北上台风暴雨过程涡散场的能量收支和转换特征

利用辐散风和旋转风的动能收支方程,对北方一次北上台风倒槽暴雨过程暴雨区内的涡散场能量收支和转换进行了计算.结果表明:暴雨区内动能的增加是暴雨增幅的一个主要原因.暴雨发展时,就旋转风动能(K_R)而言,旋转风动能通量(HFR)辐合是主要能源,而旋转风的动能产生项(GR)是主要能汇;就辐散风动能(K_D)而言,辐散风的动能产生项(GD)是主要能源,辐散风动能通量(HFD)辐散是主要能汇;总动能水平通量(HF)提供的辐合主要表现于对流层中、低层,这就使得低层辐合加强,上升运动加强,有利于暴雨的增幅.在暴雨过程中次网格尺度效应由能源转变为能汇,在暴雨发展之时能汇减小;能量的转换项C(K_D,K_R)总为正值,在转换项中,地转效应项的贡献很大.说明暴雨过程能量均由K_D向K_R转换,也就是说有效位能经K_D向K_R转换,充分说明了在整个暴雨过程中,尽管辐散风动能变化(∂K_D/∂t)很小,但是它在其中充当“桥梁”作用,C(K_D,K_R)在暴雨发展时达到最大,此时能量转换最为旺盛;对流层低层辐散风动能向旋转风动能的转换是暴雨产生和发展的重要条件.此次暴雨过程,在暴雨区内表现为斜压不稳定和正压稳定共存的特征,其发展过程是系统斜压不稳定增长,正压稳定性减弱的过程,暴雨增幅的另一个重要原因就是暴雨区内低层斜压的发展.     

Intensity Evolution of Zonal Shear Line over the Tibetan Plateau in Summer: A Perspective of Divergent and Rotational Kinetic Energies

Based on the ERA5 reanalysis datasets during 1980–2019, a total of eleven zonal shear lines (ZSLs) that caused heavy precipitation and lasted more than 60 hours over the Tibetan Plateau in summer are selected for composite analysis. By decomposing the kinetic energy (K) near the ZSL into divergent and rotational kinetic energies (K_D and K_R) and the kinetic energy of interaction between the divergent wind and the rotational wind (K_RD), the influence of the rotational and divergent winds on the evolution of the ZSL intensity is investigated from the perspective of K_D and K_R. The main results are as follows. The ZSL is a comprehensive reflection of rotation and convergence. The intensity evolution of ZSL is essentially synchronized with those of K, K_R, and K_RD but lags behind K_D by about three hours. The enhancement of K is mainly contributed by K_R, which is governed by the conversion from K_D to K_R. Furthermore, the increase in the conversion from K_D to K_R is controlled by the geostrophic effect term Af, which is determined by the joint enhancement of the zonal rotational and meridional divergent wind components (u_R and v_D). Therefore, the joint enhancement of u_R and v_D controls the increase of the ZSL intensity, leading to increased precipitation.     

华南春季强对流天气过程的动能收支 (二)辐散风和旋转风动能的收支和转换

在第(一)部分的基础上,进一步讨论辐散风动能和旋转风动能的收支以及这两种动能之间的转换过程。结果表明,尽管辐散风动能在总动能中所占比重很小,但它的变化与强对流天气过程的发生发展有着更为密切的关系。计算结果表明,在辐散风动能与旋转风动能的转换函数{K_D,K_R)中,B项(代表垂直运动与旋转风动能的垂直变化的耦合)是最大的转换项;在强对流区,反映涡管伸缩机制的A项也是一个很重要的转换项。就区域时间平均而言,有旋转风动能向辐散风动能(K_R→K_D)转换。      

台风区和外围暴雨区的旋转风、散度风动能收支

用完全的散度风(v_D)和旋转风(v_R)动能收支方程对8116台风和8407台风以及8116台风与其外围暴雨区的关系作了讨论。结果表明:台风区的有效位能通过散度风动能(K_D)转换为旋转风动能(K_R).台风向区域外部输出动能,在暴雨区上空通过涡度、散度场相互作用的转换机制由K_R向K_D转换,散度风加大触发对流发展产生暴雨,这可能是台风与其外围暴雨联系的一种能量过程。     

