关于发展人工影响天气数值模式的一些问题

人工影响天气的学科基础是中小尺度天气动力学与云降水物理学,需要将天气-动力-云降水物理耦合为一体。考虑到目前将天气动力学性质的基础数值模式用于人工影响天气中的问题,从数值模式动力方程、模式分辨率、云物理过程、数值求解方案、初边值条件等方面系统地探索了发展人工影响天气数值模式中一些需要重点解决、且不可忽视的特色问题,并举例对相关问题提出了解决思路和方法。期望提出的问题有助于构思更适合于人工影响天气数值模式,使数值模式功能真正向满足人工影响天气的要求靠近一步。     

气象卫星的云观测

云体现着不同尺度天气系统发生、发展和消亡的过程。云还通过反射太阳辐射和阻止地球发射辐射,维持着全球能量平衡。1960年气象卫星的出现,揭开了从浩瀚太空,俯视千变万化云系的历史。气象卫星云图的获取,加深了人们对天气、气候变化过程的认识,推进了大气科学的发展。本文围绕气象卫星云遥感主题,首先概述了利用卫星资料开展云检测、云相态识别、云光学厚度与等效粒子半径反演的原理和方法。而后,着重介绍了各类天气尺度和中尺度天气过程的云系特征。最后,文章回顾了国际卫星云气候方面的工作,展望了未来云观测技术的发展前景。     

云降水物理与人工影响天气研究进展(2008～2012年)

本文回顾和总结了近5年(2008～2012年)云降水物理与人工影响天气主要研究进展,并讨论了目前存在的主要问题和亟待解决的关键科学问题.内容涉及可分辨云数值模式及模拟研究、云降水的观测与遥感反演研究、气溶胶对云降水的影响及人工影响天气相关的数值模式、观测试验研究等.提高对云降水形成过程、时空结构与演变机理的深入认识,对揭示大气水循环、气候变化过程,提高天气精细化预报、大气云水资源开发利用及气象防灾减灾的能力,具有十分重要的作用.     

辐辏状云与堤状云对未来降水的指示性

辐辏状云具有宽广的云区，长条平行的分布反映了高空的流场特征，特别是辐辏状云，现在知道它是副高边缘或是南支急流云系的指示云，因而常被用作重大天气过程的征兆[1－2]。观测事实指出，出现在低空，云条延伸很长的堤状云（常称长为堤云），与大型天气过程关系密切，也是一种很好的天气指示云[1－2]。本文就我们近年来（1981－1989年）南宁的云天日记和云图拍摄资料，分析探讨辐辏状和堤状云的规律及与未来降水的关系。     

云降水物理和人工影响天气研究进展和思考

云降水物理和人工影响天气密不可分,云降水物理为人工影响天气提供理论基础,人工影响天气是云降水物理一个重要应用领域.目前我国人工影响天气规模、经费投入已达世界之最,人工影响天气工程正在建设之中.论文简要回顾了我国云物理研究和人工影响天气的发展过程,评述研究工作取得的进展,思考我国人工影响天气在新形势下进一步的发展的问题,显得尤为重要.几十年来,我国开展了一系列云雾降水的外场观测研究和人工影响天气的外场试验研究,云和降水物理以及人工影响天气的理论和技术研究不断取得进展,数值云模式和中尺度模式的模拟研究水平有了长足的进步,在云和降水物理过程和降水机制研究、云的微物理结构、云水资源和人工增雨潜力评估、催化条件预测、催化剂和催化技术等方面取得了显著进展.论文最后指出,目前的人工影响天气需要加强人工影响天气核心技术研究,并提出了需要进一步研究的云和降水物理中的有关科学问题.     

一次冰雹云演变过程的卫星遥感监测与分析

针对2003年9月21日的一次区域性冰雹云强对流天气过程,结合天气实况、环流场特征和雷达资料,利用NOAA卫星数据,从天气分析、能量转换以及云在可见光、中红外波段的反射特性,分析了冰雹云的演变及特征。结果表明,伴随着大气能量的转换,当日青海湖以北的对流冷云单体在东移过程中,结合了西南部暖舌带来的暖湿气流,午后受地面增温出现了爆发性发展。(1)17：00云团发展最旺盛,云顶温度最低值达到-44℃,并确定冰雹发生的云顶温度临界值为-39．2℃,云顶亮温为221K;(2)冰雹云温度水平梯度介于20～35℃／50km之间,表现为有雹无灾的冰雹强度特征;(3)卫星数据表明,此时雹云与其它云团不同,具有粒子有效半径较大,气溶胶光学厚度也大的特点。     

