巨凝结核对冰雹云降水结构影响的数值模拟研究

利用RAMS数值模式,研究了巨凝结核数浓度改变对半干旱地区春季冰雹云降水特征的影响,研究显示巨核浓度改变对冰雹云中微物理过程及地面降水都有重要影响.累积带对冰雹生成有重要贡献.巨核数浓度增加时,冰雹云中冰雹混合比含量及其云中水平覆盖面积增加;云中过冷雨水和大云滴生成的过冷云水增加,冻结作用增强;地面降雨量增加但降雹量减少;总的地面累积降水量增加但累积冰相降水量减小.对降水的作用在污染云中要比清洁云中明显.地面流场分布随着巨核数浓度的改变而不同.在不同背景气溶胶下,春季冰雹云的判别指标不同于夏季冰雹云.     

雹暴的闪电活动特征与降水结构研究

利用地面雷电探测网获取的地闪资料分析了10次雹暴过程的闪电分布和演变特征, 并结合地面多普勒雷达和TRMM卫星的闪电成像仪(LIS)、测雨雷达(PR)、微波成像仪(TMI)分析了雹暴的降水结构及其与闪电活动的关系. 研究结果表明: 降雹天气过程的正地闪比例较高, 平均值为45.5%; 在雹云快速发展阶段, 地闪频数存在明显的“跃增”; 在整个降雹阶段正地闪活动非常活跃, 在正地闪频数增加的过程中通常伴有负地闪频数的下降; 在雹暴的减弱消散阶段, 地闪频数显著减少. 两次典型雹暴的闪电活动非常活跃, 总闪电频数分别为183次/min和55次/min; 其降水结构特征是, 大于30 dBZ的强回波单体多集中于系统的前缘, 系统后部伴有稳定性的层状云降水区, 回波顶高均超过14 km; 其对流降水的贡献率分别为85%和97%. 对6 km高度处的雷达回波与总闪电关系的研究表明, 总闪电主要出现在强回波区(>30 dBZ)及其周围. 对流降水区发生闪电的几率约是层云降水区的20倍以上, 可以利用闪电与对流降水的相关性来有效地识别对流降水区. 初步结果还表明闪电频数和冰水含量之间呈线性关系, 即冰水含量越高, 相应的闪电活动也越频繁.     

闽北“4.16”强对流天气过程初步分析

正1引言受低层切变及高空低槽东移影响,4月16日08时到17日08时闽北(即福建省南平市,下同)出现了强雷电、冰雹及短时强降水(暴雨)等强对流天气。16日午后闽北的光泽县北部的司前乡台山村、王方村及寨里镇桥湾村等地先后出现降雹(降雹时间分别为12:30～13:00及14:00左右),降雹持续时间3～5分钟,冰雹最大直径约3cm。16日夜     

闽北“4.16”强对流天气过程初步分析

正1引言受低层切变及高空低槽东移影响,4月16日08时到17日08时闽北(即福建省南平市,下同)出现了强雷电、冰雹及短时强降水(暴雨)等强对流天气。16日午后闽北的光泽县北部的司前乡台山村、王方村及寨里镇桥湾村等地先后出现降雹(降雹时间分别为12:50～1 5:00及14:00左右),降雹持续时间3～5分钟,冰雹最大直径约3cm。16日夜里闽北部分县市出现短时强降水(强降水主要出现在16日20时至17日04时期间),最大     

强雷暴中正地闪发生的条件

为了进一步认识强雷暴中正地闪偏多的原因,本文利用三维雷暴云动力-电耦合数值模式,通过模拟一次强雷暴过程,讨论了正地闪频发需要的条件.结果表明,云闪的发生需要较强的上升气流,而正地闪的发生不仅需要更强的上升气流,还需要云低层存在强的下沉气流,即正地闪发生在强雷暴云成熟阶段后期,对应固态降水强度最大时段.此时,云内主上升气流区内的各电荷区被强上升气流抬升,短暂地呈现反三极性结构,非感应起电机制作用使大量的霰粒子带正电荷,形成了中部电荷密度较大、范围较深厚的正电荷区.而下沉气流区比上升气流区电荷结构更复杂,呈正、负交替的多层结构.由于雷暴云上部负电荷区中部分带负电荷的霰和雹粒子被下沉气流输送到低层,及低层区域感应起电机制的共同作用,使上升气流区外围的对流降水区中的霰和雹粒带上负电荷,在近地面形成一个较强的、范围较大的负电荷区.强雷暴云中下部存在的这个偶极性电荷结构为正地闪的发生提供了有利条件.正地闪发生阶段对应着上升气流、雹粒子体积和总闪的快速增强阶段.因此,强雷暴中正地闪的发生可作为雷暴强度及冰雹形成的一个指示因子.     