2005年6月华南持续性暴雨爆发和维持机制分析

利用常规气象资料及T213分析场资料，对2005年6月18日～23日华南大范围持续性暴雨过程的高低空形势、能量及动力条件进行诊断分析。发现：这次过程低空急流维持了低空对流不稳定形势，高空急流维持了高空辐散、低空辐合的有利形势，高空西南急流与高空西北急流一样，能造成暴雨区高空有利的辐散形势，形成高层辐散、底层辐合，触发强烈的上升运动，高低空耦合是此次强降雨爆发的熏要机制，强降雨落区位于低空西南风急流出口区的左侧和200hPa西北风急流的出口区西南侧，即低空急流的左侧与切变线的前沿；暴雨区域高湿能条件的维持．保证了强降雨过程的能量供给，是强降雨持续的重要条件。     

广西前汛期锋前暖区暴雨过程的模拟与分析

利用中尺度数值模式MM5对2005年5月8-9日广西的暖区暴雨过程进行了数值模拟,并对暖区暴雨形成和发展的机制进行了分析研究.结果表明:高空急流稳定维持与低空急流持续加强是这次暖区暴雨发生发展的动力机制;在暖区暴雨形成与发展的过程中,低空各层自上而下均有急流核向东传播的现象;低空急流核以接力振荡的形式快速东传,而不是向北面的锋区运动,有利于暖区累积充沛的水汽和不稳定能量,造成不稳定能量和水汽在锋区和暖区的不均匀分布,也有利于有组织的对流活动在暖区反复生成和发展,从而导致了暖区不仅降雨量大,而且雨强比锋区降水强.     

2005年6月华南持续性暴雨爆发和维持机制分析

利用常规气象资料及T213分析场资料,对2005年6月18日~23日华南大范围持续性暴雨过程的高低空形势、能量及动力条件进行诊断分析。发现:这次过程低空急流维持了低空对流不稳定形势,高空急流维持了高空辐散、低空辐合的有利形势,高空西南急流与高空西北急流一样,能造成暴雨区高空有利的辐散形势,形成高层辐散、底层辐合,触发强烈的上升运动,高低空耦合是此次强降雨爆发的重要机制,强降雨落区位于低空西南风急流出口区的左侧和200hPa西北风急流的出口区西南侧,即低空急流的左侧与切变线的前沿;暴雨区域高湿能条件的维持,保证了强降雨过程的能量供给,是强降雨持续的重要条件。     

Comparison of Microphysical Characteristics Between Warm-sector and Frontal Heavy Rainfall in the South of China

During the April-June raining season,warm-sector heavy rainfall(WR) and frontal heavy rainfall(FR) often occur in the south of China,causing natural disasters.In this study,the microphysical characteristics of WR and FR events from 2016 to 2022 are analyzed by using 2-dimensional video disdrometer(2DVD) data in the south of China.The microphysical characteristics of WR and FR events are quite different.Compared with FR events,WR events have higher concentration of D<5.3 mm(especially D <1 ...     

The Summertime Great Plains Low Level Jet And The Effect of Its Origin On Moisture Transport

Radiosonde data from six stations in Kansas and Oklahoma for the period of June 16–24, 1993 indicate that a low-level jet (LLJ) occurred almost every day except on the 20th. Major characteristics of these LLJs are documented in this paper. The maximum wind speed (the jet speed) varied from 13 to 32 m s^-1 and heights ranged from 167 to 910 m. All the jets were southerly except the one on June 19 which changed its direction dramatically from a southerly to a northerly direction in about three hours although its intensity did not change appreciably. Thermal stability of the boundary layer during these LLJ occurrences ranged from near-neutral to highly stable. All the low-level jets exhibited significant diurnal variations. Analyses show that relatively weak large-scale forcing existed for the LLJs on June 21 and June 22, while strong forcing was present on other days. Analyses also show that moisture transport by the LLJ from the Gulf of Mexico to the Great Plains depends on the location of the LLJ origin. In the two weeks of June 13–19 and 20–26, 1993, powerful storms swept through the central United States, accompanied by tornadoes, strong wind, large hail and heavy rainfall. The analyses indicate that these weather events could be a result of the interactions of the LLJs with synoptic-scale flow.     