如何提高云的观测水平

1　提高云的观测水平云是大气中水汽凝结 (凝华 )成水滴、过冷水滴、冰晶或它们的混合组成的可见悬浮物。云的生成、外形特征、量的多少、分布及其演变 ,不仅反映了当时大气的运动、稳定程度和水汽状况等 ,而且也是预示未来天气变化的重要征兆之一。正确观测分析云的变化 ,是了解认识大气物理状况 ,掌握天气变化规律的一个重要因素。也是预报天气的重要手段。但是 ,近几年来 ,由于种种原因 ,云的观测日趋简单化 ,如Ｎｓ、Ａｃ云中Ａｃｌｅｎｔ、Ａｃｃａｓｔ、Ｃｉ云中的Ｃｉｎｏｔ、Ｃｉｕｎｃ和Ｃｓｎｅｂｕ及Ｃｃ云 ,现在很难看到 ,有的…     

对流层气溶胶和云的大气辐射加热特征

本文利用建立的辐射模式研究了在一般天气和沙尘暴天气条件下,有云气溶胶大气的辐射加热特征。结果表明:在不同的天气条件下,云和气溶胶对大气的辐射加热的影响是不同的,它依赖于云的状况(云高、云厚和云内含水量)以及气溶胶浓度的大小、气溶胶的垂直分布和气溶胶的光学性质。     

毫米波云雷达与激光云高仪观测数据对比分析

2013年5月1日至6月8日,中国气象局气象探测中心在中国气象局大气探测综合试验基地进行了云高观测试验,试验仪器包括:(1)毫米波云雷达(35 GHz),观测数据为回波功率值,时间分辨率1 min;(2)激光云高仪,观测数据为后向散射光强度,时间分辨率为1 min;本工作对39天试验数据进行对比分析,结果表明:毫米波云雷达数据获取率要比激光云高仪的数据获取率高26%;在雾霾天气时激光云高仪的数据获取率比毫米波云雷达低51%;降水天气对激光云高仪测量云底高度的结果影响较大,对云雷达的测量的结果影响较小;毫米波云雷达和激光云高仪测得云底高度平均相差不超过300 m,比较接近。     

南方不同类型冰冻天气的大气层结和云物理特征研究

利用观测资料和CAMS中尺度云分辨模式,对南方3次不同类型冻雨天气过程进行模拟,重点研究了冰冻天气中冻雨区云系宏、微观结构及大气层结特征,初步分析了冻雨形成的云物理机制.结果表明:(1)逆温层的存在是冻雨发生的必要条件,低层湿度较大的逆温常与冻雨天气有关.3次冻雨过程的冻雨区都存在逆温层,其中第一、二次过程属于锋面逆温,而第三次过程属于平流逆温.可见,逆温层结有利于冻雨的发生,但逆温层的存在仅是形成冻雨的条件之一.冻雨的发生还与水汽(湿度)、风向风速、地面特征有关.低层有水汽输入到冻雨区、地面温度等于或低于0℃,有利于冻雨形成和过冷雨水的冻结.(2)冻雨的形成需要满足3个主要条件:在对流层中高层存在冻结层,冻结层下要有暖层和逆温层,近地层有一个温度＜0℃的冷却层,并且低层的冷却层相对湿度较高.中高层冻结层主要产生冰相降水粒子,中层的暖层可以确保上层降落下来的固态降水粒子(雪或霰)融化成雨滴或在融化层中直接产生液态降水.这样,雨滴下降到低空冷却层后会逐渐变成过冷雨滴,当过冷却雨滴接触到＜0℃的地面或者其他物体表面时,迅速冻结形成冻雨.(3)不同冻雨区上空存在2种不同类型的云,对应云中有2种明显不同的温度层结:混合相云中的“冷-暖-冷”层结和水云中的“暖-冷”层结.具有2种不同层结特征的不同冻雨区云系,对应2种不同的微物理结构,具有2种不同的冻雨形成的云物理机制.(4)同一类型天气系统中的冻雨区,可以存在不同的温度层结、云的微物理结构和冻雨形成的机制;不同类型天气系统也可以存在特征相同的冻雨区,即冻雨形成的温度层结、云的微物理结构和冻雨形成的物理机制都相同.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Information for Authors

正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.