2014年12月大气环流和天气分析

2014年12月大气环流特征如下：北半球极涡异常偏强,欧亚中高纬环流呈两槽一脊型,东亚大槽偏强,冷空气活跃;南支槽位于70°E附近,较常年同期明显偏西,不利于水汽向我国中东部地区输送;副热带高压较常年同期偏强,位置偏西、偏北。12月,全国平均降水量为7.9 mm,比常年同期(10.5 mm)偏少24.8%,其中华北、黄淮、江淮、江汉等地偏少8成以上。全国平均气温为-3.4℃,较常年同期(-3.2℃)偏低0.2℃;月内气温变化显著,呈“前冷后暖”的特点,上、中旬的气温较常年同期偏低1.0℃,下旬转为偏高1.1℃。月内,我国出现了5次明显的冷空气过程和4次雾霾过程以及1次大范围的降水过程。北方多地出现极端日降温事件,东北局地遭受雪灾;下旬中东部地区出现大范围、持续性的雾霾天气。     

2013年12月大气环流和天气分析

2013年12月大气环流主要特征是：极涡呈偶极性分布,中心气压均较常年平均偏低,欧亚中高纬环流呈两槽一脊型;南支槽较活跃,平均位置大致位于90°E附近,副热带高压较常年同期偏强,位置偏西、偏北。12月,全国平均降水量为15.4 mm,较常年同期（10.5 mm）偏多46.7%;但地区差异较大,南方较常年同期偏多2~4成,淮河以北偏少,其中华北、黄淮等地几乎无降水。全国平均气温为-2.8℃,较常年同期（-3.2℃）偏高0.4℃;就区域来看,呈现“北暖南冷”的特征。月内,我国出现3次主要的冷空气过程和1次主要的降水过程。南方地区中旬出现一次大范围强降水和持续低温天气;中东部地区分别于上旬和下旬各出现一次雾霾天气。     

2015年11月大气环流和天气分析

2015年11月环流特征如下：北半球极涡呈单极型分布,中高纬西风呈3波型分布,南支槽平均位置大致位于90°E附近,同时,西太平洋副热带高压较常年同期偏西、强度偏强。11月全国平均降水量39.4 mm,较常年同期偏多1.1倍;全国平均气温为4.1℃,较常年同期偏高1.2℃,但华北、东北等地气温偏低。月内共出现2次冷空气过程和4次主要降水过程,江南、华南等地部分地区雨量偏多2~3倍,多站出现极端日降水量;月内还有3次重污染天气过程。     

2012年11月大气环流和天气分析

2012年11月环流特征如下:北半球极涡呈单极性分布,中心位于加拿大北部地区;欧亚中高纬环流经向度较大;南支槽平均位置大致位于90°E附近,且东移频繁;同时,副热带高压较常年同期偏强,位置偏西、偏北.11月,全国平均降水量为31.7 mm,比常年同期(18.8 mm)偏多68.6％.全国平均气温为2.0℃,比常年同期(2.9℃)偏低0.9℃.月内,出现4次全国范围中等强度冷空气过程和3次暴雨过程;华北、东北和内蒙古地区出现大范围强降雪和降温天气,其中华北大部地区出现今年冬半年首场降雪天气,京津地区、河北、内蒙古等地均出现极端降水;江南、华南出现持续阴雨寡照天气.     

2013年2月大气环流和天气分析

2013年2月大气环流主要特征是:北半球极涡呈偶极型分布,强度较常年同期略偏强;中高纬度环流呈3波型分布,中低纬地区南支槽位置偏西,不利于西南暖湿空气向我国内陆的输送;西太平洋副热带高压强度略偏强。2月全国平均气温为-1.2℃,较常年同期偏高0.5℃。全国平均降水量为14.1 mm,较常年同期(17.4 mm)偏少19.0%。月内我国出现了2次全国性冷空气过程,雾霾天气频繁,西藏南部出现特大暴雪,西南地区干旱持续。     