The Surface Energy Budget and Its Impact on the Freeze-thaw Processes of Active Layer in Permafrost Regions of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

The surface energy budget is closely related to freeze-thaw processes and is also a key issue for land surface process research in permafrost regions.In this study,in situ data collected from 2005 to 2015 at the Tanggula site were used to analyze surface energy regimes,the interaction between surface energy budget and freeze-thaw processes.The results confirmed that surface energy flux in the permafrost region of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau exhibited obvious seasonal variations.Annual average net radiation(R_n)for 2010 was 86.5 W m^-2,with the largest being in July and smallest in November.Surface soil heat flux(G₀)was positive during warm seasons but negative in cold seasons with annual average value of 2.7 W m^-2.Variations in R_n and G₀ were closely related to freeze-thaw processes.Sensible heat flux(H)was the main energy budget component during cold seasons,whereas latent heat flux(LE)dominated surface energy distribution in warm seasons.Freeze-thaw processes,snow cover,precipitation,and surface conditions were important influence factors for surface energy flux.Albedo was strongly dependent on soil moisture content and ground surface state,increasing significantly when land surface was covered with deep snow,and exhibited negative correlation with surface soil moisture content.Energy variation was significantly related to active layer thaw depth.Soil heat balance coefficient K was>1 during the investigation time period,indicating the permafrost in the Tanggula area tended to degrade.     

广东“5.24”暴雨的湿有效能量分析

利用海峡两岸及邻近地区暴雨试验期间的时间加密观测资料,分析了1998年5月24日发生在广东省的一次暴雨过程。发现湿有效能量与此次暴雨降水的关系比较清楚。降水开始前,暴雨区的能量显著增加,强降水开始于能量显著减少时;强降水时,暴雨区的能量出现小幅反弹;当暴雨区能量再次显著减少后暴雨降水结束;这是一次能量锋暴雨,暴雨开始前有能量锋生现象发生,暴雨强降水时段与强能量锋同步,暴雨区位于高能舌北侧能量锋附近。     

华南涡旋暴雨的物理对比分析

低涡型暴雨是华南地区一种重要的暴雨类型,它常常发生在对流层低层天气尺度切变线上,虽难从气压场上找到,但它所造成的暴雨却很强。我们发现,常规天气图上似乎很弱的这类涡旋,却有较强的流场涡度和典型的散度分布,构成了强降水过程的必要物理条件。本文把它与热带气旋发展过程中的物理结构、能量变化和转换特征进行了诊断、对比分析,指出它们不仅三维物理量场分布差异较大,其发展过程中能量变化也有很大差异。热带气旋的K,值远大于切变线低涡,但K_φ的变化则相反,无论是其绝对值或它占总动能的比值,都不      

大气分层扰动位能控制方程及其应用——南海夏季风活动的能量收支

针对局地环流能量转换问题,本文推导了分层扰动位能一阶矩 (L_PPE1) 和动能 (K_E) 的控制方程,分析了方程中各能量项的空间分布和季节变化特征,并以南海夏季风为例,诊断了夏季风活动各相位的能量收支特征.结果表明,850 hPa高度上在赤道辐合带、大部分季风区、风暴轴地区是L_PPE1的源区,副热带的大洋东部和高纬度地区是L_PPE1的汇区,强源、汇的中心与L_PPE1的纬向偏差场的脊、槽分布对应较好.L_PPE1向K_E的转化项 (C_K)取决于垂直速度和大气稳定度,是连接K_E和L_PPE1的纽带,在暖 (冷) 空气上升 (下沉) 时,转化项为正,L_PPE1向K_E转化能量,反之K_E转化为L_PPE1.在850 hPa 高度上C_K的分布特征是在赤道辐合带以及大部分季风区有大值分布,北半球风暴轴和南半球西风带有连续分布的正值区.将这应用到南海夏季风活动的能量收支,在南海夏季风恢复相位,C_K增大,在南海夏季风活跃相位,C_K达到最大,且为边界输入能量的2~3倍,C_K是南海夏季风恢复、活跃的最重要因素.探讨了南海夏季风活跃的条件,当L_PPE1等于南海季风区的夏季气候平均值时,上升速度大于临界速度的情形,有利于南海夏季风由中断相位向活跃相位的转变.     