一次冰雹过程的惯性重力波观测及数值模拟

使用高灵敏度的电容式微压波传感器对1998年4月11日16时发生在贵州省普定县的一次降冰雹过程的重力波进行观测,利用WRF（Weather Research and Forecast）中尺度模式对这一过程进行数值模拟,使用Morlet小波方法对模拟结果进行分析,得出这一过程中惯性重力波的分布和变化规律,并分析急流、地形及切变线对惯性重力波的影响.观测发现：在降冰雹前,每隔1~4小时出现一次短周期重力波阵性增强的现象.数值模拟结果显示：在低空降冰雹前几个小时有强的短周期重力波出现,其中周期较长的出现早、存在时间长,周期较短的出现晚、存在时间短;强的低空急流和风速垂直切变触发对流或湍流的发生和加强,对流或湍流又激发了80~200 min的短周期重力波;短周期重力波更容易向垂直方向传播,而长周期重力波倾向于水平方向传播.长周期重力波在降冰雹后周期有明显变短现象,随高度越加明显.由地形形成的重力波在最高山峰上空振幅最大.     

北京城市化对夏季大气边界层结构及 降水的月平均影响

为克服针对一次或几次天气过程研究城市化对边界层结构及降水影响的局限性,尝试研究北京城市化对夏季大气边界层结构及降水的月平均影响,本文首先总结了2006年8月份的主要天气过程,分析了气象站观测的10 m高度风速、2 m高度气温、2 m高度比湿和24 h降水的月平均分布特征,然后利用WRF/Noah/UCM模拟系统,进行了该月30个个例的高分辨率数值模拟及检验分析,并通过多组不同城市化情景的敏感性试验对比分析了城市化对夏季大气边界层结构及降水的月平均影响.研究表明:本文所用对高分辨率数值模拟结果进行月平均的方法可以较合理地模拟出城市化对大气边界层结构及降水的影响,并再现观测到的各站风频差异.8月份,北京城市化对气温的影响高度白天约为800 m,近地面气温升高1℃以上;夜间约为200 m,对近地面气温的影响达到最大(1.4℃以上).白天,城市化使城市及下风向的一些区域风速略有减小;夜间,城市及周边区域200 m以下风速明显减小,且在100 m左右高度处风速减小最明显,减小达0.8 m/s以上.城市化白天使700 m以下比湿减小,近地面处减小达1.2g/kg以上,夜间使近地面空气比湿略有减小.城市化对城市区域平均降水量的影响随城市发展的不同阶段而不同.初步模拟分析表明, 北京城市化已使上风向区域以及城区三环以内降水量减少,海淀和昌平降水明显增加.     

土地利用和气候变化对农牧过渡区生态系统生产力和碳循环的影响

气候和土地利用变化对陆地生态系统碳循环的影响是当前全球变化研究中的中心问题之一. 近20 a来中国的气候和土地利用发生了很大的变化, 对陆地生态系统生产力和碳循环产生重要影响, 尤其是在生态敏感的农牧过渡区. 应用以遥感观测为基础的土地利用数据和高时空分辨率的气候数据驱动生态系统过程模型, 估计土地利用和气候变化对农牧过渡区 NPP(净初级生产力)、植被碳贮量、土壤呼吸和碳贮量以及NEP(净生态系统生产力)的影响. 结果显示, 20世纪80~90年代, 农牧交错带由于气候变暖和降水减少导致NPP减少3.4%, 土壤呼吸增加4.3%, 每年NEP总量减少33.7×10⁹ kg. 尽管植被和土壤碳贮量由于NPP仍然高于HR(土壤异氧呼吸)而有所增加, 但NEP的下降表明气候变化削弱了生态系统的碳吸收能力, 降低了碳贮量的增长速率. 土地利用变化使所发生区域NPP增加3.8%, 植被碳增加2.4%, 每年NEP总量增加0.59×10⁹ kg. 土地利用变化使生态系统碳吸收能力有所加强, 但尚不足扭转由气候变化导致的下降趋势. 土地利用变化对整个区域生产力和碳循环的影响比较小, 但在它所发生地区的影响大于气候变化的影响.     