2019年1月大气环流和天气分析

2019年1月大气环流主要特征为：北半球极涡呈偶极型分布,环流呈三波型,南支槽平均位置大致位于90°E附近,同时,西太平洋副热带高压较常年同期位置偏西,强度偏强。本月,全国平均降水量为14.0 mm,较常年同期（13.5 mm）偏多4%,月内出现三次较强降水过程,江南和西南部分地区降水明显,全国共有35站日降水量达到极端事件标准。全国平均气温为-4.1℃,较常年同期（-5.0℃）偏高0.9℃,共出现4次冷空气过程。本月共发生2次大范围雾 霾天气过程。     

2013年10月大气环流和天气分析

2013年10月环流特征如下:北半球高纬度地区为单一极涡,强度较常年同期偏强,中高纬环流呈现4波型,北美地区中高纬环流经向度较常年偏大,南支槽偏强,西太平洋副热带高压强度偏强。10月,全国平均降水量为30.8 mm,比常年同期(35.8 mm)偏少14.0%,全国平均气温为11.1℃,比常年同期(10.3℃)偏高0.8℃。月内,冷空气活动频繁,先后有4次冷空气过程影响我国,但只有22—26日的冷空气达到全国较强冷空气标准,其他3次都是影响北方的中等强度冷空气;受台风菲特影响,我国华东地区南部和华南地区北部出现一次强降水过程;江南中部及河南等地气象干旱持续或发展;我国中东部大部地区出现雾霾天气。     

2014年11月大气环流和天气分析

2014年11月大气环流特征如下：北半球极涡呈单极型分布,亚欧地区中高纬环流以纬向环流为主;南支槽较活跃,平均位置位于100°E附近;西太平洋副热带高压与常年强度相当,位置偏南、偏西。11月,全国平均降水量22.6 mm,较常年同期（18.8 mm）偏多20.2%;全国平均气温3.9℃,较常年同期（2.9℃）偏高1.0℃。月内,共出现4次主要降水过程,江南华南部分地区降水明显,部分地区出现持续阴雨;冷空气活动频繁,有4次主要冷空气过程影响我国,造成共有26站发生极端日降温事件,其中3站日降温幅度突破历史极值;月内还有4次大范围雾、霾天气过程。     

2011年11月大气环流和天气分析

2011年11月大气环流主要特征是：北半球极涡呈单极性分布,主体位于北极圈内,强度和常年同期接近。中高纬呈4波型,其中欧洲大槽强度较常年偏强,位置偏东;东亚大槽强度偏弱,且位置偏东,这不利于引导冷空气影响我国,月内我国出现了5次主要的冷空气过程,11月全国平均气温为3.9℃,比常年同期（2.1℃）偏高1.8℃。南支槽位于100°E附近,强度接近常年,副高的位置偏西,有利西南暖湿空气向我国的输送。11月,我国出现6次主要的降水过程,全国平均降水量为28.3mm,较常年同期（18.0 mm）偏多57.3%,为近20年来的最大值。北方大部地区降水较常年偏多,其中西北地区东部、内蒙古南部、华北西部、江南东南部和华南中东部较常年同期偏多2倍以上。     

2010年1月大气环流和天气分析

2010年1月,全国平均降水量为14.5 mm,较常年同期偏多2.4 mm,平均气温为-4.5℃较常年同期偏高1.4℃。月内,冷空气活动比较频繁,但强冷空气过程只有两次,2—7日和18—23日受强冷空气影响,我国大部出现大风降温和雨雪天气,北疆部分地区持续暴雪。除中旬全国降水较少之外,本月上旬和下旬全国共有6次主要的降水过程。此外,从本月的环流形势来看,极涡的强度比常年同期偏强,南支槽比常年同期偏弱,而副高则比常年同期偏强偏北。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

Information for Authors

正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography.     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Connections between the Eurasian teleconnection and concurrent variation of upper-level jets over East Asia

