与落区同强垂直上升运动、低空强辐合及高空强辐散、水汽通量辐合中心相一致,后一过程这种对应关系不如前一过程好;西南急流强烈发展对应两次过程的强降水时段,后一过程西南急流发展高度低于前一过程,其风速却比前一过程强得多,降水结束时后一过程冷空气下传速度比前一过程更快、高度更低;后一过程云顶温度更低,对流系统发展更高,云顶温度低于-70℃中心维持时间较长,强降水出现在云顶温度低值中心及其梯度大值区内,这对强降水临近预报具有较好的指导意义。     

东北冷涡背景下沈阳地区一次强降水过程分析

利用辽宁省区域自动站、探空和多普勒雷达观测资料及ECMWF再分析资料, 对2016年6月30日发生在沈阳地区一次局地短时强降水过程的天气特征及可预报性进行分析。结果表明: 此次天气过程为东北冷涡背景下典型的午后强对流天气, 白天太阳辐射加热使得沈阳城区温度高于周边区域, 配合中低层的高湿环境具有较好的不稳定能量; 暴雨发生前2 h, 近地面至300 hPa高度西南气流不断增强, 低空急流出口区减压, 使得垂直运动增强, 上升运动高度达到对流层顶, 有利于触发和加强对流, 1.5—3.0 km的16 m·s^-1的西南风脉动和急流减弱消失对降水发生和结束有较好的指示意义; 午后低层辐合、高层辐散的不稳定层结在强降水发生前2 h建立, 散度最大时段与强降水时间对应较好; 雷达观测反映这次降水以低质心暖云降水为主导, 具有较高的降水效率, 地面辐合线触发了对流, 并逐渐发展演变成带状对流系统。从数值预报的结果来看, 模式未能报出城市下垫面对气象要素的影响, 对于地面辐合线的预报存在明显的滞后偏弱, 导致强降水预报难度增加。     

ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURE EVOLUTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS OF TROPICAL CYCLONES OVER THE WESTERN NORTH PACIFIC DURING EXTRATROPICAL TRANSITION

Fifty-eight extratropical transition (ET) cases in the years 2000-2008, including 2,021 observations (at 6-hour intervals), over the western North Pacific are analyzed using the cyclone phase space (CPS) method, in an effort to get the characteristics of the structure evolution and environmental conditions of tropical cyclones (TCs) during ET over this area. Cluster analysis of the CPS dataset shows that strong TCs are more likely to undergo ET. ET begins with the increment of thermal asymmetry in TCs, along with the generation and intensification of an upper-level cold core, and ends with the occurrence of a lower-level cold core. ET lasts an average duration of about 28 hours. Dynamic composite analysis of the environmental field of different clusters shows that, in general, when TCs move northward, they are gradually embedded in the westerlies and gradually transform into extratropical cyclones under the influence of the mid- and higher-latitude baroclinic systems. As for those TCs which complete ET, there is always much greater potential vorticity gradient in the northwest of them and obvious water vapor transport channels in the environment.