澜沧江流域主要断裂断层泥中石英碎砾表面SEM特征及其断裂活动研究

根据断层泥及地层中石英碎砾表面SEM结构特征的研究，澜沧江断裂带早，中更新世是其主要活动时期，晚更新世活动减弱，全新世以来基本不活动；澜沧－勐遮断裂，孟连断裂晚更新世以来至全新世仍明显活动；木戛断裂，谦迈河断裂，平掌寨断裂及贵基处－瓦窑断裂晚更新世后期以来基本不活动。因此澜沧－勐遮断裂，勐连断裂术及相关地区未来地震地质灾害频度相对较高。     

珠江三角洲断裂构造最新活动性研究

根据在珠江三角洲及其周围地区测得的热释光年龄和第四系沉积物的分布等资料，分析讨论了断裂的最新活动性。自晚更新世以来，陈三角洲外围几条主要的北东向断裂的局部地段以外，基本上处于比较稳定的状态。晚更新世一全新世早期有过明显活动的断裂有狮子洋东西两侧的北西向断裂，近南北向的崖门断裂和北东向的古劳－广州断裂。近东西向的瘦狗岭断裂新世亦有过活动。     

上海两条隐伏第四纪断裂的研究

以浅层地震勘探为主要方法 ,研究了上海两条主要断裂 (太仓 -奉贤断裂和枫泾 -川沙断裂 )的第四纪活动性。结果表明 ,断裂的最新活动一般在早更新世 -中更新世 ,个别区段的活动可延续至晚更新世     

朝鲜北西部地质构造特征及主要断裂活动性

着重论述了朝鲜北西部五条主要断裂的活动性、简要地叙述了这些断裂的概略特征,认为北东向的鸭绿江东支断裂、清川江断裂为中、晚更新世有活动,早更新世有明显活动的断裂;北西向的载宁江断裂为中更新世有活动,早更新世有明显活动的断裂;在北西西向断裂中,长林断裂为早更新世—上新世活动断裂,南江断裂活动时代不详。其活动性最明显的为鸭绿江东支断裂和载宁江断裂,次为清川江断裂和长林断裂,再是南江断裂。最后,还讨论了这些断裂的形成与演化。     

香港地区断裂构造的新活动性

香港地区主要分布有北东东－近东西、北东和北西向三维断裂。北东向断裂分布全区，燕山期有过强烈活动，第四纪早－中期仍有过活动，以后的活动性不明显。其余两组构造虽然具有不同的发展历史，但在新构造运动中为一组共轭构造。在晚更新世（距今９－１１万年）仍有明显活动全新世以来活动性相对较弱，全新世滑动速度为０．６－０．９ｍｍ／ａ     

台湾海峡及两岸发震断裂的对比研究

对比研究了台湾海峡西岸福建沿海北东向龙海角美－白云山断裂、台湾海峡北东向平潭牛山岛－东山兄弟屿断裂和台湾海峡东岸台湾岛北东向中央山脉等断裂晚更新世以来的活动性及其与地震的关系。结果表明，作为欧亚大陆板块与太平洋菲律宾海板块的边界断裂之一的中央山脉断裂第四纪以来乃至现今仍具有强烈的活动，因而发生了4次M≥7地震；作为台湾海峡沉降带与福建武夷－戴云复式生起的边界断裂的平潭牛山岛－东山兄弟屿断裂全新世晚期（2500a以来）仍具有强烈的活动，从而发生了3次M≥7地震；作为北东向长乐－诏安断裂带西界断裂组成部分的龙海角美－白云山断裂晚更新世期间具有强烈的活动，因而发生了5次M＝5－6 1/2地震。     

长江口海域断裂第四纪活动性特征

通过浅层人工地震勘察获知，长江口海域断裂构造发育，以北东、北西向断裂为主. 断裂以上新世－早更新世活动为主，最新活动可至中更新世. 断裂的最大断距一般为几十米，往上断距变小，中更新统底界的断距在12~13 m. 断裂平均垂直位移速率为10-3mm/a量级.      

新疆伊宁盆地活动断裂新活动特征研究

新疆伊宁盆地主要分布有巩留南、喀什河、雅马特等6条活动断裂，断裂走向近东西向与北酉一北北西向。其中巩留南断裂、喀什河断裂、雅马特断裂等在晚更新世一全新世时期有过多次显著的新活动，切错了晚更新世一全新世堆积物。在喀什河断裂上1812年发生了8级大展，形成长约100km的地震形变带。在巩留南断裂、雅马特断裂、伊宁断裂上也有受控于断裂近代新活动的中等地震发生。     

山西太原晋祠断裂活动性的初步研究

通过地质调查和地震活动性的研究，把晋祠断裂划分为2段：南西段长20km，为单断型，即由单条断裂组成，断裂在第四纪晚更新世至全新世期间活动强烈，以正倾滑运动为主兼有水平右旋扭动；北东段长5km为平行双断型，即由2条走向完全相同的阶梯状正断裂组合而成。位于盆地边缘的断裂，活动时代为中更新世，位于盆地内黄土台地前缘的断裂，活动时代为晚更新世，断裂的活动有向盆地内部迁移的趋势。     

辽宁普兰店—瓦房店地区主要断裂活动性研究

本文根据野外地质调查资料和２９个年代测定数据,讨论了普兰店－瓦房店地区１３条断裂的展布特征和活动性．指出：金州断裂、普兰店湾断裂和曲家屯断裂属于晚更新世活动断裂,其余１０条断裂为早、中更新世活动断裂或前第四纪断裂     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.