暴雨中尺度环境场特征及积云对流的反馈作用

本文利用一套具有中尺度分辨率的观测资料,对发生在1983年6月下旬的一次长江流域梅雨暴雨过程进行了诊断研究,并比较了该过程的对流降水活跃期和非活跃期的中尺度环境场特征。结果表明,两个时期的动量场存在明显差异,而水热场差异不大,Q₁和Q₂以及涡度收支也存在明显差异。在降水活跃期（暴雨集中期）,积云对流对能量和涡度的垂直输送有着重要作用;在水热收支中,起主要作用的是垂直输送项,潜热加热基本上为抬升冷却所平衡,水汽的垂直输送是积云对流的主要水汽源;在涡度收支中,低层散度项和扭转项制造正涡度,并通过积云对流向上输送,无论在低层或高层积累的正涡度都被平流非线性过程所耗损。      

DYNAMIC STUDY ON INFLUENCE OF INERTIAL GRAVITY WAVES INDUCED BY UNBALANCED FLOW ON MEIYU FRONT HEAVY RAIN*

The Meiyu front heavy rain process in 1-3 June 2000 is numerically simulated in this paper, and results are then analyzed to show the effects of geostrophic balance collapse,unbalanced flow occurrence,low level jet (LLJ) development,and gravity waves genesis and propagation on the rainstorm.Analyses indicate that the sudden northwest movement of subtropical high may destruct the local geostrophic balance,leading to an increase in the local pressure gradient and the occurrence of ageostrophic flow,and meanwhile the adjustment of circulation starts to build a new balance.During the process,an LLJ and gravity waves appear correspondingly.The dispersion of unbalanced energy through the divergence/convergence of the geostrophic departure winds, promotes the propagation of strong wind cores along the LLJ,and the dispersion direction is influenced by the steering flow and the moisture concentration area.The development of LLJ is one of important conditions,which induces the heavy rain especially in the left front part of the jet where the convergence and shear of winds occur.It is also found that the genesis of disturbance, meso-vortex,and meso-convective system provides a favorable condition for the rainstorm.The above results are clearly illustrated by the high spatial and temporal resolution simulation data from a mesoscale numerical model.     

云南冬季一次强降水天气过程的模拟与分析

利用MM5中尺度非静力模式对2003年1月5~6日发生在云南省的强降水天气过程进行了数值模拟分析。结果表明:(1)偏南低空急流是造成冬季暴雨的主要影响系统,低空急流上的扰动导致一个相对大的风速核从急流主体分裂东移,风速显著加大,风向呈气旋性弯曲,引起低层涡度增加,产生强的辐合上升运动。(2)低空急流的形成和移动与中层南支槽的关系较为密切,南支槽前的辐散为低空急流的形成提供了启动机制。(3)强降水天气出现在冷暖空气交汇的区域,锋生强迫作为暖湿气流上升的强迫机制之一,对强降水的形成起着不可忽视的作用。(4)水汽条件的分析表明,暴雨区的水汽主要由低层水汽辐合来提供。     

X波段双极化雷达在北京夏季降水估测中的应用

利用X波段双极化雷达和地面自动雨量站数据对北京地区2009年夏季降水进行分析,先采用低通滤波、衰减订正等方法对数据质量进行控制,提取了单位差分传播相移Kdp之后,分别拟合出X波段双极化雷达参数与降水之间的两个关系式:Zh=159R1.37及R=13.9Kdp0.81,最后再分别利用这些拟合公式对北京地区进行降雨估测。结果表明:雷达用这两个公式估测的降雨量与地面实测降雨量有较好的一致性;且当每小时降雨量大于10mm时,Kdp-R的估测比Zh-R估测更稳定、准确;通过平均标准差统计可知,Kdp-R估测精度明显高于Zh-R估测精度。     