黄东海的碳源汇:大气交换、水体溶存与沉积物埋藏

黄海和东海作为中国最为重要的陆架边缘海,其碳源汇的性质与变化对近海生态系统及区域气候演变具有重要影响.文章从海气界面CO_2交换、水体溶解/颗粒碳溶存及沉积物碳埋藏等3个方面归纳总结了黄东海碳源汇特征与控制过程,以期为进一步研究陆架边缘海碳源汇过程及效应提供帮助.(1)黄海和东海具有迥异的海气CO_2交换特性.黄海的海气CO_2交换在源汇性质及通量强度上存在较大不确定性,黄海的124°E以西的海域在冬、春季表现为大气CO_2的汇,在夏、秋季表现为源,而大量的研究结果显示在全年尺度上黄海是大气CO_2的源.表层海水温度与浮游生物活动控制着黄海CO_2源汇的变化,两者分别主导了黄海外部海域与近岸海域的海气CO_2交换通量.东海全年则表现为大气CO_2的碳汇,年均通量约为(-4.2±3.2)mmol m~(-2)d~(-1),共可吸收碳约13.7×10~6t,其中冬、春、夏季吸收大气CO_2,秋季释放CO_2.东海不同季节海气界面CO_2通量的年际变化的影响因素复杂多变.(2)黄海和东海水体中分别储有425×10~6t、1364×10~6t的DIC和28.2×10~6t、54.1×10~6t的DOC,从南黄海近年DOC浓度有减小趋势看,其水体溶存"实际碳汇"量在减小.黄东海POC的总量约10.6×10~6t,与海气界面CO_2交换通量基本处于同一量级.黄海浮游生物年固碳量约为60.42×10~6t,东海为153.41×10~6t,其中近海大型经济藻类的年固碳量约为0.36×10~6～0.45×10~6t,生物固碳是具有多重价值的"蓝碳增汇"举措.(3)黄海陆架沉积物中有机碳的埋藏通量每年约为4.75×10~6t,其中海源有机碳的埋藏量为3.03×10~6t,占黄海浮游生物固碳量的5.0%,而东海陆架沉积物中有机碳的埋藏通量为每年7.4×10~6t,其中海源有机碳的埋藏量为5.5×10~6t,占东海浮游生物固碳量的5.4%.黄东海具有高于全球海洋平均水平的沉积物埋藏通量,对黄东海最终的"蓝碳增汇"作用巨大.     

基于长短记忆模型的鄱阳湖流域径流模拟及其演变的归因分析

气候变化和人类活动直接或间接的影响着全球和区域水文循环过程,是导致水文水资源时空分布的主要因素,同时也是流域-湖泊水文情势变化的根本原因.本文基于长短记忆模型构建了鄱阳湖气象-径流模型,同时引入了基准期的概念,定量区分了导致鄱阳湖流域径流变化的主要影响因素.研究结果表明:在同时考虑计算效率和模拟效果的前提下,采用10 d预测窗口大小来构建鄱阳湖气象-径流模型能够很好地捕捉径流的极值,并且对径流的短期波动也能有很好的体现.训练期模型在各个子流域的纳什效率系数均高于0.94,而在验证期,模型在各个子流域的纳什效率系数均高于0.90.基于径流模拟结果,定量区分了人类活动和气候变化对鄱阳湖径流的影响,研究结果显示:人类活动对径流的影响主要发生在春、秋季,其中,人类活动在春季主要会造成径流的增加,平均增加幅度约为139.47 m³/s,而在秋、冬季,人类活动则会导致径流平均减少约34.37 m³/s.对比二者的相对贡献率,可以发现,春季人类活动对径流造成的影响较大,平均相对贡献率为77.26%.而在其余季节,鄱阳湖流域径流过程的改变主要是由于气候变化,平均相对贡献率约75.84%.研究结果能够为鄱阳湖流域水资源管理提供科学依据和理论指导.     