The variation of the East Asian jet stream(EAJS) associated with the Eurasian(EU) teleconnection pattern is investigated using 60-yr NCEP–NCAR daily reanalysis data over the period 1951–2010. The EAJS consists of three components: the polar front jet(PFJ); the plateau subtropical jet(PSJ); and the ocean subtropical jet(OSJ). Of these three jets over East Asia,the EU pattern exhibits a significant influence on the PFJ and OSJ. There is a simultaneous negative correlation between the EU pattern and the PFJ. A significant positive correlation is found between the EU pattern and the OSJ when the EU pattern leads the OSJ by about 5 days. There is no obvious correlation between the EU pattern and the PSJ. The positive EU phase is accompanied by a weakened and poleward-shifted PFJ, which coincides with an intensified OSJ. A possible mechanism for the variation of the EAJS during different EU phases is explored via analyzing the effects of 10-day high-and low-frequency eddy forcing. The zonal wind tendency due to high-frequency eddy forcing contributes to the simultaneous negative correlation between the EU pattern and the PFJ, as well as the northward/southward shift of the PFJ. High- and low-frequency eddy forcing are both responsible for the positive correlation between the EU pattern and the OSJ, but only high-frequency eddy forcing contributes to the lagged variation of the OSJ relative to the EU pattern. The negative correlation between the EU pattern and winter temperature and precipitation anomalies in China is maintained only when the PFJ and OSJ are out of phase with each other. Thus, the EAJS plays an important role in transmitting the EU signal to winter temperature and precipitation anomalies in China.     

<p>PARTITION OF SEASON BASED ON MULTIELEMENTS AND THE DECADAL CHANGE OF SEASON DURATION IN CHINA</p>

<p>Using the multielements similarity measurement method and 1950–C2017 NCEP/NCAR gridded daily reanalysis datasets, we analyzed season duration in China during 1950–C2016, and we defined the element with maximum absolute sensitivity as the key impact element at each point using the sensitivity analysis method. The decadal change of season duration and its key impact element before and after 1980 were studied. The results indicated obvious meridional and zonal differences in the distribution of season duration for the 67-year average, and that the key impact element has the same distribution characteristics as season duration. In addition, complementary relationships were found between the durations of spring and summer, autumn and winter, and the cold and warm seasons. Of those, the complementary relationship between the durations of spring and summer was strongest and the regions of complementarity were numerous. The complementary regions of autumn and winter durations were found mainly in western China. In the cold and warm seasons, the complementary regions were widespread and the complementary relationship was generally weak. Comparison of the periods before and after 1980 revealed an east–Cwest difference in the interdecadal variation of season duration. Interdecadal variation in spring and summer was found concentrated in northern and western regions, while that in autumn and winter was concentrated in the western region. Areas of significant interdecadal variation of the key elements were found concentrated in northern and western regions, corresponding well with the areas of significant interdecadal variation of season duration.</p>     

THE INFLUENCES OF SSTA OVER KUROSHIO AND ITS EXTENSION ON RAINFALL IN NORTHEAST CHINA UNDER THE BACKGROUND OF TWO DIFFERENT EL NIO CASES

By using the gauged rainfall in 160 stations within mainland China and the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data, the impacts of anomalous SST in Kuroshio and its extension on precipitation in Northeast China were investigated. The results show that a difference in the meridional circulation such as the East Asia/Pacific teleconnection pattern(EAP)may be responsible for the difference in rainfall between 1998 and 2010. In comparison with 1998, the anomalous meridional circulation pattern in 2010 shifted northeastward, and then the western subtropical high, the mid-latitudinal trough and the northeastern Asia blocking high also shifted northeastward, causing intensified convergence of the cold and warm air masses at the southern region and thus more rainfall in the southwestern region and less in the northwestern region. In 1998, the anomalous cyclone, one component of the meridional pattern, located at the Songhuajiang-Nengjiang River basin, resulted in more rainfall in the majority of the area. The results of observation and the model show that the difference in SSTA in Kuroshio and its extension under the background of different El Ni觡o events is the key point:(1) The anomalous warmth moved westward from the mid-Pacific to the east of the Philippine Sea during the central event, which led the heat resources shifting to the northeast in 2010; subsequently, a shift occurred to the north of the anomalous ascent and decent, followed by a warm SSTA in the region of Kuroshio's extension in 2010 and Kuroshio in 1998.(2) The warm SSTA in the Kuroshio extension causing the Rossby wave activity flux strengthened in 2010, and then the westerly jet shifted northward and extended eastward. A warm SSTA in Kuroshio and cold SSTA in its extension in 1998 caused the westerly jet to shift southward and weaken. As a result,the anomalous anticyclone and cyclone shifted northward in 2010, and the blocking high also shifted northward.     