The global energy cycle of stationary and transient atmospheric waves: Results from ECMWF analyses

Summary The role of stationary (monthly mean) and transient (departure from monthly mean) waves within the atmospheric energy cycle is examined using global analyses from the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) for the period 1980–1987. Only January and July averages are considered.It is confirmed that planetary stationary waves are basically baroclinic. Their contribution to the globally averaged energy cycle of the atmosphere is comparable to that of the transient waves. In January they contribute about 40% to the baroclinic conversion (CA) from zonal mean to eddy available potential energy. Local values for the northern hemisphere even show a predominant role of the stationary wave conversions over those originating from transient waves. Part of the available potential energy of stationary waves (A _SE) is converted to kinetic energy by warm air rising and cold air sinking. Nonlinear energy conversion, which can be interpreted as destruction of stationary temperature waves by transients, is the second sink forA _SE. The order of magnitude of these two processes is similar.Barotropic nonlinear conversions, though negligible in the global average, reveal large conversion rates between the mean positions of the polar and the subtropical jets. Their orientation is suggestive of a tendency to increase stationary wave kinetic energyK _SE at its local minimum between the jets at the expense of the synoptic scale transients.While all terms of the energy cycle related to stationary waves reveal a predominance of the planetary scale (zonal wave numbers 1–3) transient waves are governed by synoptic scale waves (zonal wave numbers 4–9) only with respect to the baroclinic and barotropic conversions: a significant amount of transient wave energy (50% for the global average ofA _TE) is due to planetary scale waves.With 15 Figures     

发展与不发展南海扰动的能量收支与转换特征

利用多年逐月海温距平和区风应力距平观测资料,运用线性回归和ＥＯＦ分析方法,分析了ＥＮＳＯ相联系的热带太平洋典型风应力异常场结构。结果显示,与ＥＮＳＯ线性相关的风应力异常场在时间尺度上表现为低频变化,在水平结构上主要表现为四个典型分布。     

2018年北京“7.16”暖区特大暴雨特征及形成机制研究

利用京津冀区域加密自动气象站、SA多普勒天气雷达、L波段风廓线雷达、NCEP 0.25° 再分析资料及0.03° 高分辨率地形资料研究了北京2018年7月15—16日暖区特大暴雨特征和形成机制。结果表明:（1）这次暖区特大暴雨发生在副热带高压边缘的暖气团（θ_se高能区）中,无明显冷空气强迫,斜压性弱,有丰沛的水汽,850 hPa以下出现强水汽辐合。（2）暴雨的中尺度对流系统发展有3个过程:带状对流建立和局地强雨团影响、北京北部“列车效应”南部雷暴冷池出流造成对流加强和移动、平原地区线状对流重建。（3）暴雨发生前,低层西南风出现风速脉动,低空急流建立。首先在2500—3500 m高度形成低空急流,2 h后2500 m以下风速显著增大,5 h后急流厚度由边界层伸展到700 hPa。急流出口区降压,低层出现气旋性风场或切变,有利于垂直上升运动发展,触发和加强对流。（4）西南低空急流暖湿输送导致高温、高湿、高能的对流不稳定层结反复重建,这是对流发展加强的重要原因。（5）地面辐合线是对流触发并逐渐组织成带状对流系统的关键影响因素。地面辐合线方向、低空急流轴、回波移动方向三者几乎重叠是造成对流后向传播和“列车效应”的有利条件。（6）太行山和燕山地形对对流触发和暴雨增幅有重要影响。北京最大雨强≥40 mm/h站点中的77.4%位于西南部和东北部200—600 m海拔高度处。偏东风在华北西部太行山局地迎风坡触发对流,西南低空急流在北京北部迎风坡和喇叭口地形处辐合和抬升更为显著,造成局地特大暴雨。