Numerical simulation on the evolution of cloud particles in 3-D convective cloud

A 3-D convective cloud model with compressible non-hydrostatic dynamics and the spectral bin microphysics of a 2-D slab-symmetric model has been used to simulate an observed supercell storm occurring on 29 June, 2000 near Bird City, Kansas, USA. The main objective of this paper is to study the evolution of particles in this convective storm with bin spectral microphysics scheme. Graupels form and grow through two mechanisms, deposition and riming, with the riming process dominant on top of the inflow and in the upper portion of main updraft. Over the outflow and during the developing and mature stages of the storm, graupel particles mainly grow through deposition with dominant unimodal spectra. Most fall out after growing up. Reducing initial relative humidity disturbance (increasing initial potential temperature disturbance) has negative impact on the formation and growth of graupels over the inflow (outflow). This study shows that large graupel and hail could be suppressed by altering the deposition and coalescence process over the inflow and main updraft. At different locations of the convective cells and with different initial humidity and potential temperature disturbance, the graupel formation and growth mechanisms are different, so as to the feasible hail suppression locations and methods. Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 40537034, 40805057), and Foundation of Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster of Ministry of Education in Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology (Grant No. KLME060202)     

数值模拟日侧磁场重联对极盖等离子体云块形成的影响

极盖等离子体云块是极区空间天气重要现象之一,其形成过程是当前重要研究课题.观测表明,日侧磁场重联对应的极区电离层高速流可能对舌状等离子体(TOI)形成"切割"作用,最终形成极盖等离子体云块.伴随磁场重联,同时存在极光粒子沉降,会引起F层等离子体密度的增大,阻碍"切割"效应.本文利用耦合极区电离层模型,模拟研究电场和软电子沉降共同作用下F层等离子体密度的演化.结果表明,在局部电离层电场大于一定数值(80 mV)的情况下,"切割"效应能有效发生.并详细分析了"切割"效应发生时等离子体各参量的演化过程,对"切割"效应的内在物理过程进行了探讨.     

赤道电离层R-T不稳定性发展的控制因素分析

本文从质量和电荷守恒方程出发,分析了控制电离层等离子体R-T不稳定性线性增长的各种因素,重点研究了热层风和背景电场的空间梯度对R-T不稳定性线性增长的影响.结果表明,热层风场和背景电场两者的空间梯度对R-T不稳定性线性增长有不可忽视的促进或抑制作用;对R-T不稳定性线性增长起促进作用还是起抑制作用,依赖热层风场和背景电场及其空间梯度的方向;对R-T不稳定性线性增长影响的显著程度主要依赖于热层风场和背景电场两者空间梯度的大小.数值计算结果表明,对典型的背景电离层条件,磁力线顶点高度为330 km时,对线性增长率的影响最高达到120%.     

微火箭电场仪的原理及其应用

介绍一种新型的雷雨云电场探测仪器---微火箭电场仪 ,由直径为 55mm×760mm农用消雹小火箭改装而成 .它利用导体在电场中感应电荷原理 ,由电场传感器、测量线路、1 680MHz遥测发射机及天线组成 .仪器特点是结构简单、高密集、超小型、快速机动、低功耗、低成本 .此仪器于 1 998年年初试飞成功 .电场探测范围 1- 1 0 0kV/m .探测高度为7 5km左右 .主要用于飞行器升空安全保障 ,以及气象部门对雷电、冰雹的探测和预警     

A review of hail growth by stochastic collection in a comulonimbus model

A study of severe convective storms, including tornadoes, indicates that hail is almost always associated with them. Large hail, often having physical characteristics which denote wet growth, is frequently observed to fall in advance of large, damaging tornadoes. Results obtained from a cumulus model, which includes hail growth by stochastic coalescence, support these observations. Hail, rather than rain, is responsible for the large radar reflectivities, and primarily responsible for the mass loading of the updraft, because its size is not dynamically limited as is that of a large raindrop. The applicability of the model, a one-dimensional, time dependent model, is discussed and then the characteristics of hail growth are examined in a variety of conditions, which are determined in nature by aerosols through their capability to initiate condensation, coalescence and drop freezing. Conditions favorable for both dry and wet growth are simulated, corresponding to a cumulonimbus which develops in a shearing environment.     

沙尘暴电效应的实验观测研究

利用国内大型风沙物理风洞实验模拟沙尘暴电现象,研究风沙起电机理,结果表 明,不同风速下不同沙粒会产生不同极性的电场强度和电位效应,风沙电随风速增大而增强 ,且随沙粒度增大而减小. 在沙漠区的16m,8m,4m和1m高度上观测到27次不同沙尘暴天气 过程的电场和风速随时间变化. 结果表明, 在晴天4个高度上的电场均为小正电场值,电场 随高度降低而减小,最大电场强度在5kV/m以下,日风速变化对各层电场起伏没有较大影响 . 有沙尘天气,各高度上的电场强度随风速变化而变化. 16m高度上电场均为负值,平均值 为 -20kV/m;中层8m 电场一般为较高正电场值,达到10～40kV/m,与16m高度上电场呈反相 关;下层1m 电场值变化一般很小,在1kV/m以下. 在强沙尘暴天气4个高度上的电场均为负 电值,电场值随高度降低而减小,16m高度上最大平均电场强度达到-200kV/m以上,瞬时值 超过 -2500kV/m,与晴天电场矢量相反.     