Land-use and sustainability under intersecting global change and domestic policy scenarios: Trajectories for Australia to 2050

Understanding potential future influence of environmental, economic, and social drivers on land-use and sustainability is critical for guiding strategic decisions that can help nations adapt to change, anticipate opportunities, and cope with surprises. Using the Land-Use Trade-Offs (LUTO) model, we undertook a comprehensive, detailed, integrated, and quantitative scenario analysis of land-use and sustainability for Australia’s agricultural land from 2013–2050, under interacting global change and domestic policies, and considering key uncertainties. We assessed land use competition between multiple land-uses and assessed the sustainability of economic returns and ecosystem services at high spatial (1.1 km grid cells) and temporal (annual) resolution. We found substantial potential for land-use transition from agriculture to carbon plantings, environmental plantings, and biofuels cropping under certain scenarios, with impacts on the sustainability of economic returns and ecosystem services including food/fibre production, emissions abatement, water resource use, biodiversity services, and energy production. However, the type, magnitude, timing, and location of land-use responses and their impacts were highly dependent on scenario parameter assumptions including global outlook and emissions abatement effort, domestic land-use policy settings, land-use change adoption behaviour, productivity growth, and capacity constraints. With strong global abatement incentives complemented by biodiversity-focussed domestic land-use policy, land-use responses can substantially increase and diversify economic returns to land and produce a much wider range of ecosystem services such as emissions abatement, biodiversity, and energy, without major impacts on agricultural production. However, better governance is needed for managing potentially significant water resource impacts. The results have wide-ranging implications for land-use and sustainability policy and governance at global and domestic scales and can inform strategic thinking and decision-making about land-use and sustainability in Australia. A comprehensive and freely available 26 GB data pack (http://doi.org/10.4225/08/5604A2E8A00CC) provides a unique resource for further research. As similarly nuanced transformational change is also possible elsewhere, our template for comprehensive, integrated, quantitative, and high resolution scenario analysis can support other nations in strategic thinking and decision-making to prepare for an uncertain future.     

碳交易政策的经济影响:以广东省为例

通过构建广东省两区域动态模型,对广东省碳交易及其他政策措施进行定量评估,分析实施可调控总量的碳交易政策机制对广东省及参与交易部门的经济影响。研究结果表明,按照减排情景到2015年广东完成19.5%的碳强度下降目标,相比基准情景,GDP将减少0.7%;按照强减排情景到2015年将完成20.5%的碳强度下降目标,相比基准情景GDP将减少0.9%;如果在强减排情景的基础上实施碳交易政策,GDP相对基准情景减少0.8%,到2015年实施碳交易政策可减少GDP损失约90亿元,说明广东建立碳排放权交易机制能够发挥支持经济发展和节能减碳双赢的作用。     

Characterization and source apportionment of volatile organic compounds in urban and suburban Tianjin,China

Tianjin is the third largest megacity and the fastest growth area in China, and consequently faces the problems of surface ozone and haze episodes. This study measures and characterizes volatile organic compounds(VOCs), which are ozone precursors, to identify their possible sources and evaluate their contribution to ozone formation in urban and suburban Tianjin,China during the Ha Chi(Haze in China) summer campaign in 2009. A total of 107 species of ambient VOCs were detected,and the average concentrations of VOCs at urban and suburban sites were 92 and 174 ppbv, respectively. Of those, 51 species of VOCs were extracted to analyze the possible VOC sources using positive matrix factorization. The identified sources of VOCs were significantly related to vehicular activities, which specifically contributed 60% to urban and 42% to suburban VOCs loadings in Tianjin. Industrial emission was the second most prominent source of ambient VOCs in both urban and suburban areas, although the contribution of industry in the suburban area(36%) was much higher than that at the urban area(16%). We conclude that controlling vehicle emissions should be a top priority for VOC reduction, and that fast industrialization and urbanization causes air pollution to be more complex due to the combined emission of VOCs from industry and daily life, especially in suburban areas.