On the bulk parameterization of snow and its application to the quantitative studies of precipitation growth

Appropriate formulation of bulk parameterization of snow growth and evaporation based on observational characteristics of snow particles is presented. The parameterization is compared to that of S. A. Rutledge and P. V. Hobbs and to detailed treatment in which snow particles are assumed to grow or evaporate in each size bin separately. On the contrary to bulk parameterization of rain, snow diffusional growth or evaporation is accurately represented in the suggested bulk formulation, but growth by riming is overpredicted. Integrations of water budget equations in a one-dimensional updraft have shown that quantitative results, e.g., precipitation intensity, cloudwater content, supersaturation with respect to ice, depend on the parameterization scheme employed, which suggests that comparisons of field measurements with parameterized model outputs is usually not straightforward.     

Influence of the solar wind plasma density on the auroral precipitation characteristics

Based on the DMSP F6 and F7 satellite observations, the characteristics of precipitating particles in different auroral precipitation regions of the dayside sector have been studied depending on the solar wind plasma density. Under quiet geomagnetic conditions (|AL| < 100 nT and B _z > 0), a considerable increase in the fluxes of precipitating ions is observed in the zones of structured auroral oval precipitation (AOP) and soft diffuse precipitation (SDP). A decrease in the mean energy of precipitating ions is observed simultaneously with the flux growth in these regions. The global pattern of variations in the fluxes of precipitating ions, which shows the regions of effective penetration of solar wind particles into the magnetosphere at a change in the solar wind density from 2 to 20 cm^?3, has been constructed. The maximal flux variation (ΔJ _i = 1.8 · 10⁷ cm^?2 s^?1, i.e., 3.5% of an increase in the solar wind particle flux) is observed in the SDP region on the dayside of the Earth. The dependence of precipitating ion fluxes in the low-latitude boundary layer (LLBL), dayside polar cusp, and mantle on the solar wind density at positive and negative values of the IMF B _z component has been studied. In the cusp region, an increase in the precipitating ion flux is approximately 17% of an increase in the solar wind density. The IMF southward turning does not result in an appreciable increase in the ion precipitation fluxes either in the cusp or in the mantle. This fact can indicate that the reconnection of the geomagnetic field with southward IMF is not the most effective mechanism for penetration of solar wind particles into these regions.     

Occurrence conditions of positive cloud-to-ground flashes in severe thunderstorms

The purpose of this study was to understand the reasons why frequent positive cloud-to-ground (+CG) flashes occur in severe thunderstorms. A three-dimensional dynamics-electrification coupled model was used to simulate a severe thunderstorm to permit analysis of the conditions that might easily cause +CG flashes. The results showed that strong updrafts play an important role in the occurrence of intracloud flashes. However, frequent +CG flashes require not only strong updrafts but also strong downdrafts in the lower cloud region, conditions that correspond to the later phase of the mature stage and the period of the heaviest solid precipitation of a thunderstorm. During this stage, strong updrafts elevated each charge area in the updraft region to a higher level, which resulted in an inverted tripole charge structure. A wide mid-level region of strong positive charge caused largely by positively charged graupel, presented in the middle of the updraft region because of a non-inductive ice-ice collisional charging mechanism. The charge structure in the downdraft region was consistently more complex and revealed several vertically stacked charge regions, alternating in polarity. Much of the graupel/hail outside the updrafts was lowered to cloud-base by strong downdrafts. In this area, the graupel/hail was charged negatively because of the transportation of negatively charged graupel/hail from higher regions of negative charge in the updrafts, and via the inductive charging mechanism of collisions between graupel/hail and cloud droplets at the bottom of the cloud. Consequently, a large region of negative charge formed near the ground. This meant that +CG flashes were initiated more easily in the lower inverted dipole, i.e., the middle region of positive charge and lower region of negative charge. Frequent +CG flashes began almost synchronously with dramatic increases in the storm updrafts, hail volume, and total flash rate. Therefore, the occurrence of +CG flashes appears a good indicator of storm intensification and it could have some use as a predictor of severe weather in the form of hail.